anthropolgy test

When Washoe the chimp taught American Sign Language (ASL) to her son and when Koko tried to teach her cat to sign, that was an example of a fundamental aspect of human language called

: cultural transmission.

The tendency for men using public transportation to open their legs and thus take up more than one place is called

: manspreading

Which of the following are biologically based universals?

A long period of infant dependency; A complex brain; Year-round sexuality

- Which of the following statements best represents a functionalist explanation of a cultural practice?

All humans need to eat a certain amount of food each day, and culture has a set of customs that work to ensure that this biological need is met.

After learning _______ _______ ______, Lucy and Washoe tried to teach the skill to others.

American Sign Language

-Deborah Tannen, a linguist, has identified some American gender differences in nonverbal communication. What are some of the differences in communication styles she has identified?

American women and girls make direct eye contact, while males tend to stand or sit side by side to talk, avoiding direct eye contact.

Which of the following is an example of the ethnographic technique called participant observation?

An anthropologist gets to know the local people, takes part in daily life, and writes a report describing the community.

- In a sociological survey conducted in Florida about sugar cane cutters brought from the English-speaking Caribbean islands of Barbados and Jamaica, one question asked was at first worded as follows, "What is your net pay?" How might an ethnographer help these survey researchers gather better information from this economic question?

An ethnographer might discover that the culturally appropriate question would be "How much money do you take home in your hand?"

- When Washoe, a chimp who learned American Sign Language, saw a swan and did not know the sign for it, she combined two signs that she did know to give it the name "waterbird." This feat showed that she had a linguistic ability called

Answer: cultural transmission.

Which of the following best sums up the hallmark of ethnography?

Anthropologists get to know people by living with, conversing with, and closely observing them.

- Which statement best describes the major emphasis of the ethnographic method?

Anthropologists personally experience life in a study community in order to understand it.

Which of the following statements about anthropology today are true?

Anthropologists today tend toward increased specialization.

Which of the following statements regarding primate hunting behaviors is true?

Apes and humans hunt, but only humans bring food back to the camp to share.

Which of the following statements describes a case revealing the integrated nature of culture

As more American women attend and college and obtain jobs in the workplace believes about marriage and divorce change

Which is NOT true about online ethnography?

Because all fieldwork is online, the ethnographer has no need to leave home or office, or to interact face to face with actual living people.

Which of the following examples bust illustrates the relationship between human biological needs and culture?

Biology requires that humans eat a certain amount each day but culture teaches us what we want to eat when we want to eat it and how we want to eat it

- When studying a culture, should an anthropologist collect scientific data or use a more humanistic approach?

Both approaches are useful.

In primates, especially humans, the ratio of brain size to body size exceeds that of most mammals. More importantly, the ____ is relatively larger.

Brains outer layer

- Who is considered to be the father of ethnography (i.e. the inventor of fieldwork)?

Bronislaw Malinowski

Which of the following are examples of cultural particularities?

Chicago style hot dogs

Which anthropologist discussed cultural rules as similar to computer programs?

Clifford Geertz

Some linguistic anthropologists study how body language compares in different cultures. Which statement best describes their major findings?

Common movements such as nodding, head shaking, and bowing can mean very different things in different cultural communities.

Unlike other primates, female humans' ovulation is

Concealed

In the United States, a strong work ethic and individualism are

Core values

The invention of pressurized airplane cabins equipped with oxygen masks in order to survive at the high altitudes reached during flight is an example of ______ adaptation.

Cultural

- Which statement best describes White's opinion of the "great man theory of history"?

Cultural processes are more important than individuals in shaping history.

Which of the following statements best describes culture?

Culture teaches us how to satisfy our biological needs.

What does it mean when one says the culture is integrated

Cultures are interrelated systems of that believes in behavior

When Koko the gorilla was asked to do something that she did not want to do, she would respond by using the sign for "later" to put off doing it. In those instances, Koko was demonstrating a humanlike language ability referred to as

Displacement

- Which of the following anthropologists working in the Kachin Hills of Burma (now Myanmar) used a regional perspective and focused on power and how individuals get it and use it?

Edmund Leach

1. Whose definition of culture includes "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society"

Edward Tylor i

A child begins to learn cultural rules and habits, such as how to take turns speaking, how far apart to stand, and when to make eye contact, through a process known as

Enculturation

Which of the following is the term anthropologists use to describe the process by which a child learns culture?

