Anthropology 2320

Kyakyusa

1) Bantu people from Tanzania 2) Polygamist

Berawan

1) Lived in longhouses (350 people under 1 roof) 2) No notion of privacy 3) Religion ceremony in which they cut the egg and put it in the river- it was later discovered that the reason behind this was to get rid of sijang

Bara

?

Death Songs

?

Female man/Male men

?

Victor Turner

A British cultural anthropologist best known for his work on symbols, rituals and rites of passage. His work, along with that of Clifford Geertz and others, is often referred to as symbolic and interpretive anthropology.

Amun-Re/Karnak

Amun Ra=Patron God of Thebes and Amun Re= temple dedicated to his reign. Importance of how a space is relevant to ritual and religion *think about "make a home" discussion "The karnak temple of amun-ra"

Empathetic

An empathetic person is someone who can share another person's feelings. If you tell an empathetic person that your heart is broken, she might touch her own heart and gaze at you sadly through moist eyes.

Bororo

Bope and Aroe are essential to culture (non-human agencies) There religion shows the implication that there is something else out in the world that can make something happen.

Rationalization

When we look at our own ways of doing things we provide a rational account of why. Rationalization are pragmatic descriptions

Congregation

a gathering of people that share beliefs and perform rituals together and reform their culture together.

Suttee in Bali

a. Geertz reading about the exotic ritual in Bali (the king had died and the concubines were sacrificed into the flames) b. Colonial regime put an end to this practice c. The now illegal act or practice of a Hindu widow's cremating herself on her husband's funeral pyre in order to fulfill her true role as wife. d. One questions the "insane" nature of the nation as you classify it as crazy, but that view becomes chauvinistic

Sijang

a.A refusal of sociality b.Nature would attack you (somewhat like karma) c.The egg in the river represents the knowledge that you did something wrong. (Fed to the crocodile) d.Ex: of the exotic as a problem: exotic as unpleasant and disturbing/ demands explanation Why does it happen?- "it happens because it happens, sijang is just the way the world works" "Saying pompon, don't get into car crashes" -Rationality is in the eye of the beholder

totemism

a.every individuals of the tribe is born into a totem, and belongs to a group of persons that bears the name of some natural object (animal/plant/wind/sun/water/cloud) there is not an object that is left un totemed- you don't have the totem of your mother/father- not decent. You associate with spirit sights and entities and the totem that you receive is based on where you were conceived as a child. b.The totem that you belong to will then lead you to perform different rituals

churinga

actual things: little bits of wood with carvings within. These are very sacred and not seen by women and must not be shown to children. Space is charged with "specialness" and there are places in the landscape as well as object that are marked with special meaning. Sacred spaces: a.looking at English churches that have a step into the church that has a magnificent door that when inside you are in a "different space"- the internal space is special

Dogma

is a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true. It serves as part of the primary basis of an ideology, nationalism or belief system, and it cannot be changed or discarded without affecting the very system's paradigm, or the ideology itself. They can refer to acceptable opinions of philosophers or philosophical schools, public decrees, religion, or issued decisions of political authorities.

liturgy

is the customary public worship done by a specific religious group, according to its particular traditions. 1)As a religious phenomenon, liturgy is a communal response to the sacred through activity reflecting praise, thanksgiving, supplication, or repentance. 2) Ritualization may be associated with life events such as birth, coming of age, marriage and death. It thus forms the basis for establishing a relationship with a divine agency, as well as with other participants in the liturgy. 3) Works of a church

"ancestor worship"

survivals and ancestor worship when people dream, the soul is traveling to a very far of place all human beings are composed of two parts when the soul leaves the body, you become an ancestor magic-doesn't work, to make it work one must give things to the ancestors and you move between religion and magic

Pollution vs. Hygiene

the difference of when an act of routine or ritual has a pragmatic reason for "cleanliness" and then the transition of that ritual into something that is damaging for society or ones body. (Bathing in dirty water after sex/ douching)

homeopathic magic (law of similarity)

the magical principle that like produces like or that an effect resembles its cause homeopathic (or imitative) magic rituals that compel the supernatural by means of the Law of Similarity

psycho-reductionaism

when psychologists take multiple cases and ideals and pull away details until the center theme of the ideals is highlighted= ignoring individualized circumstances.

moment of horrors

• Anthropologist- Merina: madegascar the throwing of the bones from the dead out of the tomb and throw them around. Time of promoted sexual acts • The missionaries were horrified by these acts.

