Anthropology (all)
Parapatric Speciation
partial reproductive isolation hybrid zones
institutional racism
patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems
refers to the physical expression of genes as a result of genetic interaction with the environment.
phenotype
sexual dimorphism
phenotypic differentiation between males and females of the same species.
In my comments on the language chapter, I illustrated the 11 vowel sounds in standard American English to help explain the concept of:
phonemes
In addition to theories and perspectives shared with political scientists and sociologists, political anthropologists also take a distinctive perspective when studying contemporary politics. Identify the distinctive approach that political anthropologists take.
political anthropologists focus on the processes of the state rather than the institutions
Chiefdom
political integration is achieved through centralized leadership called the chief
identity entrepreneurs
political, military or religious leaders who promote a worldview through the lens of ethnicity and use war, propaganda, and state power to mobilize people against those whom they perceive as danger
The results of a disadvantaged social environment include:
poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy.
Max Weber
prestige life chances
The commons
private ownership is often combined with communal access to forest or pasture.
While the caste system in India is changing, the system still retains old inequalities in many ways. Identify the areas where caste system attitudes have changed and the areas where they have stayed the same. SAME
private settings rural areas
antigens
protein extensions on the red blood cell
James Hutton:
provided geologic evidence necessary for calculating the time span of evolution.
potassium argon dating
radiometric dating method used in geochronology and archaeology. (radiometric)
Specialization in agriculture
recognized leaders, specialized roles, limited access to certain types of knowledge.
Archaeology
reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains
genetic engineering
reduces crop diversity
Wolff's law:
refers to the homeostatic balance leading to bone mass being produced where it is needed and removed where it is not needed.
ethnicity is...
relational
When industrial manufacturing centers were relocated in the 1970s and 1980s to countries where profits could be maximized, industrial cities like New York, London, and Tokyo reinvented themselves to stay relevant in the global economy. Identify the characteristics of these and other global cities.
reliable power grids and communication systems location in core nations transportation networks
Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that:
reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.
In certain species of nonhuman primates there are groups where only one dominant female has access to mates. The other females must wait until the opportunity to mate presents itself. This will have direct impacts on "fitness," influencing which of the following?
reproductive success
Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools:
required more learning and skill to produce.
The Al Azhar Fatwa Council in Cairo, Egypt, is one of the oldest centers of Islamic authority. Match the following terms concerning the running of the council to the correct definitions. Fatwa
response to a question on how to live ethically and rightly
wide-scale genocide of Tutsi by Hutu
rwanda
Agriculture allows for
sedentary lifestyle and production ↓ accumulate wealth ↓ status distinctions
Thermoluminescence dating can provide dates when used on which types of materials?
sediment, stone, and ceramics
antibiotics
seeps into human food chain
Anthropologist JB Kwon studies racial dynamics and race relations and attended recent demonstrations in Ferguson, Missouri, to better understand the dynamics at work. Identify the main forces that Kwon suggests led to the events in Ferguson, Missouri.
segregation institutional racism
an individual's self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location
situational negotiation of identity
A difference between Miocene apes and modern apes is the:
size of the hands.
Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can cause:
skin cancer.
horticulture
slash and burn agriculture the cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor
Horticulture includes
small pots, simple hand tools (digging stick, hoe, ax, machete), and species diversity (polyculture).
Professional immigrants work in middle-class professions as doctors, nurses, lawyers, engineers, or in management roles. Identify the factor that professional immigrants have access to that gives them an advantage over other types of immigrants.
social capital
Prestige
social honor or respect
In his research of the French education system, Pierre Bourdieu noted a phenomenon he identified as -, whereby social and class relations of prestige are passed from one generation to the next. Key to this phenomenon is -, which is the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from family that individuals can use to gain access to valuable resources in society.
social reproduction cultural capital
Caste
social stratification based only on both with rigid boundaries and no social mobility
A point mutation that does NOT result in a change to the amino acid coded for is said to be a _______ mutation.
synonymous
Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) was considered an important contribution to modern science because it:
synthesized information from diverse scientific fields in order to document evolutionary change.
existence of large numbers of Hutu refugees due to a nearby massacre
tanzania
The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is:
taphonomy.
haplorrhini
tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans
What is the most important variable in reconstructing ancient climate?
temperature estimated using any of several methods
Rules of endogamy
tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.
territory philopatry
tendency of an organism to stay in, or return to, its home area
Ethnocentrism
tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups
Manifest Destiny
the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
In Worked to the Bone: Race, Class, Power, and Privilege in Kentucky (2001), anthropologist Pem Davidson Buck analyzes the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky. She describes a phenomenon she calls "sweat that trickles up" where the surplus value of these workers' labor benefits the elite. Identify the social factors shaping the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky.
the arrival of immigrant groups like Jews, Catholics, and the Irish the construction of race through slavery, sharecropping, and Jim Crow legislation
white-supremacy
the belief that whites re biologically different from and superior to people of other races
Feminism
the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men
ecology
the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
taxonomy
the branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms.
paleontology
the branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants.
Nativism
the desire to favor long time residence rather than immigrants
Adolescence includes:
the development of secondary sex characteristics and interest in adult social, sexual, and economic behaviors.
Pastoralism
the domestication of animals
Fordism
the dominant model of industrial production for much of the 20th century, based on a social compact between labor, corporations, and government.
Industrial Revolution
the eighteenth and nineteenth century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing
homicide
the killing of one person by another
social mobility
the movement of ones class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies
The indigenous people studied by anthropologist Jim Igoe formed a "Committee to Stop Conservation" because:
they believed conservation projects were promoted by outsiders who thought animals were more important than people.
Ruminant animals are really useful to pastoralists
they can digest cellulose, which humans cannot. Convert grass, leaves, and straw into usable products.
Clean water is a basic necessity, yet obtaining clean water is a daily struggle for millions of people worldwide. Identify why the poor of Mumbai, India, have difficulty getting access to water.
they do not have permanent residence
Central government tries to make local areas more "legible"
through standardization and uniformity
phalanges
tips of finger bones
rise of pastoralism and horticulture
tribes
The prenatal stage in humans is divided into:
trimesters.
Ethnography involves the collection of data that become the basis for an account of a particular community, society, or culture.
true
The four main subdisciplines of anthropology are cultural anthropology, archaeology, biological anthropology, and linguistics.
true
What is the end product of mitosis?
two daughter cells, containing 100% of the parent cell DNA
Nuclear family
two generations: parent(s) and children.
DNA replication produces:
two identical copies of itself.
humerus
upper, long arm bone
agriculture
use of machinery an intensive farming strategy for food production involving permanently cultivated land
Identify examples of leveling mechanisms in the United States.
use of taxpayer money to subsidize industrial farms use of taxpayer money to bail out Wall Street firms in 2008 use of taxpayer money to repair roads and bridges
Describes Identity Entrepreneurs
use war, propaganda, and state power political, religious, and military leaders
Rights to land held communally
use-rights rather than exclusive ownership
Colonial powers forced indigenous people to relocate or work for little to no pay.
vast decrease of native population
sagittal
vertical plane which passes from anterior to posterior, dividing the body into right and left halves.
Colonial powers gave specific ethnic groups more power.
violence as a result of exclusion and resentment
"Core" wealthy industrialized countries
vs. "periphery" less wealthy 'developing' countries former colonies. supply raw material and laber to the core. (semi-periphery one were or will be part of the core)
To increase early humans' chances of hunting success, hunting:
was conducted with lithic tools and cooperative strategies.
Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because it:
was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals.
Place the events of the Flint water crisis in chronological order.
water source switched from Lake Huron to flint river public protests about health problems officials refused to admit there was a problem researches reported elevated levels of lead city officials restored the water source to Lake Huron
the total value of what someone owns, minus any debt distributed more unevenly
wealth
Darwin observed that adaptations:
were physical traits that enhanced survival and reproduction.
A strepsirhine has a:
wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw.
income
what people earn form work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties.
surplus value
what the company is making after paying the workers. Example: You pay workers $5 for a ten hour work day, and the cost to make the product is $5 every two hours then you subtract that from the amount you make
anatomical positions
when arms are at the sides, palms forward, with thumbs out to the sides
epiphyseal union
when the ends of the bone fuse to the shaft of the bone
Agriculture requires cooperative labor
which leads to larger families
Male transfer systems
while the females remain in their natal groups, the males will emigrate as adolescents.
Intersectionality and White Privlege
white privelege doesn't affect everyone the same way
Middle Class
white, heteronormative, have money to buy a house, have a car, take an occasional vacation, etc.
carpal
wrist bones
kinship terminology
→ how people classify their relatives Recall language offers insight into cultural categories, social relationships.
Ghost dance religion
"Battle" of Wounded Knee
Pleistocene
(1.8 MYA- 10,000 YA) - Many species of humans
Principal Research Interests in Primatology
-Communication -Social Structure -Aggressive and Affiliate Behaviours -Subsistence and Diet -Tool Use
Cultural Universals
-Obligations to care for the young. -prohibitions on lying and murder. -incest taboo. -gender based division of labor. -religion. -kinship.
Why do people move from place to place?
-economic motivations
Distinguish state from chiefdom
-government through elite bureaucracy -social stratification -monopoly on the use of force military → external threats police → internal disorder
Greencard
-hard to switch jobs because they are sponsored by a particular company -must put up with poor conditions and abuses
Microevolution
1 generation Same species
bipedal traits
1. a more inferiorly placed foramen magnum 2. the presence of a reduced or nonopposable big toe 3. a higher arch on the foot
The earliest fossil evidence of Homo erectus in Western Europe dates to about:
1.2 mya.
Importance of marriage:
1.Create a social domain for nurturing children. 2.Reduce conflict over sexual access. 3.Exchange domestic services. 4.Forge alliances between families or kin groups.
Principles for classifying kin:
1.Generation 2.Gender (of the referent) 3.Affinity (as opposed to consanguinity) 4.Collaterality (as opposed to lineality) 5.Bifurcation (side of the family)6.Relative age (seniority) 7.Sex of linking relative
Marriage varies in
1.choice of a mate: who decides?2."Suitable" candidates 3.number of spouses 4.residence rules
Agriculture was first invented by human groups approximately ____ years ago.
10,000
The oldest Neandertal site dates to _______, at _______.
130,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia
number of independent states today
196 independent states
The dental pattern of Old World higher primates is:
2-1-2-3.
Colonial governments created laws that removed certain groups from their ancestral lands. Colonial governments replicated class systems established in England.
2.00
In 2004, the Human Genome Project published a human genome map indicating that _______ genes are responsible for the human body's proteins.