Enculturation

Which of the following statements best describes the way that ethnographers gather data during fieldwork?

Ethnographers strive to learn the local language so that they can ask questions in all kinds of social settings in the field.

- The research strategy that involves studying small-scale, relatively isolated societies with simple technologies and economies in order to understand the whole of a particular culture is known as

Ethnography

Ethnography has changed since Morgan and Malinowski did the early fieldwork. Which statement best describes key changes in how ethnography or fieldwork is done?

Ethnography has become more specialized, and anthropologists go to the field to investigate a particular problem or issue.

- A form that used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents but that does not require face-to-face contact is a

. questionaire

Which of the following list best summarizes the primate characteristics that laid the foundation for human culture

Manual dexterity and a large brain size

- In her book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, Margaret Mead described different patterns of male and female roles and behaviors, arguing that there was significant variation in different cultures. Which statement best describes Mead's view of the role of biology in shaping male and female behavior?

Mead's view was that culture, not biology, determined male and female behavior.

Studies of culture, history, and power have drawn heavily on the work of which of the following European social theorists?

Michel Foucault Antonio Gramsci

Which early anthropologist proposed that all societies evolve along a single path through stages he called "savagery," "barbarism," and "civilization"?

Morgan

Excluded from the list of natural limitations that culture has allowed humans to overcome is

Natural disasters

Which of the following examples best describes how culture influences the ways in which humans interact with the natural environment

Science invention and discovery or parts of culture and an able humans to control many natural limitations

Which of the following traits are more developed among humans than other primates?

Sharing Cooperation

. No one has explained to you that you must stand facing the door while riding in an elevator, yet you know what to do. What does this reveal about the process of enculturation?

Some cultural learning takes place through observation.

What is the term used by anthropologists to describe the existence of diverse cultural traditions within a nation?

Subcultures

- Which statement best represents the relationship between anthropological research and survey research?

Survey research relies on questionnaires to gather data, whereas ethnographic research research relies on long-term firsthand observations.

- Which is NOT true about the American Anthropological Association?

The AAA has issued a warning that anthropologists should avoid studying terrorism and violence

Which of the following lists best describes the human abilities that had to develop before culture could exist?

The ability to use symbols, language, and tools

Which statement best describes the principal ethical guideline stated in the Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association?

The anthropologist's first obligation is to the people in the study community.

Which of the following statements about hypotheses are accurate?

They are proposed explanations. Their validity is confirmed by testing.

- How can life histories illustrate diversity in a community?

They can show how different people interpreted and dealt with the same problem.

- Which of the following is true of the most useful theories?

They help explain many associations and cover multiple cases.

- What best describes anthropology's subdisciplines?

They influence each other.

Which of the following statements about the Boasians are true?

They stressed the importance of diffusion among cultures. They were historical particularists

- What role would anthropologists have in the Pentagon's Human Terrain System program?

They would be embedded in military teams in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Which of the following types of traits are likely to move from particularity to generality?

Traits that are useful;Traits that have the capacity to please large audiences

- Which anthropologist was primarily interested in studying symbols and rituals to understand cultures?

Victor Turner

In contrast with an anthropologist, a political scientist would be more likely to study

a program developed by planners at a national level.

- Today it is common for ethnographers to study

a specific problem.

- The Gwembe study included which of the following?

a study of education and its impact team research research that spans decades

During the past 10,000 years, the rate of human cultural adaptation has

accelerated.

What is the term for the exchange of cultural features that result when groups have continuous firsthand contact?

acculturation

- Practicing, or applied, anthropology uses anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to

address contemporary social problems.

- Contemporary anthropologists emphasize how the day-to-day actions of individuals can make and remake cultures. These actions are referred to as

agency

The term ______ refers to the actions that individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities.

agency

Hominins have elaborated the capacity to _____, which facilitated the development of projectile technology and weaponry.

aim and throw

Cultural resource management involves not only preserving some sites but also

allowing insignificant sites to be destroyed.

Which of the following is an example of what is known as a subculture?

amish

Li, an ethnographer, observes some North Americans "crossing their fingers" by bending their middle fingers around their index fingers. When Li asks them to explain this behavior, they say that it means that they are lying. What do ethnographers call this type of "insider" explanation?

an emic explanation

A guide that is used to structure a formal, but personal, interview in which the ethnographer talks face-to-face with people, asks questions, and writes down the answers is referred to as

an interview schedule.