shaman

individuals who communicate with souls

Arunta

Arunta=aborigine people who were considered the most primitive of peoples (naked lifestyle)

James Frazer

Author of the Golden Bough, style of ANTH: look for a characteristic and find it elsewhere. Believed that human belief goes through three stages magic/religion/science. 1) took primitive and made it a definition of a class of people: "primitives and non-primitives"

Carl Yung

Believed in paradigms-Archetype: developed archetypes as universal patterned that derive from the collective unconsciousness), took the evolutionary perspective of ANTH Through reductionism found motifs that permeated through the primitives

Berawan continued

Berawan of Borneo a. Lived in longhouses (350 people under 1 roof) b. No notion of privacy f. berawan believe dealths follow deaths g. inner soul then outside spirit of bili on the border there is ancestor and communicative ancestors other border is a shaman other border is augur who are yes/no • Shaman-berawan woman peter knew who had enormous power because she was chose by the spirits but no one chooses this power because it is to complicated o Learned reconnaissance information from the spirits and derived the power to heal o This power is quite different then political

Communitas

Communitas is a Latin noun commonly referring either to an unstructured community in which people are equal, or to the very spirit of community. It also has special significance as a loanword in cultural anthropology and the social sciences. Victor Turner, who defined the anthropological usage of communitas, was interested in the interplay between what he called social 'structure' and 'antistructure'; Liminality and Communitas are both components of antistructure. Communitas is an intense community spirit that often refer, the feeling of great social equality, solidarity, and togetherness. Communitas is characteristic of people experiencing liminality together. This term is used to distinguish the modality of social relationship from an area of common living. There is more than one distinction between structure and communitas. The most familiar is the difference of secular and sacred. Every social position has something sacred about it. This sacred component is acquired during rites of passages, through the changing of positions. Part of this sacredness is achieved through the transient humility learned in these phases, this allows people to reach a higher position.

The Golden Bough shows...

Defines the elements the connection of religious belief to scientific thought (life, death, fertility, human sacrifice)

intellectualist

Durkheim and Tylor -Intellectualism- imaging what other people think about certain things and deducing what others think about your own thoughts. -sought to understand religion at its basic level

pharaoh

Egyptian kings II. Used pyramids as a big power show like the Berawan did, but for themselves.

W. Robertson Smith

Everyone in the world believes they are acting rationally about their actions (pragmatic) 1) WRS-taught in Scotland for student to become Calvinist ministers. He started studying pre-Christain Arabic religions 2) Noticed that all those religions shared a single ritual- the sacred meal: the food puts you into a situation that allowed you to eat that food you are about to receive-eating is ritual: whenever food changes hands. 3) WRS-ritual precedes religion

Edward Burnett Tylor

Frazer's teacher o He was the original mocker of theologians - religions are irrational, they are silly beliefs (thought Golden Bough showed this) o "Survivals" - has to do with Ancestor worship • In Bordia: when somebody is dreaming, it's actually that their soul is traveling far away • Dreams to souls to ancestors (where the soul goes) • Magic only works if the ancestors are on your side • Magic vs. Religion • Phase in the evolution in the human mind • Can discover the phases of human mental evolution by looking at primitive people 1) Came up with the Idea of Intellectualism

Emile Durkheim

French Sociologist: loved defining everything- instead of thinking of the aboriginals as having no religion he thought of them as having a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things. 1) how to look for religion in the world= "see what you find" and then pull personal experiences together and define what you see

Arnold Van Gennep

Gennep is best known for his work regarding rites of passage ceremonies and his significant works in modern French folklore. A rite of passage is a ritual event that marks a person's transition from one status to another. The concept of rites of passage as a general theory of socialization was first formally articulated by Arnold van Gennep in his book The Rites of Passage to denote rituals marking the transitional phase between childhood and full inclusion into a tribe or social group. The concept of the rite of passage is also used to explore and describe various other milestones in an individual's life, for any marked transitional stage, when one's social status is altered. Gennep's work exercised a deep impact on anthropological thought. Rites of passage show anthropologists what social hierarchies, values and beliefs are important in specific cultures. Has one of the models