20,000-25,000
adult skeleton bones
206 complete bones
internally displaced persons facts
38.2 million people worldwide forced to move within country of origin
sacrum
5 fused sacral vertebrae that articulates with the pelvis
Cahokia
A World Heritage Site near St. Louis, Missouri.
bipedalism
A central located foreman magnum, a dish-shaped pelvis, a lumbar curve in the spine, straight lower limbs, and non-prehensile feet are human traits related to ____
Ethnology
A comparative study of cultures, using ethnographic data.
Culture
A complex blend of language, beliefs, customs, values, and traditions developed by a group of people and shared with others in the same environment.
feature
A non portable man made object
Participant Observation
A research method used in anthropology in which an ethnographer lives with a group of people and observes their regular activities.
Rastafari
A response to colonial domination, cultural imperialism: "Babylon"
Dependence Training
A set of child-rearing practices that supports compliance to the family unit over individual needs.
Superfamily
A taxonomic category; a subdivision of infraorder.
Ethnicity
A term used to describe heritage, geographic origin, language, and other features of a person.
Cultural Identity
A term used to describe the aspects of our social lives that are not linked to one particular ethnicity, such as socio-economic level, gender, or interests.
Prehensile
Able to grasp things with the digits of the hand and/or feet. Primates are prehensile.
Homo habilis
According to your textbook, Homo erectus was originally thought to have been the first Homo species to leave Africa, however, new information suggests that it may have instead been ____ ______ that migrated out of Africa first
What term refers to changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact?
Acculturation
Transnational
Across borders
Natural selection explains _____, defined as changes that allow survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
Adaptation
Anthropologists call the relationships created among kin groups through marriage _______ relationships.
Affinal
_________________ was the naturalist that independently reached the same conclusions on 'natural selection' at the same time as Charles Darwin.
Alfred Russel Wallace
A/an _____ is a physical trait shared by all primates.
All of the above (Emphasis on grasping, large and complex emphasis on vision over smell, generalized diet and dentition).
Which of the following is an example of a status, a position one occupies in society?
All of the above (Married, student, female, adult)
The trends in the fossil record that characterize hominin evolution include _____.
All of the above (More efficient bipedalism, increases in brain size, more sophisticated tool use, reduction of the size of teeth).
Primatologists have discovered that among bonobos, sex is _____.
All of the above (Used as a strategy for making alliances, separate from reproduction, used as a way to diffuse tension in the group.)
What kinds of people do anthropologists consider to be "cultured"?
All people
galagos
Also known as bushbabies, are small, nocturnal primates native to continental Africa, and make up the family Galagidae.
Homo neanderthaleisis
Although disputed, ____ are generally believed to be the first hominin species to bury their dead, as evident at Shanidor Cave, Israel, where an adult male was found buried with high pollen concentrations, suggesting he was laid to rest in a bed of flowers
Altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic individual. Which of the following reasons does NOT explain why it exists in primate societies?
Altruistic behavior is the random effect of living in a complex social species.
In the one article we read by a sociolinguist, Deborah Tannens (written way back in 1997), it is observed that:
America has become an argument culture where debate and opposition are automatic in public discourse.
egalitarian society
Amish Hutterites
You are ______.
An anatomically modern H. sapien
true
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa but first appeared in Europe approximately 35,000 years ago
Domestication
Animals provide humans with a useful product or service.
Artifact
Any portable object showing evidence of being made or used by people.
religion
Any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, whether that power rests in forces, gods, spirits, ghosts, or demons is the anthropological definition of what?
hominoidea
Apes are a branch of Old World tailless anthropoid catarrhine primates native to Africa and Southeast Asia.
Neandertals are an example of _____ species that lived in Europe and the MIddle East.
Arcaic H. Sapiens
the study of the human past through ancient remains
Archaeologists use the word "seriation" to describe:
The study of the origins of farming is only possible through _______, the study of people through their material remains.
Archaeology
true
Archeological sites dating before 8,000 years ago do not show extensive evidence of inequality
Ancient volcanic eruptions are important for paleoanthropology because _____.
Ash layers can be dated
Holism in anthropology refers to the discipline's _____.
Attempt to understand the entire human experience
Gregor Mendel
Austrian Monk Augustinian order pea plants Basis for classical genetics Mendels principles of inheritance Traits are controlled by discrete units (genes) Principles of Segregation Principle of independent assortment
Reciprocity
Balance
What kind of social unit is common among foragers?
Band
Human
Belonging to genus Homo and species sapien and showing bipedalism (walking on 2 feet) and intelligence.
Generalized reciprocity
Between closely related people, typically kin. Based on a moral obligation to provide. No expectation of immediate return; no record-keeping.
Why does a big man accumulate wealth?
Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters
Primate Traits
Body Plan, Limbs, hands, Generalized body plan with erect posture
ethnic cleansing of Muslims by Catholics
Bosnia
This country has many nuanced racial categories and has been referred to as a "racial democracy."
Brazil
______, defined as the transfer of goods and wealth from the family of the groom to the family of the bride, is a feature of many pastoral societies where it is often paid in cattle.
Bridewealth
Applying anthropology to a career
Business, education, government, NGOs, etc...
Foraging is often seen as a precarious and uncertain existence.
But Lee's study of the !Kung prove otherwise and that they are the original affluent society.
____ refers to the vocal communication system used by non-human primates.
Call System
The revitalization movements of Melanesia were distinctive because of their focus on ____.
Cargo
___________________ classified humans with animals, placing then in the genus Homo and species sapiens; very controversial at the time.
Carolus Linnaeus
the hierarchical classification of species
Carolus Linnaeus is best known for
The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group (primates) was:
Carolus Linnaeus.
The different areas of the world where farming and herding first independently appeared are called _____.
Centers of domestication
Centralized vs. Decentralized
Centralization - authority concentrated in upper levels of government: Decentralization - authority shared with lower levels of government:
false
Certain diseases only affect one racial group
targeted with specific exclusion acts
Chinese
Cultures are in
Constant state of change
What kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it?
Contagious magic
Domesticated animals as technology- part of a production process.
Convert raw materials into usable products.
Genocide
Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group
Among all biological species, humans are unique because we _____.
Depend on the culture to survive
A ______ is a kin group that is a permanent social group whose ancestors claim a common ancestry.
Descent group
Egalitarian
Describe a society in which every member has the same access to resources and status; non-hierarchical. Bonobos are egalitarian whereas humans and chimpanzees are more hierarchical.
Holistic
Describes the viewpoint that all aspects of biology and/or culture are interrelated.
Cultural Resource Management (commercial archaeology)
Doing archaeology in advance of development projects; often abbreviated as CRM.
The mutation known as trisomy 21, in which an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, is more commonly known as _______ syndrome.
Down
In the 1960s, Dubai was a small trading port with a population of around 60,000 people. Increased demand for the country's oil allowed increased spending on the city. Identify the ways in which Dubai has crafted a new identity as a huge global city.
Dubai has created many attractions to draw tourists to the city. Famous architects have designed Dubai's modern cityscape.
atlatl
During the Upper Paleolithic, spears were propelled with a spear-thrower rather than thrown with an arm. What is the name of this device?
Georges Cuvier
Each stratum had unique sets of fossils EXTINCTION Catastrophism
Mesozoic
Early mammals - Theraspids
The _____ is a geological feature that has produced some of the most important early hominin fossil discoveries.
East African Rift Valley
Each society's rules about kin ship and post-martial residence are strongly influenced by ______.
Economic conditions
false
Egalitarian societies are the only societies that do not have divisions of labor based on age and sex.
The subject of a kinship diagram is known as ______.
Ego
____ is the hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the origins of bipedalism.
Energy efficiency
The similarity of the foot bones between _______ and the living anthropoids makes it the likely first true primate.
Eosimias
________________ was the grandfather of the very famous evolutionist who rode on the Beagle; also a supporter of the concept of 'inheritance'.
Erasmus Darwin
Gene Flow
Exchange of genes between gene pools
The Earth's climate has always remained constant, so any changes must be human driven.
False
The focus of Peter Whiteley's article "Ties That Bind" is how the Hopi Indians decided to put aside reciprocity with outsiders when they opened their first gambling casinos.
False
There are 6 vowel phonemes in American Standard English, corresponding to the letters a e i o u and sometimes y.
False
The practice of adoption into a kin group among the Cherokee was given as an example of _____ in Cherokee society.
Female power
Archbishop Ussher (1581 - 1656)
Fixity of species. Grand Design Earth was created 4004Bc
Pan
Genus to which chimpanzees and bonobos belong.
Q'eqchi'
Guatemalan government tried to commit genocide on its native people
where? national liberation movement
Haiti
Pastoralism
Herding animals
Distinguishing feature of pastoralism
Herds feed on natural stands of vegetation (pastures).
Taxonomy
Hierarchy of categories
If a man lives in a matrilineal society, which of the following is NOT in his kin group?
His children
In chapter 11 of our textbook we learn that the largest minority ethnic group in the United States (using the terms of the U.S. Census Bureau) is:
Hispanic
Identify the largest minority group in the United States today.
Hispanics
Specialization of linguistic anthropology
Historical linguistics
hominidae
Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae that includes the tribes Hominini and Gorillini, which together encompass humans and some extinct relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, as well as gorillas.
____ refers to all members of the human lineage since our last common ancestor with chimpanzees.
Hominins
The fossil evidence indicates that members of the genus ____ were the first to have the capability for language.
Homo
Acheulian tool tradition refers to the tools made and used by _____.
Homo erectus
Cultures arent
Homogeneous
4.6 billion years
How old is earth?
indirect percussion
If a core is being worked by hitting an implement of wood, antler, bone, or stone with a hammer stone, what technique is being used?
direct percussion
If a core is being worked by hitting an implement of wood, antler, bone, or stone with a hammerstone, what technique is being used?
endogamous
If a cultural group has a preference for selecting marriage partners from within their own village, then they are ____ at the village level
ethnography
If an anthropologist wanted to conduct a non-historical study on a single society in Africa, what type of research would be the most appropriate?
Oldowan tools are usually found _____.
In clusters associated with concentrations of fossil animal bones
Power
Is the ability to influence or control other people: -their activities/behavior -their perceptions
targeted with gang violence
Italians and Irish catholics
conspicuous consumption
Jean Baudrillard we display what we consume -wearing brands, owning brands
Industrial Revolution social theorists
Karl Marx Max Weber
What is the taxonomic classification for mammals from Kingdom to Class?
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia
The study of ______ is important within anthropology because family groups are the building blocks that form virtually all societies.
Kinship
Which of the following traits is unique to humans?
Kinship
______ refers to culturally defined rules that allow people to be assigned to a social group based on some aspect of their ancestry.
Kinship
ranked society
Kwakiutl
Jim Crow
Laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery
intersectionality of race, class, and gender
Leith mullings
lemurs
Lemurs are a clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar.
Strepshirhini
Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos
Regarding where anthropologists work in the United States, _____ anthropologists are employed by universities and colleges.
Less than half of
You are taking Introduction to Anthropology as part of a ____ education.