- how are animal call systems different from human language?

animal call are set instinctive responses to particular stimuli and are based on only a few sounds

What is the name of the first evolutionary stage representing what Tylor called the simplest and earliest type of religion?

animism

- Which sequence correctly lists Tylor's evolutionary stages of religion in order from the earliest to the latest?

animism, polytheism, monotheism, science

- Associations require that when one thing changes,

another changes.

Which of the following are among the four subfields of general anthropology?

anthropological archaeology biological anthropology sociocultural anthropology

What is a symbol?

anything verbal or nonverbal that stands for something else

- An observed relationship between two or more variables is a(n)

associations

Language first developed in humans

at an unknown time.

Recently, with the spread of industrialization, cultural anthropology has

begun to examine mass media's cultural influence. focused increasingly on urban life. been converging somewhat with sociology, both in interests and in methods.

Humans continue to adapt and change

biologically and culturally.

Which of the following anthropologists fundamentally shaped American anthropology through his studies of European immigrants to the United States and through his studies of the cultures, histories, and languages of Native Americans, including the Kwakiutl?

boas

- How might an online ethnographer studying gamers supplement that research by working offline?

by visiting players in their homes or an Internet café by traveling abroad to see how a given game is played in different countries by attending fan conventions

Children learn to avoid fire by being told that it is dangerous, while animals learn to avoid fire by discovering that it burns them. The difference between the two is that human cultural learning depends on

capacity to use symbols ->Human culture is based on ideas shared through symbols.

Which of the following has/have elaborated cultural abilities

chimps

One of the most fundamental assumptions shared by all anthropologists is that

comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential.

As opposed to anthropologists, most sociologists and psychologists

conduct research in their own society.

- Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict were anthropologists who developed an approach that viewed culture as integrated and patterned. This type of approach is known as

configurationalism.

1. Clifford Geertz described cultures as sets of

control mechanisms

Intellectual property rights are meant to conserve a society's

core beliefs and priciples

the term food production refers to the

cultivation of plants and domestication of animals.

The subfield of anthropology that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences is ______ anthropology.

cultural

Margaret Mead famously argued in her book Coming of Age in Samoa that culture rather than human biology determined patterns of adolescent personality. What is the term used to describe Mead's view of the relationship between culture and biology?

cultural determinism

The idea of the nuclear family, a kinship group consisting of parents and children, is a(n)

cultural generality.

- Marvin Harris put forth a theory arguing that a culture's infrastructure determines the shape of its social structure and its ideology. What is the term used to describe Harris's theory?

cultural materialism

Some people bury the dead by cremating the bodies and placing the ashes in a sacred river. Others believe that the body must remain intact and be buried in a coffin. An anthropological perspective on these customs requires that nether practice be seen as inferior or disgusting, a perspective known as

cultural relativism

. the goal of anthropologists is to understand different cultural practices through the eyes of the people in that culture, an approach known as

cultural relativism.

- Preliminary ethnography can help develop _____ questions for inclusion in surveys

culturally appropriate

Koro in East Asia, susto in Latin America, and mal de ojo ("evil eye") in Mediterranean countries are all examples of

culturally specific syndromes.

Patterns of unusual, aberrant, or abnormal behavior confined to a single culture or group of related cultures are called

culturally specific syndromes.

Julian Steward addressed the causes of culture change by focusing on the technology used to exploit the environment. What is Steward's term for the combination of environmental and economic factors driving social change?

culture core

Although an individual resident of a southern city in the United States may not like to eat grits and cornbread these foods are considered a part of southern culture what does this reveal about our culture

culture is a shared attribute

Leslie White viewed cultural anthropology as a science he called ______, and he believed cultural forces were so powerful that individuals had little impact on culture.

culturology

language that has never been written, and you need to identify all the sounds, meanings, and grammatical rules for that language, which type of linguistics would be most helpful?

descriptive linguistics

- Boasians focused on the spread of cultural traits and borrowing between cultures rather than stressing specific independent inventions, such as the bow and arrow. What term is used to describe this borrowing or spreading of cultural traits?

diffusion

1. Hip-hop music has spread through popular culture and the media from urban America to China and Japan. Which mechanism of cultural change does this phenomenon represent?

diffusion

In the United States today we wear pajamas (which originated in ancient Persia), use mirrors (which originated in ancient Egypt), and eat with forks (which originated in ancient Rome). What mechanism of cultural change does this represent?