Nemi

Lake within a painting by Turner, that depicted the Golden bough where religious ceremonies took place. -From this painting, Frazer wrote the anthropologic book

secondary treatment

I. Secondary death rituals 1. Bara 2. Berawan 3. Bali secondary burial the assumption that you dont die when you are biologically dead

rituals of the center

I. Shilluk- Nyikang II. Imenti- Mogwe III. Dinka- Master of the Spears IV. Atoni- left king rituals ground society and make it more stable- Victor Turner

psycho-reductionism

I. Two types 1. Bio: Impulses are universal and we do things because of these influence II. Psychological: assumes that there are psychological absolutes that everything abides by III. Freud: phallic representations

Liminal/Liminality

In anthropology, liminality (from the Latin word līmen, meaning "a threshold") is the quality of ambiguity or disorientation that occurs in the middle stage of rituals, when participants no longer hold their pre-ritual status but have not yet begun the transition to the status they will hold when the ritual is complete. During a ritual's liminal stage, participants "stand at the threshold" between their previous way of structuring their identity, time, or community, and a new way, which the ritual establishes. The concept of liminality was first developed in the early 20th century by anthropologist Arnold van Gennep and later taken up by Victor Turner.[2] More recently, usage of the term has broadened to describe political and cultural change as well as rituals.[3] During liminal periods of all kinds, social hierarchies may be reversed or temporarily dissolved, continuity of tradition may become uncertain, and future outcomes once taken for granted may be thrown into doubt.[4] The dissolution of order during liminality creates a fluid, malleable situation that enables new institutions and customs to become established.[5] The term has also passed into popular usage, where it is applied much more broadly, undermining its significance to some extent.[6]

Incwala

Incwala is the main ritual of Kingship in the Kingdom of Swaziland.This is a national event that takes place in summer during the months of December or January depending on the phases of the moon. The main person in incwala is the King of Swaziland, when there is no king there is no incwala.

Intellectualism vs. Empathy

Intellectualism- imaging what other people think about certain things and deducing what others think about your own thoughts Empathy- If i were a primitive, what would I think if I was there during that time. (putting yourself in another's shoes)

positive and negative rituals

Negative rituals are those that separate the sacred from the profane. Positive rites are those that affirm the sacred representations that have been constructed by the society and religion.

Massai

Nilotic ethnic group of semi-nomadic people inhabiting Kenya and northern Tanzania. They are among the best known local populations due to their residence near the many game parks of Southeast Africa, and their distinctive customs and dress. Maasai society is strongly patriarchal in nature, with elder men, sometimes joined by retired elders, deciding most major matters for each Maasai group. A full body of oral law covers many aspects of behavior. Formal execution is unknown, and normally payment in cattle will settle matters. The central human figure in the Maasai religious system is the laibon whose roles include shamanistic healing, divination and prophecy, and ensuring success in war or adequate rainfall. Whatever power an individual laibon had was a function of personality rather than position. The men in the Maasai tribe are born and raised to be warriors. They don't marry when they are young but instead they stay in the woods. This is the reason why there is a great age difference between husbands and their wives, because they are not allowed to marry until they are older (when they have become "elders") while the women marry when they are young.

Robert Hertz

Speciality was in anth of religion. Had a model As an anthropologist and politically active socialist, Hertz provided a new way of interpreting funerary ritual and sought to relate sociology to the practical flourishing of community life. Hertz speaks of "society" and "collective representations" abstractly to explain how enduring values were related to concrete individuals. He demonstrated these links by analyzing death and funeral rites. Two paradoxical streams flow through his argument, one social and the other more psychological. Sociologically, he interprets society as perceiving itself to be immortal, transcending the lives of any individual members and conferring upon the dead a new status as ancestors. In this sense, members of society never die but change their relative relationships as they move from being living members of society to its dead "members." Thought that: Every social hierarchy claims to be founded on the nature of things. It thus accords itself eternity; it escapes change and the attacks of innovators. Aristotle justified slavery by the ethnic superiority of the Greeks over the barbarians; and today the man who is annoyed by feminist claims alleges that woman is naturally inferior.

nyikang

Spirit of Shilluk leaders, passed along from king to king (body politic) the idea of the eternal kingship. the soul of the first king enters the body of each new king.