Liberal arts
A lineage is distinguished from a clan by this particular characteristic:
Lineage members can name their forebears from the apical ancestor through the present.
Patrilocal
Live near/with husband's family (patrilineal).
Matrilocal
Live near/with wife's family (matrilineal).
Culture is
Located and transmitted in groups
The evolution of H. habilis into H. erectus is an example of ______, a major genetic change produced after many generations.
Macroevolution
Living lemurs are found only in:
Madagascar.
The Trobriand Islanders use _____, defined as supernatural techniques used to accomplished specific goals, to help them achieve success in gardening and the kula.
Magic
Popular Culture
Mainstream culture in a society, including mass media, television, music, art, movies, and books.
65 mya - Beginning Cenozoic
Major extinction event
Sororate
Man marries relative of deceased wife (usually sister).
Endogamy
Marry within one's group, class, religion, race
What do Gezon and Kottak say is the greatest obstacle to slowing climate change?
Meeting energy needs
Big man
Melanesia
Unilineal Descent:
Members of a kin group form a lineage→a single line of descent.
The first stone tools were made by _____.
Members of the genus homo
In his experiments with garden peas, Mendel found that one physical unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother. This provided evidence for:
Mendel's law of segregation.
Culture is learned
Mental, material, behavioral, shared, integrated, symbolic, dynamic
Subsistence
Methods by which people get their food
Animal products: not just meat include:
Milk, eggs, wool, hides, fertilizer, fuel.
true
Modern humans exhibit the same fight/flight responses as their Paleolithic ancestors
In the days races were thought to be valid, static categories, Friedrich Blumenbach categorized humans into the following races:
Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.
______ refers to a situation where different characteristics evolve at different rates.
Mosiac Evolution
human populations do not unambiguously fall into discrete groups, defined by a particular set of biological traits
Most biological anthropologists today agree that race is not a useful way of referring to human biological variation because ______
dating
Most measures of relative decay are methods of relative
Cahokia
Mound 72, at ____, in Southern Illinois is a Native American burial ground that contains numerous burials, including sacrificial victims and elites with highly prestigious grave goods
Myths and Rituals as symbols
Myth as a symbol is a sacred narrative that conveys fundamental values. It is used to legitimize the existing social order, reinforce cultural values, and address fundamental aspects of the human condition. Ritual as a symbol is a way of expressing a desired outcome. It attaches meaning to an activity to make the message more intense.
Civil society organizations are local organizations that challenge state policies and uneven development. Identify another name for civil society organizations.
NGOs
Rather than simply accepting circumstances given to them, societies creatively adapt to the changing world. Match the different ways that societies adapt to political and environmental forces to the location where these adaptations take or took place. - Occupy Wall Street Movements
NYC
where? Civil rights movement
NYC
NAGPRA
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
The ability to digest lactose by individuals in some populations is an example of biological variation within our species that has been produced by _____.
Natural selection
Charles Darwin
Natural selection voyaged on The Beagle Wrote the origin of species
Lactase
Natural selection may favor production of the enzyme ____, a genetic way of making milk digestible in populations far from the equator
It American society patrilineal or matrilineal?
Neither, it's bilateral.
While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to grasp branches while moving throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely a(n):
New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
platyrrhini
New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in Central and South America and portions of Mexico.
Bilateral (two sided) descent
No distinction based on gender of connecting relatives. Mother's and father's sides are of equal importance. → Trace descent through both, inherit from both.
In her 1940 article "Warfare Is Only an Invention—not a Biological Necessity," anthropologist Margaret Mead argues that war is a cultural invention, using ethnographic evidence to make her case. Identify the reasons she gives to demonstrate that war is not a necessity, but rather a cultural invention.
Nondispute-related reasons for going to war can be settled without going to war. Groups settle disputes without going to war.
The earliest evidence for modern human behavior appears in _____.
None of the above
The sub-disciplines of anthropology include _____.
None of the above
Which attribute is unique to humans and distinguishes us from all other species?
None of the above
_____ are cultural guidelines about what is appropriate behavior in a given society.
Norms
Human crossed into ______ above 15-12kya.
North America
Cultural Hybridity
Not just borrow, but adapt = localize
Data in anthropological research were most likely collected from ____.
Observations of what people do in their natural context
The data collection methods of anthropology set it apart from the other social sciences because anthropologists _____.
Observe what people do in their natural context.
Darwin's Book Series
On the Origin of Species
Indian Removal Act 1830
Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri; those resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.
Why study nonhuman Primates
Our closest living relatives -A window into our own evolutionary past• Evolutionary processes -Natural selection and sexual selection• Conservation
Binocular vision
Overlapping visual fields - depth perception visual signals - both hemispheres of the brain -specialized structures in the brain
First disciplined at
Oxford in 1896
The Yanomamo are best described as:
Pacific Islanders
In the article, Shakespeare and the Bush, the anthropologist is collecting her data by using the techniques of?
Participant-observation
With which form of descent do people join their father's group automatically at birth?
Patrilineal
Society
People who share a large number of social and cultural connections; in the animal world, a group of animals born with instincts that cause them to occupy a particular place in the group hierarchy.
Community
People who share a physical location; people who live, work, and play together.
Group
People who share culture; they may or may not live in the same physical location, but often in the same region.
The frequent use of _____ within early modern human societies suggests that the symbolic communication of social information has become very important.
Personal adornment
In foraging and tribal societies, what is the basis for the degree of respect or status attached to an individual
Personal attributes, such as wisdom, leadership skills, and generosity.
habitus and social reproduction
Pierre Bourdieu
Advanced Capitalism social theorists
Pierre Bourdieu Leith Mullings
John Ray
Plants and animals are well suited to their environment. Plants and animals can be distinguished into groups. (groundwork for taxonomy)
Early political anthropologists created typologies to organize political systems. Although they are infrequently used today, these typologies shaped a generation of anthropological thinking about political systems. Identify the reasons why political typologies are problematic.
Political typologies do not take colonial activities into account. Political typologies are not reliable representations of past political structures.
Which of the following is not a genus that was important in hominin evolution?
Pongo
A(n) ____ can be defined as a community of individuals within a species in which mates are found.
Population
true
Populations of humans that live closer to the equator typically have darker skin color
development (theories?)
Post WW2 strategy of wealthy nations to spur global economic growth, alleviate poverty, and raise living standards through strategic investment in national economies of former colonies.
Haile Selassie: emperor of Ethiopia 1930-1974
Pre-coronation name: Ras Tafari = Jah Rastafari. Haile Selassie as the living God, Africa as the promised land.
Brachiate
Primate ability to swing from arm to arm.
The Visual Predation hypothesis attempts to explain the origins ______.
Primate traits
the belief that some human populations are superior to others because of genetic differences
Racism can be defined as
In which region of the United States do people not speak with an accent?
Regional speech variations exist throughout the United States
relative dating methods
Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events.
_____ is defined as belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces.
Religion
Market value
Requires a medium of exchange to facilitate buying and selling (money). More generally, an index of value.
Caste
Rigid boundaries, symbolic means to enforce them: -endogamy -"ritual pollution"
Crucial to the work of Watson and Crick was the discovery of X-ray diffraction by crystallographer ________________.
Rosalind Franklin
_____ is a term that refers to living in more permanent settlements.
Sedentism
Homoplasy
Separate evolutionary development of similar characteristic
Which of the following is not culturally constructed?
Sex
Homogeneous
Sharing similar identity markers.
false
Skin color is a good characteristic to use to divide people into races
Horticulture
Slash and burn. Swidden gardening. Shifting (or extensive) cultivation.
Which of the following is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation?
Slash-and-burn techniques
A _____ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language.
Society
_________________ studies the ways in which people actually speak within a social context.
Sociolinguistics
true
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is used in social contexts, such as the idea that slang is would not be considered appropriate language in a business or professional setting
cultural consultant
Someone the ethnographer gets to know in the field, who teaches him or her about their society and culture, aka informant.
Symbol
Something that stands for something else with little or natural relationship to its referent; a type of sign.
Millenarain Movements (Revitalization)
Status reversal on a larger scale
Subsistence
Sustaining oneself; obtaining food, clothing, shelter.
Many anthropologists relate the origins of culture to the appearance of _____.
Symbolic communication
origin myth example
THE USA celebrates Thanksgiving each year.
Climate change and population pressure played important roles in the domestication of plants in ______.
The Fertile Crescent
The earliest evidence in the world for domestication is found in _____.
The Fertile Crescent
false
The Kula Ring is an example of generalized reciprocity
horticulture
The Yanomamo of the Amazon practice what form of subsistence?
Sapir-Wharf hypothesis
The ____ states that language affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality
Potlatch
The _____ occurs among Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest Coast and involves grand feasts and gifts as a way for an individual or village to gain status
hegemony
The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force.
the organized system of learned behaviors and understanding shared among a group of people
The anthropological definition of culture is _____
contract archaeology
The application of archaeology to assess the potential impact of construction on archaeological sites and to salvage archaeological evidence.
true
The birth of Christ is a chronological reference point
Rhinarium
The fleshy part at the end of the nose of Strepsirrhini, and many other animals.
Genotype/Phenotype
The genetic make-up of an organism; the physical expression of a genotype (what an organism looks like)
_____ appeared about 2mya.
The genus homo
Cultural Relativism
The idea that all cultures are equally valid, and that every culture can be understood only in its own context.
Gradualism
The idea that evolutionary change is a long, slow process.
Punctuated Equilibrium
The idea that evolutionary change may alternate between periods of slow, gradual change and short periods of significant change.
Ethnocentrism
The idea that our own customs are normal while the customs of others are strange, wrong, or even disgusting.
ethnicity
The process of defining ____ usually involves a group of people emphasizing common origins and language, shared history and selected aspects of cultural differences such as a difference in religion
Diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
Marriage is marked in the Trobriand Islands by _______.
The public eating of yams by the married couple
Genetic Drift
The random factor in evolution, including changes in allele frequencies by chance rather than selection
Supernumerary gender refers to______.
The recognition of gender categories other than male and female
Allelic Frequency
The relative proportion of a particular allele occurring, compared to other alleles that could be selected.
Ergonomics
The science of designing things so they create little or no physical stress on the human body.
Taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified
Independence Training
The set of child-rearing practices that foster a child's self-reliance.
false
The site of Stonehenge was inhabited, the monument was constructed and the site was abandoned, in less than 300 years
context
The spatial relationship among material remains
Genetics
The study of a particular gene or group of genes, especially as it relates to inheritance.
prehistory
The study of a society's material culture prior to the advent of writing is known as
typology
The study of classes with common characteristics; classification of artifacts; the systematic classification of artifacts or remains according to type, i.e. form and decoration. This is the first step in archaeological analysis and necessary in comparing assemblages and in determining time sequences. Groups of pottery, for example, may be assembled by those with long necks, those with handles, and those with a pedestal base. Within these may be sub-groups based on variations in handle shape or decoration. The relationships between similar types can sometimes be shown not merely to classify, but also to explain, their development -- which is called seriation. It may show increasing complexity or functional improvement, simplification and functional decline, or change based on fashion. Typology may be associated with chronology, in that it may be possible to place groups of the same kind of material in a sequence.