diffusion

When two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another, diffusion is ______, but when one culture subjugates another and imposes its customs on the dominated group, diffusion is ______.

direct; forced

When humans talk about things that happened in the past or that are going to happen in the future, they are manifesting a language ability known as

displacement

- Anthropologists work to understand how local people interpret cultural events in their own communities. This "insider" perspective is known as the perspective. (Watch your spelling!)

emic

People within a cultural community may say that a person is experiencing minor falls and accidents because of bad luck, perhaps because he or she walked under a ladder or saw a black cat. What is the term ethnographers use to describe this type of explanation?

emic explanation

What is the term that anthropologists developed to describe the tendency to see one's own cultural customs as superior?

ethnocentrism

don't understand why those people eat with chopsticks. A fork is a better utensil." This statement is an example of

ethnocentrism

Anthropology recently has experienced a "crisis in representation," including questions about the ethnographer's impartiality, and even the validity of ethnographic accounts, because

ethnographers, like all scientists, come from particular individual and cultural backgrounds that can interfere with their objectivity.

An anthropologist goes to live in a community to gather firsthand information to understand the way of life of that group. What is the name of this research strategy?

ethnography

The activity within cultural anthropology that gathers data to provide an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture is called

ethnography

- Ethnographers might know about scientific explanations of disease based on germ theory, but they might learn about other types of explanations for causes of illness from the local people. For example, local people may claim that they are sick because of "the evil eye"—that a spell was put on them because of jealousy. The ethnographers' "outsider" perception based strictly on germ theory is called the ______ perspective.

etic

The ______ perspective is an interpretation of a cultural event or behavior by a scientific observer.

etic

The ________ perspective is an interpretation of a cultural event or behavior by a scientific observer.

etic

The process used in archaeology of digging through a succession of levels at a particular site in order to document changes over time is known as

excavation.

- Because of cultural traditions, North American girls, in comparison to Brazilian girls,

excel in running and swimming

True or false: Language is the only kind of communication used by humans.

false

Cultures are traditions and customs that

form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.

- Which anthropological theory set aside the question of evolutionary and historical origins of social practices and focused instead on the social purposes served by these social customs or institutions?

functionalism

Which of the following are studied by archaeological anthropologists?

garbage animal bones tools

Which of the following uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections?

genealogical method

- In his approach Leslie White argued that cultures progress economically from a foraging base to dependence on agriculture and then to industrial society. He also described a political progression in which bands developed into tribes, then chiefdoms and states. What is the name given to White's theory?

general evolution

- Which of the following refers to a statement that says that a change in one variable tends to follow or be associated with a change in another variable?

generalization

- A law is a

generalization that explains all instances of an association.

What is the term used to describe today's worldwide connectedness brought about by modern communication systems, travel, international trade, and migration?

globalization

- Ethnographers routinely consider which of the following as data sources?

government records or archives direct measurement of such things as rainfall, temperature, or crop yield local people's answers to questions

- The researcher studying the postpartum taboo writes, "Why do some societies have long postpartum taboos?" Which step in the scientific method does this describe?

having a research question

Which concept describes a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting domination as natural?

hegemony

Which of the following cultural abilities have been found among chimpanzees and/or other apes?

hey build nests, aim and throw sticks, and hunt

Anthropological linguists study

historical linguistics, language and thought, and sociolinguistics.

One anthropological theory denies that there is a single (unilinear) evolutionary path, and instead takes the position that each culture has its own unique path of cultural development. What is the term used to refer to this anthropological theory?

historical particularism

The Boasians' (followers of Franz Boas) argued for a theory of

historical particularism

The study of the whole of the human condition is known as

holism

Which term refers to the group that leads to humans but not to African great apes and encompasses all of the human species that have ever existed?

hominins

- According to Clyde Kluckhohn, the imperative for anthropology is to provide a scientific basis for understanding

how diverse people can get along peaceably.