Dinka

The Dinka people are an ethnic group inhabiting the Bahr el Ghazal region of the Nile basin, Jonglei and parts of southern Kordufan and Upper Nile regions. • Master of the spears-Dinka Imortal king and the idea that there was no regicide but the community and him decided to "bring him back to the earth" The Dinka people have no centralised political authority, instead comprising many independent but interlinked clans. Certain of those clans traditionally provide ritual chiefs, known as the "masters of the fishing spear" or beny bith,[7] who provide leadership for the entire people and appear to be at least in part hereditary. The Dinkas' pastoral lifestyle is also reflected in their religious beliefs and practices. They have one god, Nhialic, who speaks through spirits that take temporary possession of individuals in order to speak through them. The sacrificing of oxen by the "masters of the fishing spear" is a central component of Dinka religious practice. Age is an important factor in Dinka culture, with young men being inducted into adulthood through an initiation ordeal which includes marking the forehead with a sharp object. Also during this ceremony they acquire a second cow-colour name. The Dinka believe they derive religious power from nature and the world around them, rather than from a religious tome.

neolithic revolution

The Neolithic Revolution or Neolithic Demographic Transition, sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution, was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture. It was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement which supported an increasingly large population.[1] Archaeological data indicates that the domestication of various types of plants and animals evolved in separate locations worldwide, starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene[2] around 12,000 years ago.[3] However, the Neolithic Revolution involved far more than the adoption of a limited set of food-producing techniques. During the next millennia it would transform the small and mobile groups of hunter-gatherers that had hitherto dominated human history into sedentary societies based in built-up villages and towns, which radically modified their natural environment by means of specialized food-crop cultivation (e.g., irrigation and food storage technologies) that allowed extensive surplus food production.

Thai

The culture of Thailand incorporates cultural beliefs and characteristics indigenous to the area known as modern-day Thailand coupled with much influence from ancient India, China, Cambodia, Laos along with the neighboring pre-historic cultures of Southeast Asia. It is influenced primarily by Animism, Hinduism, Buddhism, as well as by later migrations from China, and southern India. Buddhism in Thailand is strongly influenced by traditional beliefs regarding ancestral and natural spirits, which have been incorporated into Buddhist cosmology. Most Thai people own spirit houses, miniature wooden houses in which they believe household spirits live. They present offerings of food and drink to these spirits to keep them happy. If these spirits aren't happy, it is believed that they will inhabit the larger household of the Thai, and cause chaos. These spirit houses can be found in public places and in the streets of Thailand, where the public make offerings.

Balinese

The end of Bali- the dutch came in and destroyed the structure of the balinese culture. The citizens that remained were now slaves of the Dutch. -Suttee People

Civil Religion

The intended meaning of the term civil religion often varies according to whether one is a sociologist of religion or a professional political commentator. The following discussion includes both perspectives followed by a brief history of the concept. Within the contexts of the monotheistic, prophetic, revealed faiths, civil religion can be problematic from a theological perspective. Being identified with a political culture and a leadership hierarchy of an existing society, civil religion's priestly role, can interfere with the prophetic mission of a religious faith. This has been the challenge religion faces upon entering the public sphere throughout all ages and cultures. At times of national crisis civil religion commonly renews itself by becoming a platform for rebuking the sins of a people or its institutions, and by calling on citizens to be true to the nation's deeper values.

King of the Woods

The king was the incarnation of a dying and reviving god, a solar deity who underwent a mystic marriage to a goddess of the Earth. He died at the harvest and was reincarnated in the spring. Frazer claims that this legend of rebirth is central to almost all of the world's mythologies. 1) It is a classic example of an entirely regional local tribal tale that properly framed and adapted has at its core a tale that is universally understood. Without any hint of its origin, 'King of the Woods' has established itself as an entertaining and original fairy tale with universal appeal.

Utilitarian rationale

The utilitarian rationale defines punishment as essentially evil, and seeks to justify it by the greater benefits that result. Under a utilitarian philosophical sys- tem, or utilitarianism, what is good is that which benefits "the many." Thus, even if it were painful to the individual, if the majority benefit from a certain act, then utilitarianism would define that act as good. In our discussion, if punish- ment did deter or incapacitate or facilitate rehabilitation, then "the many" (all of society) would benefit, and punishment, by definition, would be good.

Claude Levi-Strauss

The work of Lévi-Strauss was also key in the development of the theory of structuralism and structural anthropology. He argued that the "savage" mind had the same structures as the "civilized" mind and that human characteristics are the same everywhere. Structuralism has been defined as "the search for the underlying patterns of thought in all forms of human activity.