Paleoanthropology
The study of early humans, using both archaeology and biological anthropology. (considered biological)
Genomics
The study of genomes
sociolinguistics
The study of how language is used in social contexts, such as the idea that slang would not be considered appropriate language in a business or professional setting is called
Epigenetics
The study of how parts of the genome may become activated or deactivated as an organism develops.
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of human language in the past and present.
Humans are
The symbolizing primates
excavation
The systematic uncovering of archaeological deposits and the recovery of material remains from those deposits is called _____
true
The technique of seration can only be applied to material remains of prehistoric cultures
holding one's arms above their heads
The term brachiation refers to which of the following abilities?
prehistory
The time before written records is referred to as
Prehistory
The time before written records were kept in an area.
Production
The use of labor to convert raw materials (resources) into usable form (products).
The basis of culture is
Then human ability to use language
true
There is much variation cross-culturally regarding sexuality, specifically homosexuality and extramarital affairs
Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern and southern parts of the continent. Why is this?
These areas provided better preservation.
In the 1970s, massacres of Hutu in Burundi led to the group's flight to nearby Tanzania. Anthropologist Liisa Malkki described the Hutu experience in Tanzania in her ethnography Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania (1995). Identify the ways in which Hutu refugees in Tanzania reinforced their ethnic identity.
They acquired official recognition as refugees. They told mythico-histories.
But there is not just an exclusive reliance on animal products.
They also use grain.
What is special about primate societies and social behavior?
They are highly diverse.
Dubai's importance as a trade port has led to a long history of Indians migrating there for the opportunities presented in the city, where they have established their own neighborhoods and communities. Anthropologist Neha Vora writes about Indian immigrant entrepreneurs in Dubai in her ethnography Impossible Citizens (2013). Identify the challenges faced by Indian immigrants in Dubai.
They are taken advantage of by other Indian immigrants. They are not able to obtain citizenship in the United Arab Emirates.
whats the difference between systematics and cladistics?
They both trace evolutionary relationships and have homologous characteristics. systematics uses time (phylogeny) Cladistics (cladogram)
Misconceptions about foragers.
They do not wander aimlessly - seasonal round. They do engage in some environmental manipulation - such as burning. They succumb to farmers not because farming is better, but through loss of territory.
Which of the following is a characteristic shared by almost all ethnographically known hunter-gatherers?
They live in environments that are of little interest to food-producing societies
H. Habilis is significant because _____.
They made the first stone tools
H. erectus is significant because _____.
They were the first hominins to leave Africa
Although the Dominican Republic and Haiti are two halves of the same island in the Caribbean, conceptions of race have historically been very different in each country, beginning with the landing of Christopher Columbus in 1492. These conceptions of race have influenced economic and other life opportunities that are available to individuals depending on which side of the island they were born. Identify whether the following statements apply to the Dominican Republic or Haiti. Dominican Republic
This country participates actively in global economic trade, exporting various goods and increasing tourism revenues. The majority of this country's population identify as Hispanic and speak Spanish.
_________________ built on Mendel's pea breeding experiments and discovered that genes are passed from parent to offspring in the ratios identified by Mendel.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
The geneticist who studied the workings of fruit flies' chromosomes was:
Thomas Hunt Morgan.
____________________ made the correlation between population size and access to food. Essentially, he stated that population size increases when food supplies remain stable.
Thomas Malthus
Substantive economics
Through comparative approach → a more comprehensive understanding: Economic activities are embedded in social relations.
Taphonomy
Time of death to time of discovery
Epoch
Time period (created by geologists)
stratigraphy
To answer the previous question (about the excavation) you employed a relative dating concept known as
Culture has been defined as "an organization of conventional understanding, manifest in act and artifact, which persisting through tradition, characterizes a human group."
True
Development projects are much more likely to succeed if they are based on traditional social organizations and respond to locally perceived needs.
True
During World War II, the U.S. government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German culture.
True
Industrialization and mass production have given rise to a culture of consumption.
True
Television has recently been used by local communities to preserve, revive, and intensify the scale of traditional ceremonies.
True
Cleveland, Ohio
Twelve-year-old Tamir Rice was killed at a playground.
Human Terrain System
US Army program involving anthropologists deployed with military units in active conflict zones.
Occupational prestige is viewed differently in different countries. Compare the following careers and their perceived prestige in the United States and China by dragging each career to the correct places on each side of the table.
US- doctors then lawyers then judges CHINA- judges then lawyers then doctors
neither ranked nor egalitarian society
USA
Sexual Selection
When mates are chosen based on characteristics unrelated to survival.
Lumping of categories
Where distinctions are less important, relatives get "lumped" together.
Australopithecus boisei
Which of the following species is not a gracile Australopithecus?
Levirate
Woman marries relative of deceased husband (usually brother).
Archaeologists with a specialty in _____ have identified the remains of domesticated animals in the archeological record.
Zooarchaeology
natural selection
____ is the process which increases the frequency or number of adaptive traits through time and operates on the principles of variation, heritability, and differential reproductive systems
archaeology
____ is the study of the human past focusing on the recovery of material remains, observing changes in those remains and providing possible explanations for those changes
generalized reciprocity
____ is when goods or services are given to another, without any apparent expectation of a return gift
Like that of Dryopithecus, a modern gorilla mandible has:
a Y-5 molar pattern; low, rounded cusps; large canines; and a diastema.
rapport
a close and harmonious relationship
neocolonialism
a continued pattern of unequal economic relations despite the formal end of colonial poetical and military control.
economy
a cultural adaptation that enables a group of humans to use land, resources, and labor to satisfy their needs
whiteness
a culturally constructed concept originating in 1691 Virgina designed to establish clear boundaries of who is white and who is not, a process central to the formation of US racial stratification
Tribe
a culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from the same ancestor
miscegenation
a demeaning historical term for interracial marriage
Interviewing
a direct method of gathering information from a human source that allows for questions to adapt to responses
regional dialects
a form of speech associated with a geographic area or region
egalitarian society
a group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence
Rickets is the result of:
a lack of vitamin D.
Monogamous species
a male-female bond, sometimes accompanied by a juvenile offspring. "monogamy"
Cuvier, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin all shared an idea of evolution; however, their ideas all lacked:
a mechanism for evolutionary change.
participant observation
a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
Halloween allows children, who are usually perceived of as innocent and powerless, to misbehave and demand candy from strangers. This is an example of:
a ritual of inversion
ethnicity
a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group
racial ideology
a set of ideas about race and behavior that make racial discrimination seem reasonable and acceptable
racial ideology
a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal.
Band
a small group of people related by blood or marriage, who live together and are loosely associated with a territory in which they forage
Monogamous refers to:
a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.
What is an ascribed status
a status that a person has little or no choice about occupying
origin myth def
a story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity.
Moka
a strategy for developing political leadership in highland New Guinea that involves exchanging gifts and favors with individuals and sponsoring large feasts where further gift-giving occurs
Hypothesis
a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
As suggested in our article "Understanding Eskimo Science," the quote that Nelson believes epitomizes relationships to the natural world among many Native American people is:
a. "each animal knows way more than you do"
What mechanism of cultural change is responsible for pidgin English?
a. Acculturation
The process by which children learn culture is known as
a. Enculturation
The generalizing, comparative, and theory-building part of cultural anthropology is known as: (and this term also occasionally stands in for the entire sub-field of cultural anthropology)
a. Ethnology
Anthropology, as a discipline, has traditionally had the most in common with the field of
a. Sociology
Madagascar is:
a. The place W. Griffin has conducted archaeological fieldwork
In chapter 1 of our textbook we learned that President Barack Obama's mother was
a. a cultural anthropologist who worked primarily in Indonesia.
Anthropology's focus on both culture and biology:
a. allows anthropology to address how culture influences biological traits and vice versa.
The insistence on a comparative perspective in anthropology means that
a. anthropologists try to consider as wide a sampling of different cultures as possible in making claims about "humans."
The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end is known as
a. applied anthropology
An anthropologist is studying ethnic-religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka. She or he is most likely a(n)
a. cultural anthropologist
Anthropologists have noted that culture is often contested. This means that:
a. different groups in a society struggle over whose ideas, values, goals, and beliefs will prevail
Anthropology is a humanistic science most particularly because:
a. it discovers, describes, and attempts to explain similarities and differences among humans, with concern for the full diversity of worldviews and voices.
From Chagnon's article in the reader we learn that most Yanomamo when they first encountered this anthropologist
a. saw him as someone they might materially benefit from through trade or theft.
Ethnology is
a. the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology.
real culture
actual behavior patterns of members of a group
Aculturation
adapting traits from other cultures; example: religion
Bureaucracy
administrative hierarchy based on fixed rules
Modernization theory
after colonialism ended, Global south will go towards progress (Argentina is an example)- unilinear evolution -post- WW2 economic theories that predicted that with the end of colonialism less developed countries would follow the same trajectory toward modernization as the industrialized countries.
Neocolonialism
after independence: domination persists, but less directly. through political and economic pressure.
Marx capitalism
aimed at the accumulation and concentration of capital -means of production -bourgeosie -proletariat
DNA is important for protein synthesis because it:
all answer choices are correct
Functional: inequality is necessary motivation
attract talent and reward effort.
Ascribed status
authority is inherent in the rank, not achieved through sheer ability.
paying for a round of your coworkers drinks
balanced reciprocity
Levels of political organization increasing in scale and complexity.
band > tribe > chiefdom > state
rise of genus Homo
bands
small groups
bands
Decentralized
bands and tribes (kniships)
personal status courts and Fatwa courts both:
based on principles of Islamic Sharia deals with domestic matters
sign value
basically just brand value Jean Baudrillard
The patchy forest hypothesis proposes that forests:
became patchy and food more dispersed.
In 1994 in Rwanda, Hutu extremists committed ethnic genocide when they systematically killed hundreds of thousands of Tutsi, as well as Hutu moderates. Place the events leading up to the 1994 Rwandan genocide in chronological order.
belgian colonists place Tutsis in positions of power Hutus rebelled and gain control of country Civil war the Rwandan president, Hutu, is killed genocide campaign
inferior
below
Functionalism
benefits all of society
Old World monkeys have:
bilophodont molars.
agglutinate
binding agent of antibodies to foreign antigens
A stratigraphic layer in one location overwhelmingly represents one species, while the same species is discovered in a similar stratigraphic layer hundreds of kilometers away. What method is used to provide an estimate of age for this layer and this species?
biostratigraphy
Nation
bonds of common descent, language, culture, history, and territory
phalanges
bones of toes
Homo erectus's high degree of adaptive success is evidenced by its:
both a. and b.