Rights that are based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions are referred to as ______ rights.

human

The American Anthropological Association recognizes that anthropologists have obligations to

human and other species. their scholarly field wider society the environment

Biological anthropology is the study of ______ in time and space.

human biological diversity

The study of ecosystems that include people, focusing on the ways people interact with nature based on cultural values, is known as

human ecology

Which of the following are specialties within biological anthropology?

human genetics primatology paleoanthropolgy

Anthropology is a(n) ______ science.

humanistic

Which of the following are valid ways for an anthropologist to study a culture?

humanistic scientific interpretive

- A suggested but unverified explanation is known as a

hypothesis

- Cultural and linguistic anthropology view creative expression

in their social and cultural context.

which of the following are accurate ways to describe human rights?

inalienable International

Plant cultivation developed in the Americas and the Middle East at about the same time (about 10,000 years ago) and it developed in India and China separately. What mechanism of cultural change do these examples represent?

independent invention

the process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems, is a mechanism of cultural change known as

independent invention

Industrialization and urbanization have helped shift anthropologists' work, increasingly, from villages to

industrial nations and cities.

- In relatively recent eras, the spread of _____ has/have profoundly affected human life.

industrial production

- Marvin Harris proposed a theory in which all cultures can be analyzed as having three layers. Which list correctly names the three layers Harris described in his theory?

infrastructure, structure, superstructure

Anthropologists Eric Wolf and Sidney Mintz studied Europe and the "people without history," plantation economies in the Americas, and sugar's transformative role in England to understand the impact of changing economic and power relations worldwide. Which best describes the change in anthropological theories that began in the 1980s, of which Wolf and Mintz were a part?

interdisciplinary approaches combining anthropology and history

Advocated by Clifford Geertz, _______ anthropology is the study of culture as a system of meaning

interpretive

- In the approach to culture taken by Geertz, he seeks to understand "the native point of view" by examining the meanings found in cultural activities such as cockfights in Bali. What is the term used to describe his theoretical approach to culture?

interpretive anthropology

Instead of doing a random sample of all the residents in a community to choose individuals to formally interview, anthropologists select a few individuals who are extremely knowledgeable to interview. What is the term used to describe these few select individuals?

key informant or key consultant

- When cultural anthropologists do fieldwork in a community, they may rely on just a few chosen people who can provide special knowledge and details about community life. What is the term (or terms) used for the people chosen?

key informants or key consultants

Humans often use gestures such as enthusiastic "fist pumps" or hanging our heads in shame. What is the term that linguistic anthropologists use to describe this type of communication?

kinesics

is the study of body language and gestures to understand nonverbal communication.

kinesics

The genealogical method is used to examine what building block in the social organization of nonindustrial societies?

kinship

- _____ can be spoken or written and is based on learned meanings and symbols.

language

Comparing cultural anthropology to sociology, statistics traditionally has been

less important in cultural anthropology.

a language's ______ is a dictionary containing all its morphemes and their meanings.

lexicon

Which of the following are social universals?

life in groups life in some kind of family

Which of the following would be examples of topics studied in sociolinguistics?

linguistic variation corresponding to regional dialects relationships between social and linguistic variation linguistic features that correlate with socioeconomic class

Today's global economy and communications

link all people in the modern world system.

Ethnographers typically maintain their connection to the community they study and may return to it several times to see how community life has changed. For example, Margaret Mead first described her fieldwork in Growing Up in New Guinea, detailing her study of the Manus, a New Guinea people still mostly untouched by the outside world when she visited them in 1928. She lived in their noisy fishing village of Peri at a pivotal time—after World War I was over but before missions and global commerce had begun to change their lives. She continued her relationship with this same village for 50 years until her death, and it helped her to describe how these villagers maintained their unique cultural values even with increasing global influence. What is the term used to describe this type of ethnographic research?

longitudinal research

Which of the following lists best summarizes the primate characteristics that laid the foundation for human culture?

manual dexterity and a large brain size

Which of the following areas have benefited from the work of applied anthropologists?

marketing public health business

Which of the following is an example of international culture?

marriage

Which anthropologist emphasized the role of child rearing and enculturation, rather than biology, in determining gender roles?

mead

Anthropology's comparative, biocultural perspective recognizes that cultural forces

mold human biology.

In the word "toaster" there are two units of meaning: "toast" and "-er." What is the general term, used in descriptive linguistics, for these units of meaning?

morpheme

- Which of the following approaches are associated with Julian Steward?

multilinear evolution and cultural ecology

People in Germany tend to be on-time to meetings, whereas those in Brazil generally run late. This is an example of ______ culture.

national

The second strand of Malinowski's functionalism was known as ________ functionalism and stated that humans had a set of universal biological requirements.

needs

- Malinowski argued that all cultures must fulfill a set of basic biological requirements for human survival. What is the term used to describe this concept?

needs functionalism

According to sociolinguistics,

no language is a homogeneous system.