Trobrianders

Trobriand Cricket -not a culture show, not an ancient ritual, it was brought from the UK and then the trobrianders made it into a game of there own 1) Some perfectly pragmatic things happen to develop into a ritual

Azande

ethnic group of north central Africa Most Azande traditionally practiced an African Traditional Religion, but this has been supplanted to a large extent by Christianity. Other traditional beliefs include magic and witchcraft. Among the Azande, witchcraft is believed to be an inherited substance in the belly which lives a fairly autonomous life, including performing bad magic on one's enemies. Witches can sometimes be unaware of their powers, and can accidentally strike people to whom the witch wishes no evil. Because witchcraft is believed to always be present, there are several rituals connected to protection from and cancelling of witchcraft that are performed almost daily. When something out of the ordinary occurs, usually something unfortunate, to an individual, the Azande may blame witchcraft, just as non-Zande people might blame "bad luck". the king has power- only men because women cant settle disputes a. When you are describing a polity you have to describe the spcific power that originates in that polity

sociology of error

every "special sociology" is in some sense a sociology of error, in the simplest sense we only start to "socialogize" about something that does not, (or doesn't seem to us) to bear explanation on its face.

Comparative Method

everything is placed in stages then the order is argued (primitive-mature) i.e: Stone/Bronze/Iron, Savage/Barbaric/Civilized

Ethnoscience

has been defined as an attempt "to reconstitute what serves as science for others, their practices of looking after themselves and their bodies, their botanical knowledge, but also their forms of classification, of making connections, etc. Ethnoscience deals with how a given culture classifies certain principles in addition to how it is express through their language. By understanding a given culture through how they view the world, anthropologists attempt to eliminate any bias through translation as well as categorized their principles in their own ways. "The new methods, which focus on the discovery and description of folk systems, have come to be known as Ethnoscience. Ethnoscience analysis has thus far concentrated on systems of classification within such cultural and linguistic domains as colors, plants, and medicines.

Bope and Aroe

i. Non human agencies 1. The implication that there is something out there that can make something happen. 2. Bope- bring all aging and death 3. The bororo say that they are unpleasant creatures that shape shifters and might event speak to you, as they are hidden in the natural world. a. The Rules of bope focus on food and before you eat you have to offer it to Bope. i. To prevent this, a shaman presents food to the Bope and then after this offering, one can eat their food. ii. Bope: have to do with change, as they are something that never changes. 1. "We see horses, but back in the past there exists an "ideal horse"" 2. If there is no Bope influence, women do not conceive. 3. There is a connection with anything that deals with change so even the difference between life and death. i. Very easy to connect to the Bope, but the Aroe are in a divine state that do not focus on human beings because of the noise that humans make and the ease into violence. (Just like the non-moral Bope) ii. Human beings are caught in the middle as in between Bope, which is awful, and the divine Aroe.

cosmology

is the study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe. Physical cosmology is the scholarly and scientific study of the origin, evolution, large-scale structures and dynamics, and ultimate fate of the universe, as well as the scientific laws that govern these realities.[1] Religious cosmology (or mythological cosmology) is a body of beliefs based on the historical, mythological, religious, and esoteric literature and traditions of creation and eschatology. Mythological cosmology deals with the world as the totality of space, time and all phenomena. Historically, it has had quite a broad scope, and in many cases was founded in religion. The ancient Greeks did not draw a distinction between this use and their model for the cosmos. However, in modern use it addresses questions about the Universe which are beyond the scope of science. It is distinguished from religious cosmology in that it approaches these questions using philosophical methods (e.g. dialectics).

essentialist definitions

is the view that, for any specific entity (such as an animal, a group of people, a physical object, a concept), there is a set of attributes which are necessary to its identity and function. ex: features of the Judaism, Christianity, and Islamic Complex are very closely related b. Nowadays if they say religion they are speaking of the JCIC c. Westerners would say that certain aspects of the three religions are the way religion should be x, and the x comes from one of the three. d.Ex: notions of prayer, or god, e.? = What is "needed" to have religion?

Atoni

king-dutch colonials were taken to see HIM (it was a girl) are an ethnic group on Timor, in Indonesian West Timor and the East Timorese enclave of Oecussi-Ambeno. According to ethnographer Clarke Cunningham, their culture is notable for its spatial symbolism, associated with a gender dichotomy. Male-female principle is important, as with the duality of sun-earth, light-dark, open-close, dry season-wet season, outer-inner, central-periphery, secular-sacral, right-left, and so on. This in turn affects the spatial configuration of an Atoni house. Furthermore, each cardinal direction is associated with a gender, as are different parts of a house. Sex and gender do not always line up, as an important lord is called a "female-man," and is accordingly always a man, but performs stereotypically female duties.

sympathetic magic (law of sympathy)

magic based on the principle that "like produces like." For instance, whatever happens to an image of someone will also happen to them. Sympathetic magic is also referred to as "imitative" magic.