Primates are:
both a. and c.
Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from:
both a. and c.
According to John Relethford, the most likely reasons for modern humans to have migrated out of Africa during the late Pleistocene include:
both b. and c.
ethnicity is retained by
boundary markers
habitus
bourdieu's term to describe the self-perceptions, sensibilities, and tastes developed in response to external influences over a lifetime that shape one's conceptions of the world and where one fits in it.
The complex caste system in India dates back 2,000 years and reflects Hindu religious texts, rituals, and beliefs. Place the historical ranking of castes, or varnas, in India in order from highest ranking to lowest.
brahmins: spiritual leaders and scholar keystriyas: soldiers and rulers vaisyas: argicultural workers and merchants shudras: laborers and artisans
biostratigraphic
branch of stratigraphy which focuses on correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages contained within them.
Mariage as an exchange
bride-wealth, bride service, and dowry.
swidden
burned field .
kinship is culturally constructed
but is obviously a combination of culture and biology.→ The social recognition of biological ties.
Mobili
camps
Polyandry
can allow a society such as the Paharis in Nepal to avoid the division of small plots of land among sons.
C. Loring Brace argued that the race concept:
can be traced to the Renaissance, when seafaring travelers observed differences between people from distant lands.
Transposable elements are DNA sequences that:
can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes.
The study of primate vocal communication:
can give us insights into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of language.
Female reproductive strategies emphasize:
caring for young and ensuring access to food.
red blood cells
cells that carry oxygen
State
centralized government has a legal monopoly over the use of force
Immigrants participate in ________ by supporting and helping their friends and family back home to immigrate as well. This practice can contribute to _________, when a culture is created in which immigration is expected.
chain migration cumulative causation
Proteins consist of:
chains of amino acids.
mutation
change in genetic code
Uniformitarianism
changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.
homoplasy
character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor.
endangers workers and water table
chemical fertilizer
centralized
chiefdoms and states (stangers no kinships)
Quadrupedal Knuckle walking
chimps, gorillas upper body support on the knuckles
To reconstruct and interpret evolutionary changes, it is crucial to place each fossil in time. This is called a(n):
chronological sequence.
Identify the key threats to the future of humanity.
climate change population growth poverty
Apes went extinct in southern Europe (including France, Spain, Italy, and Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as a result of:
climate change.
Post orbital closure
closed back eye socket
medial plane
closer to the midline
clavicle
collarbone
Contemporary worldwide racism, and the notion of race itself, are historically rooted in which practice?
colonialism
The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is known as
colonialism.
imagined communities
communities that are socially constructed by those who see themselves as part of them
Neoliberalism has emerged as a guiding economic philosophy since the 1970s and has been promoted by large, worldwide institutions since the 1980s. Identify the actions that a neoliberal worldview supports.
decrease in government spending privatization of public services and assets
Australian aborigines are an endogamous society. This means that marriage and reproduction take place within the group, leading to:
decreased genetic diversity due to a lack of admixture.
compact (dense) bone
deposited in a layer around the spongy bone, and is thickest in the diaphysis of long bones.
In matrilineal societies
descent groups include only the children of the group's women.
The shift from the Miocene, which had greater diversity of ape species and fewer monkey species, to a living assemblage with greater diversity of monkey species and fewer ape species may be the result of:
differences in ability to exploit the habitats that resulted after a change in global climate.
The type of selection that favored progressively larger brain size in human evolution is _______ selection.
directional
DNA:
directs cellular function.
particularity
distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration
race in lecture
emphasis on common physical apperance -often imposed
epiphyses
ends of the bone
persons who move to conduct trade and establish a business
entrepreneurial immigrants
_____________, the efforts of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area, can entail ___________, which is the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group.
ethnic cleansing genocide
Colonial powers mapped political borders of new independent nations.
ethnic tensions and territory wars
Identify the continent to which the highest percentage of international migrants relocate.
europe
International culture
extends beyond and across national boundaries
lateral plane
farther from the midline
immigrants who left their home countries as adults
first generation
tarsal
foot bones closest to ankle
Which of the evolutionary forces is most likely to decrease variation between populations?
gene flow
Together, all of the alleles contained within a group of interbreeding individuals are known as a:
gene pool.
taking a friend to the airport
generalized reciprocity
A random change in allele frequencies over time is known as:
genetic drift.
refers to the inherited genetic factors that provide a framework for an organism's physical form
genotype
Allopatric speciation
geographic isolation
Stratification
hierarchy resulting from the unequal distribution of goods and services
More sedentary (stationary) than foragers which allows
high population densities and some accumulation of wealth.
Microsatellites are:
highly individualized repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA.
Agriculture is
highly sedentary (stationary) with permanent field and settlements.
professional immigrants
highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country
Vertical clinging and leaping
hindlimbs longer than forelimbs shortened lumbar region elongated calcaneus push off branches with feet lemurs galagos tarsiers
Primates
humans, monkeys, apes, prosimians
Gift giving
includes reciprocity
Carrying capacity refers to the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region. Identify whether the following adaptive strategies have low or high carrying capacities. HIGH
industrial agriculture agriculture
High, pointed crowns indicate a diet of:
insects
The chief
is the central authority who collects revenue, but gives less back (uses some for self-enrichment). Higher status, coercive authority over others.
Racilization
is the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people.
Cultural Relativism
is to evaluate and consider beliefs and customs within the wider cultural context.
The purpose of economy
is to satisfy people's needs: food, clothing, shelter, security, comfort, and convenience.
Ethnocentrism
is to view one's own culture as inherently superior to others, and to evaluate other cultures based on the standards of one's own.
Which of the following statements about culture is not true?
it is transmitted genetically
Ideology
justifies the ruling order
bourgeoisie and proletariat
karl marx
Core Values
key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture
tibia
large bone in lower leg
In industrialized societies farmers are only responding to consumer demands.
leading to greater quantities of inexpensive food.
citizenship
legal membership in a nation-state
The Al Azhar Fatwa Council in Cairo, Egypt, is one of the oldest centers of Islamic authority. Match the following terms concerning the running of the council to the correct definitions. Mufti
legal scholar or interpreter of Islamic law
strepsirrhini
lemurs, lorises, and galagos
The physical location of a gene within the genome is called the:
locus.
How is food traded, distributed, shared and exchanges?
market exchange, potlatch, redistribution, reciprocity
bourgeoise
marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production
nocturnal primates
monochromatic vision
brachiation
move through trees with upper body
Reciprocity
mutual exchange among equal status
mortgage lenders offering loans with above-market interest rates and fees
negative reciprocity
cultural adaptation
new people adapt to the culture of the previously existing people
Acclimatization:
occurs at the individual level throughout an individual's lifetime.
solitary species
often males who defend territories that include the home ranges of several females.
indigenous
originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.
triangular trade- Chinese market trading
- English wanted Chinese goods -Chinese wanted gold and silver -English went to America and carribean for gold and silver -European colonists go to Africa for cheap labor, bring them to America so they could harvest sugar cane plantations -Sugar cane goes to Europe for manufactoring -sell sugar to European countries but also sell them back to colonies (ironic)
Galapagos Islands
"Darwins Finches"
Affiliate (behaviours)
"Friendly"; bonding behaviours, such as grooming between primates.
Haplorhini
(compared to strepsirhini) -No rhinarium -less reliance on olfaction -better vision -rare to be nocturnal or have multiple births at once
Which of the following is NOT a skeletal adaption associated with more efficient bipedalism?
Forward facing eyes that provide overlapping field of vision
Which of the following is the anthropologists LEAST likely to study?
Fossil dinosaur bones
Which of the following has NOT been used to study the origins of language?
Fossil teeth
Heterodont
3-1-4-3 Broader ecological niche, incisors, canines, premolars, molars
A widespread pattern appears among the weak and oppressed, seeking a reversal of their conditions.
3rd World countries under colonial domination; tribal societies under state's authority.
coccyx
4 to 5 very small coccygeal vertebrae (tailbone)
Subcultures
A group of people within a culture who are connected by similar identity markers, may include ethnic heritage or interests.
Species
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
What is an illness?
A health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual
In the reading Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief, the author does not have a place in society because he does not have a place in _____.
A kin group
civil society organizations
A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities.
The Beagle
A ship Darwin took departed 1831 returned 1836 Major influences while darwin was on the beagle Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology (1830)•Uniformitarianism•Earth is ever-changing•Application to biology•Thomas Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)•Over-population is natural, must be checked•Application to biology
Identify the name for the current epoch that scientists have started using to reflect the dramatic human impact on the Earth in recent history.
Anthropocene
Traditional Use Studies (TUS)
Anthropological studies focusing on the ways in which Indigenous people have used their lands and resources and continue to do so.
Examples of Assimilation
Children of immigrants do not speak their parents' languages and instead only speak English. Immigrants forgo traditional religious practices in favor of adopting Christianity.
People v Ho
Chinese immigrant witnesses murder committed by a white man, testifies against him. California court throws out testimony claims Chinese immigrants don't have the right to testify.
Place the events of early European and Asian trade in chronological order.
Chinese traders established strong trade routes around the world. Europeans wanted access to Chinese commodities China demanded goal as payment from European countries. Europeans plundered the Americas for gold.
Tomb -> Mastaba -> Stepped Pyramid -> Bent Pyramid -> True Pyramid
Choose the answer that correctly describes the evolution of the pyramids in Egypt from earliest to more recent
Dowry
Is the woman/bride's share of the inheritance given to her by her family that she takes with her when she leaves her household.
Return migration refers to immigrants who return to their home countries after having settled for a period in their new country. Nikkeijin are "overseas Japanese," many of whom live in Latin America. Place the experience of these Japanese immigrants in chronological order.
Japanese migrate to Latin America for better oppurtunities build homes there Japanese migrate back to Japan for better economic opp. Nikkeijin form their own ethnic niche in Japan
Which of the following describes the concept of mana in Polynesian and Melanesian cultures?
In Melanesia, mana was similar to the notion of luck, anyone could get it; in Polynesia, mana was attached to political elites.
cuneiform
In Mesopotamian writing, the clay envelopes that were used to transport clay tokens are referred to as
Dissatisfied with biblical interpretations, __________________ proposed that the Earth was far older than any of his predecessors suspected and argued that forces like volcanoes and earthquakes in the past produced the landscapes we see today.
James Hutton
What are the classification levels of humans from order to species?
Primates, Haplorhini, Anthropoidea, Catarrhini, Hominoidea, Hominidea, Homininae, Hominine, Homo, and sapiens
The article entitled Gombe by Jane Goodall discusses her work as a _______.