The meanings of spoken language can be changed, enhanced, or even negated by accompanying facial expressions or gestures. What is the general term for this other dimension of human communication?

nonverbal communication

Anthropologists usually base their conclusions about human psychology on which of the following?

observations from more than one society. cross-cultural comparison.

Adaptation refers to the processes by which

organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses.

- Wolf's and Mintz's approach, and other similar ones, have been criticized for

overstressing outsider influence.

According to garbology, what are actually the most significant major waste problems?

paper plastic

- One technique commonly used by ethnographers is ______, ________. which means that they take part in community life, participating in the events they are observing, describing, and analyzing.

participant observation

Which of the following do anthropologists consider when studying human diversity in time and space?

particular traits and patterns generalized traits universal traits

What aspects of language are studied in descriptive linguistics?

phonology or sounds, morphology or word form, and syntax or wor

Analyzing the sounds that are important in a language is the part of descriptive linguistics called

phonology.

Anthropologists have traditionally studied groups that are

poor

The approach to culture known as ______ recognizes that individuals within a society vary in their motives and intentions and in the amount of power and influence they have.

practice theory

Primatology is relevant to paleoanthropology because

primate behavior sheds light on early human behavior.

- Primatology is the study of

primates

- In anthropology, associations are usually stated as

probabilities.

- Laws in social sciences tend to be

probable rather than certain.

- What do animal call systems lack that human languages have?

productivity and displacement

The ability to combine words and meanings to create new expressions is referred to as

productivity.

1. According to practice theory, individuals

re both constrained by and participate in the creation of culture and social systems.

According to practice theory, individuals

re both constrained by and participate in the creation of culture and social systems.

People's actual behavior as observed by the anthropologist is referred to as ______ culture.

real

- Which of the following are aspects of linguistic anthropology?

reconstructing ancient languages making inferences about universal features of language studying linguistic differences to discover cultural variations in perception and thought

Edmund Leach's perspective was

regional.

In acculturation, groups

remain distinct

Which sequence correctly lists Morgan's major stages of cultural evolution?

savagery, barbarism, civilization

Some critics of anthropology during its "crisis of representation" have questioned the value of

science itself. ethnographers' impartiality.

When non-natives' breathing and heart rates increase in mountain highlands, this is an example of ______ adaptation.

short-term physiological

In Madagascar and Polynesia, people of lower status

should not hold their heads above those of higher-status people.

In archaeology, the number of settlement levels in a city is a measure of

social complexity.

- Durkheim proposed to study

social facts.

- Traditionally, the main distinction between sociologists and anthropologists has been that

sociologists studied industrial societies, whereas anthropologists studied nonindustrial societies.

Which anthropological theory suggests that social customs and cultural practices work together as a system much like the organs and physiology of the human body work together?

structual functionalism

- Radcliffe-Brown believed that the function of any practice is the role it plays in maintaining the system of which it is a part. This theory is known as

structural functionalism

- Claude Lévi-Strauss's idea that human minds have certain universal characteristics and that those commonalities lead people everywhere to think similarly is the basis of which of the following?

structuralism

Lévi-Strauss seeks to discover themes in culture by analyzing binary oppositions found in myths and folk tales. What is the term used to refer to his theory?

structuralism

- Margaret Mead's Samoan ethnographic findings

supported the Boasian view.

- The study of society through sampling and statistical analysis is ______, and the study of firsthand culture and living people is ______.

survey research; ethnographic research

- The study of symbols in their social and cultural context is known as

symbolic anthropology.

Julian Steward looked to _____ as the main cause(s) of culture change.

technology and the environment

The origin of anthropology as a scientific pursuit can be traced to

the 18th century

Which of the following is an example of what is known as a subculture?'

the Amish, who have clothing and religious restrictions the countries that make up the United Nations

- Which of the following did Leslie White consider to be the main measure and cause of cultural advance?

the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year

Which phrase best describes the major subjects studied in linguistic anthropology?

the history of languages, linguistic differences among cultures, and linguistic diversity related to social differences

Which of the following statements best describes cultural rights?

the right for groups to maintain their own traditions and languages

- Julian Steward saw the environment and ____ as part of what he termed the culture core.

the technology available to exploit it

- A set of ideas that is formulated to explain something is referred to as a

theory.