Contagious Method (Law of Contact)

magic that is based on the principle that things or persons once in contact can afterward influence each other. In other words, there is a permanent relationship between an individual and any part of his or her body. As a consequence, believers must take special precautions with their hair, fingernails, teeth, clothes, and feces. If anyone obtained these objects, magic could be performed on them which would cause the person they came from to be affected. 1) Law of Contagion: the magical principle that things which have once been in contact with each other continue to act on each other at a distance after physical contact has been severed" 2) contagious magic: rituals that compel the supernatural by means of the Law of Contact or Contagion

Holy Ghost

pentacostal religion in which speaking in tongues, caressing rattlesnakes, and drinking poison are common occurrences in relation to the passage from Mark. They take a literal interpretation of the Bible.

master of the spears

political leader, makes speeches, doesn't declare war, goes in a hole, sits there and makes speeches, when he decides he's done, roof collapses and he's buried (speeches are last words) I. Symbol of social triumph over death: 1. When near death, king allows himself to be buried alive a. Must be a unanimous decision II. Became a myth

collective representation

prepackaged rituals that are learned from reinforcements or immersion and are not studied rules = congregation (people that share beliefs and perform rituals= gaining culture by the time you are three, the collective representations you learn are vast and many, but you are never lectured on them, you learn from being interacted with and through positive and negative reinforcement. body language in different countries

nulang

secondary treatment in the Berawan. Means "to bone" grandest ritual of the Berawan I. Term for Berawan secondary treatment of corpse

Body Natural/Body Politic

• Body natural is the physical body of the person in position and the body politic is the actual role of the president or presidency • Shilluk- connection between the body and the actual position kingship and king himself. • Master of the spears-Dinka Imortal king and the idea that there was no regicide but the community and him decided to "bring him back to the earth" Ernst Kantorowicz was a historian of medieval political and intellectual history. He taught at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, where he published his masterpiece, The King's Two Bodies, which explored medieval political theology and how theologians, historians and canonists in the Middle Ages understood the office and person of the king, as well as the idea of the kingdom, in corporeal and organological terms. This classic described the figure of the European monarch as a unique product of religious and legal traditions that eventually produced the notion of a "king" as simultaneously a person and an embodiment of the community of the realm. The King has in him two Bodies, viz., a Body natural, and a Body politic. His Body natural (if it be considered in itself) is a Body mortal, subject to all infirmities that come by Nature or Accident, to the Imbecility of Infancy or old Age, and to the like Defects that happen to the natural Bodies of other People. But his Body politic is a Body that cannot be seen or handled, consisting of Policy and Government, and constituted for the Direction of the People, and the Management of the public weal, and this Body is utterly void of Infancy, and old Age, and other natural Defects and Imbecilities, which the Body natural is subject to, and for this Cause, what the King does in his Body politic cannot be invalidated or frustrated by any Disability in his natural Body

Bricoleur

• Handy man- jack of all traits • comes from the idea of the variety of causality, connected to langba (name of a person LS mentions) would look at something and figure out how it worked. The prevention of the leeches. Langba is not dividing his world, he is just finding his working knowledge and thinking everything is rational. • ritualization of brushing our teeth • Levi-Strauss thought In the practical arts and the fine arts, bricolage (French for "tinkering") is the construction or creation of a work from a diverse range of things that happen to be available, or a work created by such a process.

Shilluk

• Shilluk- connection between the body and the actual position kingship and king himself. Most Shilluk have converted to Christianity, while some still follow the traditional religion or a mixture of the two; small numbers have converted to Islam. The Shilluk pride them selves in being one of the first Nilotic groups to accept Christianity the other being the Anuak people. The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the national myth of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by Charles Seligman and in 1916 by British anthropologist James George Frazer in The Golden Bough. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "sacred kingship"

Swazi

• The swazi- taking the power away from the king- aquwa • they make the king o The person who builds the longhouse holds leadership but there is not set king.

Langba

• comes from the idea of the variety of causality, connected to langba (name of a person LS mentions) would look at something and figure out how it worked. The prevention of the leeches. Langba is not dividing his world, he is just finding his working knowledge and thinking everything is rational. • ritualization of brushing our teeth knowledge of relationship with his world, doesn't care how things work, he just uses them, that's what makes him a magician—doesn't care about causality