Primatologist
____ is the false belief that individuals evolve biologically and that acquired physical traits can be inherited.
Lamarckian Evolution
What is the term for our contemporary world in flux, with people on the move, in which established groups, boundaries, identities, contrasts, and standards are reaching out and breaking down?
Postmodernity
"earliest hominin"
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an extinct hominine species that is dated to about 7 million years ago, possibly very close to the time of the chimpanzee-human divergence.
The phrase that anthropology should "make the strange familiar" refers to the fact that anthropology often _____.
Takes a cross-cultural, comparative perspective
Male berdaches expressed their new gender role primarily by ______.
Taking up the tasks and clothing of women
Haplorhini
Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes, Humans
Enculturation is ____.
The process by which we learn our culture.
s sagittal crest
The ridge of bone on the top of the robust australopithecines head that anchored the heavy musculature for their teeth and jaws is called
Negative reciprocity
Still more distant ... between strangers or even people hostile to one another → "outsiders." Try to obtain what they want at the least cost to themselves. Purpose it to gain material advantage at others' expense.
3rd World Leaders want foreign investment to:
Stimulate their economies, subdue opposition, and consolidate their power. (Bow to the wishes of transnationals, collude in destroying their own traditions.)
numeric dating methods
Stratigraphic and fossil succession are good tools for studying the relative dates of events in Earth's history.
stratigraphic
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology which studies rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification).
meaning; sound
There are two types of writing: semantic writing, such as pictograms, which imply _____ and phonetic writing, like alphabetic scripts, which imply ____
Identify the event that created the conditions for the collapse of colonialism and the success of national independence movements worldwide.
WW2
Arboreal Quadruped
Walk across branches long tail to balance relatively longer fingers and toes
Over time, humans slowly shifted their strategies for obtaining and growing food. Place the events in the history of food production techniques in chronological order.
all humans survived using food foraging techniques plant cultivation, gardening, new hunting techniques humans domesticated plants and animals industrial agriculture developed
The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensis was humanlike in having a:
all of the above
"Real" anthropology can be done when
all of these
Applied anthropologists work
all of these
Development projects often fail because:
all of these
Handsome Lake, an Iroquois Indian,
all of these
The prophets who create revitalization movements
all of these
Though this has changed in recent decades, traditionally anthropology (as compared to sociology) was:
all of these
The relevance of the theory of uniformitarianism is that it:
allowed the understanding of evidence of change in the geological past by understanding what we see in the present day.
A hearth is discovered with bone fragments in it. What method might be used to date the bone?
amino acid method
African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, are:
among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources.
Quality, in reference to food, refers to the:
amount of energy and protein a food provides.
cumulative causation
an accumulation of factors that create a culture in which migration comes to be expected
intersectionality
an analytic framework for accessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification
intersectionality
an analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification.
chiefdom
an autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief
state
an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory.
state- Elman Service
an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend territory
geology
an earth science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change.
neoliberalism
an economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth with a severely restricted role of government.
life chances
an individuals opportunities to improve equality of life and realize life goals.
artifact
an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.
According to Aihwa Ong, spirit possession of female factory workers in Malaysia is
an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions.
Lineage
ancestor oriented - Comprised of all the people related to a particular individual.
The Western press plays a very important role in how people perceive global events. What does the media often cite as the reason for ethnic conflicts?
ancient, deep seated ethnic conflicts
What is the scope of the field of anthropology?
cultural anthropology: culture is the core concept, living people. archaeology: learning ways living in the past (artifacts). biological: study of human body (decay). linguistic anthropology: look at language, use language to gain insight how people order their world.
pressure flaking
Which tool making technique was once believed to be no older than 20,000 years until recent discoveries at Blombos Cave, South Africa that date this technique at 75,000 years ago
Which of the following statements about gender differences among tropical and semitropical foragers is true?
Women's work usually contributes substantially to the diet; consequently, there is less gender stratification.
construction of meaning; adaptive system
___ is a way that people understand the world around them. ____ is a system that helps people deal with their everyday problems
sorcery
___ is the attempt to invoke the supernatural to work harm against other people by means of tangible objects such as voodoo dolls or magic charms
relative dating; absolute dating
___ is used to determine the age of a specimen or deposit compared to another specimen or deposit, ____ is used to measure how old a specimen or deposit is in years
witchcraft
___ is usually impossible to prove because no physical objects are used in its practice
polytheism
___ refers to a religion in which more than one high god is recognized
all of the above
____ are an order of mammals, the members of which posses unique traits such as grasping hands, forward-facing eyes, opposable thumbs and rotating forearms, a reduced sense of smell, and relatively large brains
cross-cousins
____ are children of siblings of the opposite sex, such as a father's sister's children or a mother's brother's children
flexed
____ describes a body placed in the ground in the fetal position-resting on one side with the legs bent towards the chest
historical linguistics
____ focuses on how languages over time
bride price
____ is a gift of goods or money from the groom and his kin the bride's kin
speciation
____ is the development of a new species
rituals
____ repetitive sets of behaviors that occur in essentially the same patterns every time they occur
archaeologists
____ seek not only to reconstruct the daily life and customs of past or extinct peoples, but also to trace cultural changes and offer possible explanations for those changes
Phytoliths
_____ are the rigid microstructures in plant cells that can be found on teeth and tools which indicate what foods were being consumed
egalitarian
_____ does not mean that all people within society are the same, but that all people of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige
Allen's rule
_____ refers to a kind of variation in the body shape of birds and mammals which states: Portruding body parts (e.g. arms, legs) are relatively shorter in the cooler areas of a species' range than in the warmer areas
prognathism, supraorbital torus
_____ refers to the degree of slope of a face, while the ____ refers to the presence of a ridge of bone above the eye
Gloger's rule
_____ refers to the rule that populations of birds and mammals living in warm, humid climates have more melanin (and therefore darker skin, fur, and feathers) than populations of the same species living in cooler, drier areas
race
a flawed system of classification with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups.
redistribution
a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected form the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern
Crucial to creating a fossil record of a species is:
a good representation in the fossil record.
ranked society
a group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are
diaspora
a group of people living outside their ancestral homeland yet maintaining emotional and material ties to home
Homo erectus differed from earlier hominids in having traits such as:
a larger brain.
Hominin
a member of the primate family Hominidae, distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, a large brain
melting pot
a metaphor used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into US dominant culture
multiculturalism
a pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their kids enculutrate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture
guest worker program
a policy that allows labor immigrants to enter a country temporarily to work but denies them long term rights and privileges
nation-state
a political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as people
Ethnologists have been most interested in the 19th century Ghost Dance of the plains Indians because it shows:
a predictable religious response to oppressive social conditions
ethnographic fieldwork
a primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives
Shared derived trait
a recent common ancestor one or a few species of a group
band
a small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory
Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of hegemony to describe
a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination.
social stratification
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
Economy
a system for managing the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
class
a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources
caste
a system of stratification most prominently found in India.
nation
a term once used to describe a group of people who share a place of origin, now used interchangeably with nation-state
A hypothesis is:
a testable statement that potentially explains specific phenomena observed in the natural world.
The "psychic unity" of humans, a doctrine that most anthropologists accept, means that:
a. although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual tendencies, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture.
Some people in the world use scarification, wear bones in their noses, or fatten up young girls (as in Simmons' article) in part because
a. they (and their culture) think it looks good.
Ethnocentrism is
a. using the values of one's own culture to make judgments about the moral worth of other cultures
Four-field anthropology
a. was shaped largely by early American anthropologists' interests in Native Americans.
Authority
ability to cause others to act based on honor, status, etc
superior
above
Old people respected for accumulated wisdom
advisors and decision makers.
Brain drain occurs when highly skilled professionals leave their country of origin for opportunities in more developed countries. Identify which regions experience brain drain.
africa, india, south east Asia
targeted to be sold into slavery
africans
Natural culture
cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation
ideal culture
cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept
"Race" is
culturally constructed.
Slash and burn procedure
cut vegetation•dry it in the sun•burn it → release nutrients to soil as ash•use hoe to pull up mounds of soil or dig holes•plant crops → grow 1-3 years, then abandon•move to adjacent plot and repeat•return to same area after forest has grown back.
In Cairo, Egypt, petitioners go to two different types of courts, Personal Status courts and the Al Azhar Fatwa Council. Identify which of the following characteristics apply to each court or council, and which apply to both. Al Azhar Fatwa
decisions are taken seriously and respected nonbonding
In Cairo, Egypt, petitioners go to two different types of courts, Personal Status courts and the Al Azhar Fatwa Council. Identify which of the following characteristics apply to each court or council, and which apply to both. Personal Status courts
decisions viewed with suspicion and are ignored legally binding
Household
defined by common residence and economic interests (not always the same)
Family
defined by marriage and procreation/adoption
Conflict: inequality is harmful
denies opportunity to all but a few; continual struggle for limited resources. "Elite" use their wealth, power, and prestige to retain what they have and subordinate others.
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is
designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society in general.
Ethnocide
destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups
radiocarbon dating
determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon (radiometric)
independent invention
development of the same culture trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances
Subcultures
different cultural symbol-based traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society
Natural Selection
differential reproductive success across multiple generations and among individuals of a given population.
A study of Galapagos finches after a long period of drought found that all species of finch on one of the islands had wide beaks well adapted to breaking open seeds. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is _______ selection.
directional
Anthropologist Carolyn Nordstrom studied Mozambique during the late 1980s and early 1990s, during and directly after the Mozambican Civil War. She noted the widespread use of "terror warfare" used by both guerilla and governmental soldiers. Identify the correct definition of terror warfare.
disruption and destruction of all aspects of civilian life
The suborder prosimians includes:
diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.
midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
coronal plane
divides the body into front and back portions
transverse plane
divides the body into upper and lower parts
Eras are:
divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.
Multiple biological traits:
do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications.
Connections between subsistence and family size?
ex: foraging decrease productivity and efficiency result in small populations. to limit population growth they use cultural practices such as sexual abstinence, abortion, and etc
The significant changes in lifeways associated with the development of food production in the Fertile Crescent has been called the _____ Revolution.
Neolithic
Tribe
Originally viewed as a culturally distinct, multiband population that imagined itself as one people descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state.
Even though the United States is one of the richest countries in the world, poverty is significant and persistent. Identify the characteristics of poverty in the United States.
Over 46 million people live in poverty in the United States. The largest group of the nation's poor are white.
how do bones grow?
Over time, most of this cartilage turns into bone, in a process called ossification. As the baby grows, some of its bones fuse together to form bigger bones.
______ appears to have played a large role in the domestication of sheep and goats in the Fertile Crescent.
Over-hunting of wild animals
Specialization of biological anthropology
Paleo anthropology
Cenozoic Era
Paleocene Epoch 65-56 mya Pleisadpifoms
Archaeologists who specialize in _____ study plant remains from archaeological contexts.