- Public archaeology has been given an important role in evaluating sites

threatened by construction activities.

Anthropological archaeologists reconstruct, describe, and interpret human behavior and cultural patterns mainly

through material remains.

The primary ethical obligation of the anthropologist is

to do no harm to the people in the host community.

Which statement best describes why ethnographers collect life histories?

to learn about the personal experiences of a few community members over a long period of time, in order to understand responses to change

Chimpanzees and gorillas are the closest relatives to the human species.

true

True or false: Adaptive cultural traits can become maladaptive traits.

true

True or false: It is a good idea for an ethnographer to learn the local language of his or her field community.

true

True or false: Online ethnographers have determined that each virtual world has its own culture, which includes rules and governance, customary practices and events, social roles and modes of interaction, and power differentials.

true

When studying human diversity in time and space, anthropologists distinguish among the ______, which are features found in every culture, the ______, which are common to several but not all groups, and the ______, which are unique to certain cultural traditions.

universal; general; particular

Cultural rights are

vested in groups

The study of modern garbage, sometimes known as "garbology," provides evidence of which of the following concerning the people who produced the garbage?

what the people actually did in everyday life, not what they reported they did

- Which anthropologist focused on how societies evolved and progressed by harnessing greater amounts of energy?

white

Globalization is defined as

worldwide connectedness, involving production, communication, and technology.

Sociology and anthropology are sister sciences both founded on the key idea that societies cannot be analyzed by looking merely at individuals but instead must be analyzed by examining patterns of social behaviors. Who was the scholar who established this fundamental idea and is known as a founding scholar in both sociology and anthropology?

Émile Durkheim

Adaptation is an entirely cultural process

False

True or false: a human child is brown with culture

False

Which of the following statements about nonhuman primates are true?

Female chimps and gorillas tend to migrate to find mates; Primates other than Homo tend to disperse at adolescence

During one period of history in the British Isles, school children who spoke their native Irish language were severely punished, and only English was allowed to be spoken at school. Which mechanism of cultural change does this represent?

Forced diffusion

Who is known as the father of American four-field anthropology?

Franz Boas

Which of the following is an example of a symbol?

Golden Arches to identify a hamburger chain

Animals, such as wolves learn behavior patterns, such as hunting techniques. What makes human cultural learning different from that?

Human culture is based on ideas shared through symbols.

_____ focuses on the ways in which humans use "of nature influences and is influenced by social organization and cultural values."

Human ecology

What is the difference between human ties between parents and offspring and those found among other primates such as chimpanzees and gorillas?

Humans develop lifelong ties between parents, sons, and daughters, but nonhuman primates generally do not

Which of the following statements best describes how human sexual behavior differs from that of other primates?

Humans mate year round, and their pair bonds are more enduring than those of other primates

Which of the following statements best describes what ethnographers refer to as an etic explanation?

I have the flu because I have been exposed to a flu."

A cultural right that allows indigenous groups to control who may know and use their collective knowledge and applications is referred to as

IPR

- Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons the AAA issued a statement disapproving of HTS—the Human Terrain System research?

In an active war zone, it is much easier to obtain informed consent, because people feel grateful for the military presence.

According to Sir Edward Tylor's century-old definition of culture, what is the critical defining feature of culture?

It includes patterns of behavior acquired by people as members of society

Which of the following are ways in which culture is transmitted and learned? Answer: It is absorbed unconsciously.

It is absorbed unconsciously. It is transmitted through observation. It is taught directly.

Which of the following is true of culture, according to anthropologists?

It is all-encompassing.

Which of the following statements are true of anthropology?

It is the study of the human species around the world and through time. It offers a cross-cultural perspective. It is the study of all societies.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about practice theory?

It recognizes a reciprocal relationship between culture and the individual.

- Which of the following statements about general evolution is true?

It was Leslie White's view of cultural evolution.

In culture are differences in social status regularly communicated through bowing?

Japan

- Which statement is true regarding language?

Language is a form of communication that must be learned.

-What do linguistic anthropologists mean when they say that human language is culturally transmitted?

Language is acquired through teaching and learning

Which of the following are human biologoical capacities upon which culture depends

Learn, think sumbolically, use language, and use and make tools.

Who was the earliest anthropologist to stress that culture is symbolic?

Leslie White

- Which early ethnographer was known for his extensive fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands and especially emphasized living among the people one studies?

Malinowski