Paleoethnobotany
The _____ is the cultural period that spans the time from the first stone tools to the invention of agriculture.
Paleolithic
The three eras that make up Earth history are:
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
Shamans
Part time religious practitioner, goes into trance like state to communicate with spirits for the community, shamans are also a medical practitioner. People become shamans when they are called by the spirits.
_____ is the method that characterizes fieldwork among living societies in which anthropologists take part in community life while they study it.
Participant-observation
2 possible outcomes:
Passive reliance on God to vanquish evil or Direct action to redress injustices = the Bible's salvation message inspires resistance.
Which of the following statements about Marx is not true?
He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests.
Why is the work of Alfred Russell Wallace considered when discussing the theory of evolution?
He was an English naturalist who had arrived at many of the same conclusions as Darwin through his own research.
The idea among Native Americans of the southeastern United States that the cosmos consists of three, inter-connected worlds is an example of?
How religion provides a worldview
United States
In Miner's article he described the rituals and habits of the Nacirema culture. Where are the Nacirema located?
Quantitative Data
Is a method of research designed to test theory by using survey questionnaires and structured, repetitive observations. Can be measured or counted.
Culture
Is not a group of people, but the way of life, learned rather than genetically inherited, includes knowledge, ideas and behavior, and is shared by members of a group.
One of the reasons that race, as it is currently defined in the U.S., is not a valid biological category is that skin color ______.
Is not concordant with other traits
Primatologists
explore the relationships between specific social behaviors and reproductive fitness.
The study of physical anthropology varies in that some physical anthropologists study:
extinct and living species of primates.
mass incarceration
extremely high rates of imprisonment, particularly of African American males
Anthropologists have found that inequality is an inherent and natural part of human groups. Social inequality is a cultural universal.
false
historic archaeology
field that investigates the past of literate peoples through excavation of sites and analysis of artifacts and other material remains
The state refers to an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government. Identify the maps below in which the black labels indicate states.
germany and mozambique
Primate females:
give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
Identify the main reason that anthropologists Judith Goode and Jeff Maskovsky argue is at the root of contemporary poverty in the United States.
globalization
Market exchange
goods and services bought and sold for money at a price determined by supply and demand
Redistribution
goods are collected and then distributed to member of a group
barriers are most often
government sanctioned -passports (expensive) -visas
Nation- State
governments and territories that are identified with culturally homogenous populations and national histories
The higher the social rank of a female primate the:
greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.
Agriculture creates a surplus by
greater input: -Site preparation -water -fertilizer -weeding greater output: -Generally involves working longer hours.
Certain animals are more suited for domestication then others:
gregarious rather than solitary, not compete with humans for food.
Adaptive radiation
group of closely related organisms that have evolved characteristics that enable them to exploit different ecological niches
clade
group of organisms with a common ancestor and represents a branch of the "tree of life"
Ethnicity
grouping among people based in cultural differences
Race
grouping among people that are falsely understood as having a physical basis
Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds, such as:
grunts, pants, and hoots.
The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the:
half-life.
Gametes are:
haploid.
Ambulantes
harassed by the police sell illegally from the streets
A prophet
has a revelatory vision in which the truth is revealed then spreads the message to others.
While the United States and Brazil are the largest multiracial countries in the Western Hemisphere, race has been treated differently in each country. Identify whether the following statements apply to Brazil or the United States. USA
has barred interracial marriage has applied the rule of hypodescent
The hypothesis that the origin of human bipedalism was linked to a shift from life in the trees to life on the ground in the grasslands of Africa:
has been rejected recently subsequent to new fossil evidence.
Misanthropy
hatred of humanity
The Herto skulls from Ethiopia:
have a combination of archaic and modern features.
lumbar vertebrae
have distinct s-curve in the human skeleton which produces "the small of the back"
Foragers
have flexible membership. Congregation and dispersal.seasonal abundance → congregateother times → disperse. are egalitarian.
Development projects that assume all "less-developed countries" are alike
have only limited chances of succeeding.
Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations:
have short limbs and large bodies.
Fijos
have the opportunity for upward mobility sell from legal stalls in the maket's pavilion
In discussing the recently changing culture of Madagascar Prof. Griffin argued that one of the primary reasons for these changes was:
he prevalence of VCR's and access to "global" movies.
Strategies of Fordism
higher wages and shorter hours social compact between labor, corporations, and government
"Green Revolution" a highly touted success
higher yields, but with greater input: -fertilizer -pesticide -water long-term result: -chemically dependent crops -"super pests" -social inequality and land concentration
pelvis
hips
Barter
involves haggling and bargaining, but not the use of money.
Classic example of agriculture
irrigate rice cultivation (wet rice)
Kinship
is a basic principle for organizing people into groups, roles, and categories.
Hunting
is a high risk low return
Gathering
is a low risk high return
Qualitative Data
is a method of research designed to elicit the cultural knowledge of the people they seek to understand. They live and work with subjects, who are called informants within the discipline. It cannot be easily measure or counted.
Incest taboo
is a universal taboo against romantic relations with family but what constitutes incest varies.
Melanin:
is advantageous because it provides protection from solar radiation.
Taxation
is an obvious example of redistribution.
Formal economics (neoclassical)
is based on profit motive: individuals seek to maximize their utility (satisfaction)
Achieved statues
is earned through acts of kindness, generosity, bravery, good judgment.
A trait's heritability is the proportion of its variation that:
is genetic.
The long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate that the population:
is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen's rule.
Consumption
is the act of eating, drinking, or using things. Often implies using them up (sustainability).
Bridges for immigration are one factor in the complex decision-making process that people go through when migrating to a new place. Identify the examples of bridges for immigration.
media hometown associations
Chromosome number is reduced during:
meiosis.
dalits
members of India's "lowest" caste; literally "broken people" Also called "untouchables"
There are many different players in the arena of war. Identify which of the following people or groups of people contribute to the perpetuation of warfare.
mercenaries and weapon manufacturers
metacarpals
middle section of bone in hand
metatarsals
middle section of foot bone
thoracic vertebrae
middle section of vertebrae that articulates with ribs
Brian drain
migration of highly skilled professionals from developing counties to developed countries
Resources are abundant but dispersed
mobili, and small groups
After World War II, the _______ theory predicted that with the end of colonialism, less-developed countries would modernize to become industrial countries. When, by the 1960s, less-developed countries were still struggling, scholars introduced the ________ theory. This theory suggests that global economic relations are more or less the same as they were during colonialism.
modernization dependency
Small's article in the reader "A Women's Curse?" argues that the natural (and healthier) state for human female bodies is:
more lactation and less menstruation than commonly found in the U.S.
In agriculture the greater investment of time, labor, and materials makes workers
more reluctant to see the benefits accrue to others which leads to private ownership.
extended family
more than two generations
The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:
morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
Captilalism
people work for wages, land and capital goods are privately owned and capital invested for profit
Immanuel Wallerstein proposed a modern world systems analysis model in which nations are organized into three main categories: core, semiperiphery, and periphery. Identify the periphery countries that serve primarily as sources of raw materials, agricultural products, and cheap labor.
periphery countries
individual racism
personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race.
refugees
persons who have been forced to move beyond their national borders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disasters.
internally displaced persons
persons who have been forced to move within their country of origin because of persecution, armed conflict, or disasters.
labor immigrants
persons who move in search of low-skilled and low wage jobs, often filling an economic niche that native born workers will not fill
entrepreneurial immigrants
persons who move to a new location to conduct trade and establish a business
Leaders lead by example
persuasion rather than coercion
hegemony
persuasive power; domination in the realm of ideas
In line with the culture of "Cultural Anthropology", the lectures for this class ended (as they began) with personal stories. In this case, Prof. Griffin told a joke he first heard in Lamu, Kenya, which has helped him understand that:
poor doesn't always imply miserable.
What does anthropologist Oscar Lewis's research suggest about why children growing up in highly stratified societies were particularly likely to develop feelings of marginality?
poor people's lifestyles and ways of thinking perpetuate poverty into the next generation
Modernization theories projected a certain trajectory for nonindustrialized nations once they gained their independence from their previous colonial rulers. Identify the shifts that modernization theories predicted would occur.
poverty to wealth kinship-based to contract-based social relations agriculture to industry
Centralization
power increasingly concentrated = greater power held by fewer people. bands, tribes, etc. don't disappear, but are subsumed by the state = lose their autonomy
leveling mechanism
practices and organizations that reallocate resources among a group to maximize the collective good.
Distant Time stories
present a code of proper behavior toward nature, especially animals. Taboos are prohibitions against acting in certain ways that offend animal spirits.
Prehensile tails are:
present only in some platyrrhines.
The world's most developed economies back international financial institutions like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization, and through these institutions pressure other countries to implement neoliberal economic policies. Identify examples of neoliberal economic policies.
privatization of state-owned infrastructure free markets reduction of government funding for social services
In the 1980s and 1990s, global institutions promoted structural adjustment loans as key to stabilizing local economies. Identify the conditions that local governments had to comply with in order to receive structural adjustment loans.
privatize state-owned enterprises deregulate financial and labor markets
Frameshift mutations are more likely to have an impact at the phenotypic level because they:
produce a protein having no function.
Agriculture
production of food by permanent cultivation (farming)
Horticulture
production of plants with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.
highly trained individuals who move to fill economic niches in a middle-class profession
professional immigrants
While the caste system in India is changing, the system still retains old inequalities in many ways. Identify the areas where caste system attitudes have changed and the areas where they have stayed the same. CHANGED
public settings legal system
Three key factors that contribute to a female primate's success at feeding are:
quality, distribution, and availability of food.
While the United States and Brazil are the largest multiracial countries in the Western Hemisphere, race has been treated differently in each country. Identify whether the following statements apply to Brazil or the United States. BRAZIL
race intersects closely with class and racial categories can be shifted uses hundreds of categories and terms for various races
The anthropologist Lucas Bessire describes his work in the Gran Chaco jungle, which is said to have "one of the world's highest local deforestation rates" (at least when the article was written in 2008) because of:
the clearing for extensive cattle-ranching
plasma
the colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are suspended.
periosteum
the connective tissue covering the bone in places where there is no articular cartilage
Racialization is the process of categorizing and attributing supposedly racial qualities to people based on perceived characteristics. Identify the examples of racialization.
the creation of the category "Middle Eastern" as a race in the United States European immigrants in the United States calling the Chinese immigrants "Yellow Peril"
genocide
the deliberate and systematic destruction of ethnic or religious groups.
nationalism
the desire of an ethnic community to create and/or matin a nation-state
This course built on the concepts of ethnocentrism and cultural relativism throughout the semester, and it was suggested in the final lecture that:
the easy demonization of others in American popular culture has caused problems.
barter
the exchange of goods and services one for the other.
reciprocity
the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status, which strengthens human bonds
reciprocity
the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties.
reciprocity
the exchange of resources, goods, services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties.
triangle trade
the extensive exchange of slaves, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that transformed economic, political, and social life on both sides of the Atlantic.
means of production
the factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things.
bridges and barriers
the factors that enable or inhibit migration
Edward B. Tylor
the father of the discipline of anthropology
nativism
the favoring of certain long term inhabitants, namely whites, over new immigrants
Identify the main reason why the 1965 film The Battle of Algiers was not allowed to be screened in France until 2001.
the fil depicted French troops in a negative light
Ethnography
the firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing
Trail of Tears
the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma
pushes and pulls
the forces that spur migration from the country of origin and draw immigration to a particular new destination country
buffy coat
the fraction of an anticoagulated blood sample that contains most of the white blood cells and platelets following density gradient centrifugation of the blood.
A USAID project to supply free powdered milk to Jamaica was arguably not helpful in the long run because:
the free milk drove the local Jamaican dairy farmers out of business and it is proving very expensive to try and revive the dairy industry there
The postnatal stage includes:
the growth or development of the deciduous teeth, motor skills, and cognitive abilities.
commodity chains
the hands an item passes through between producer and consumer.
Ethnomedicine
the health-related beliefs, knowledge, and practices of a cultural group
Cultural Constructions
the idea that the characteristics people attribute to such social categories as gender, race, illness, death, status of women, and status of men is culturally defined
flexible accumulation
the increasingly flexible strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits in an era of globalization, enabled by innovative communication and transportation technologies.
The problem with relying solely on a few main informants for ethnographic work is that
the informants themselves might not be representative of the rest of the group.
genotype
the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form
imagined community
the invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never all meet.
cultural capital
the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scare and valuable resources in society
Today, debates about who is or isn't "American" are hot topics in the United States. Identify some of the recent debates regarding American identity.
the push from some politicians to change the Fourteenth Amendment granting all people born in the United States citizenship the false assertion that former president Barack Obama is not a U.S. citizen
prehistoric archaeology
the reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records) through the examination of artifacts
prestige
the reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups
why are class and inequality largely invisible in the US
the role of the media voluntary isolation consumerism
diaphysis
the shaft, or main portion of the bone
axial skeleton
the skull, vertebrate column, rib cage, sternum, and hyoid
medullary (marrow) cavity
the space along the inside of the diaphysis that contains the yellow marrow, consisting mostly of fat cells and some scattered blood cells
Max Weber argued that class stratification doesn't just happen. Identify the most important way that the state influences class stratification.
the state perpetrates class stratification through its exersize of power
A development project to provide the Kamba people of central Kenya with fuel efficient stoves failed because:
the stoves were useful for cooking, but not for heating or lighting the homes in the evening.
Ethnology (cultural anthropology)
the study of how and why recent cultures differ and are similar
Biological Anthropology
the study of humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation
taphonomy
the study of what happens to an organism after its death and until its discovery as a fossil.
kinship
the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities.
underdevelopment
the term used to suggest that poor countries are poor as a result of their relationship to an unbalanced global economic system .
wealth
the total value of what someone owns , minus any debt.
cultural heritage
the traditions, customs, and artifacts of a cultural group
Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on:
the type of predator and the predator's attack strategy.
Industrialism
the use of machines and chemical processes to grow and distribute food and manufacture other items.
Beginning in the 1400s, many European countries began colonial activities to further their economic power. Identify the correct definition of colonialism.
the use of military, economic, and political power beyond a country's borders to enhance its global powers
market exchange
the use of symbolic markers of value, such as money, to mediate exchanges
use value
the value of a product in general- what job do you get out of the product
Anthropologists often use the term racisms in plural. What does this term refer to?
the variety of ways race has been constructed among people of different places
phenotype
the way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environment factors
Unilineal (one line) descent
trace descent through a single line a lineage Focus on gender of connecting relatives 1.Patrilineal—trace descent through male ancestors. 2. Matrilineal—trace descent through female ancestors.
Beasts of burden (animals who serve us with labor)
traction, transportation, companionship, assistance, security, and pest control.
Mendel's plant experiments demonstrated that:
traits are passed on from parent to offspring as discrete units.
Market exchange
transfer of goods and services based on price, which varies with supply and demand.
An anthropologist studies a group of people that move sheep from a particular pasture in the spring to another pasture in the fall. This subsistence pattern is called
transhumance
pastoralism
transhumance a strategy for food production involving the herding and domestication of animals
Primate societies are complexly organized. This means:
within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.
Deborah Tannen's research on the speech habits of men and women has revealed that
women tend to use language to build social connections with others.
Among tropical and semitropical foragers like the !Kung San:
women's work contributes substantially to the family diet, consequently there is less gender stratification
Paleontologists find a fossil ape with long arms. What type of environment can they infer it inhabited?
woodland
is there overlap between race and ethnicity
yes
Maintaining order and control: force alone is not enough
you need hegemony and ideology
______ is a partially complete skeleton of an Australopithecus.
Lucy
Globalization
integration of resources, labor, and capital into a global netwrk
Adaptation
A genetic, physiological, or behavioral trait. Ability to survive or reproduce in a particular environment
Enculturation
The process by which culture is passed from generation to generation.
Standard explanation:a safety valve mechanism.
Why not an implicit warning, or even a dress rehearsal?
tarsiers
Haplorrhine primates of the family Tarsiidae, which is itself the lone extant family within the infraorder Tarsiiformes.
One way anthropology differs from other disciplines that study people is because it ___.
Has culture as its core concept
Real Behaviour
How people actually behave as observed by an ethnographer in the field.
Ideal Behaviour
How people believe they behave or would like to behave; norms of a society.
Leonardo Boff
"Only a personal relationship with Earth makes us love it. Calls for direct interaction with the local landscape.
Anthropologist David Vine researches the effects of U.S. military bases on the countries in which they are located. He stresses the fact that taxpayers often do not know how much of governmental spending is spent on the military, nor how this spending takes away from funding other projects that would benefit more citizens. Identify his estimate for how much the U.S. government spends annually on U.S. military bases abroad.
$100 billion
Holocene
(10,000 YA - present) - Homo sapiens dominates
Miocene
(24-5 MYA) - Probable emergence of Hominoidea and Hominae (7 MYA marks last common ancestor of chimpanzees, bonobos and humans)
Oligocene
(34-24 MYA) - Establishment of Catarrhini and Platyrrhini
Pliocene
(5-1.8 MYA) - Multiple genera of Hominae, emergence of genus Homo
Eocene
(55-34 MYA) - Proliferation of primates
Palaeocene
(65-55 MYA) - Probably emergence of primates
William Paley (1743 - 1805)
(Natural Theology) Organisms are perfectly adapted to survive "Gods invisible hand" Blind watchmaker
Historically, race relations in the United States have been primarily centered on white and black relations. Place the major events in this narrative in order from the first to the most recent account.
-"whiteness" defined in first public document -emanicpation makes slavery illegal -KKK formed -illegal interracial marriage is overturned
Traditional practices have influenced many independence movements, such as in Zimbabwe. Spirit mediums, traditionally chiefs who received their authority from spirits of dead chiefs and kings known as Mhondoro, played a crucial role in the Zimbabwe liberation movement. Place the events that took place before and during the Zimbabwe liberation movement in order from the first event to the most recent.
-British colonial government started appointing local chiefs -struggle for independence from the British began -spirit mediums legitimized guerilla warriors' fight -liberation and establishment of Zimbabwe
The effects of globalization can be felt not only in the largest cities but also in remote rural areas. Anthropologist Marc Edelman's Peasants Against Globalization (1999) examines the activism of the rural poor in Costa Rica during the 1980s and 1990s. Place the events of the Costa Rican crisis he describes and the response of the rural poor to change their situation in chronological order.
-Costa Rica gained early independence from Spain and built a strong economy and was politically stable -Costa Rica got involved in civil wars of various neighboring countries while a debit crisis simutamously racked Latin America -The US sponsored Food for Peace program delivered huge quantities of subsidized food to Costa Rica -Costa Rican farmers could not compete with subsidized food and went out of business, ending Costa Rican food self-suffiancy -Costa Rican farmers protested until the government gave them low interest rates.
local knowledge
-based on practical experience -adapted to local environment -embedded in social, economic, religious activity -proven over the long term -but not static = flexibleie., not simply "blind tradition"
Features of Primate
-diurnal (mainly) -forward facing eyes (enhanced depth perception) -large brains -nails -one offspring at a time (with exception of twins) -social (except orangutans) -arboreal (spending most time in trees) -long infant dependency -non-specialized diets -various movement (unique limb flexibility) -generalized dentition
Colonialism basic strategy:
-extract raw materials from colony using local labor -convert to manufactured products in home country -sell products back to colony, expand markets
Agriculture as prerequisite
-fewer crops but higher yields = supports more people larger communities, greater demands -centralized political institutions to maintain order, regulate use of limited resources
The state is most likely to be benevolent in the presence of:
-freedom of religion -freedom of speech -freedom of peaceable assembly -freedom of the press -freedom to express grievances to the government
Challenges for central government
-how to bring differing groups of people under its authority? -how to get them to think of themselves as a unified whole? A national identity, the "nation-state"
Dependency theory
-make sense of the inequality in modernization theory -conditions given to countries to industrialized makes countries dependent, they need to learn how to stand on their own feet. (neocolonialism) -a critique of modernization theory arguing that despite the end of colonialism, the underlying economic relations of the modern world economic system had not changed.
Primate predators
-monkey are predated by chimpanzees -reptiles -birds -other mammals
Recall absorption into the global market, especially...
-production for export rather than own subsistence = increasing dependence, loss of autonomy. -greater discrepancies in wealth = stratification and impoverishment.
In bands and tribes: inequalities are limited through
-reciprocity -redistribution -leveling mechanisms In states they are ingrained.
Redistribution as a leveling mechanism
-redistribute food surplus to those in need. -prevent disproportionate accumulations of wealth.
primary bridge factors
-relatives migrating (having someone you know)= migration chains -same cultural/religious beliefs or language
Components of Culture
-subsistence -diet -social and political systems -communication -technology -art -ideology
Nationalism
-unified nation-state -independence/separatist movements
2 parts of commodity fetishism
-valuing, putting on a pedistal of an object that would be useless unless we gave it power. -commodity fetishism masks the set of social relations around a particular object
Tension between centralized elite and local populations vs. state leaders
-varying conditions -tribal affiliations -ethnic identities -different languages
In his study of New York department store employees, Labov found that
/r/ was pronounced most frequently by workers in the upper-middle-class store (Saks).
Robust australopithecines were extinct by:
1 mya.
Branches of Anthropology
1) Biological/physical anthropology 2) Cultural/social anthropology 3) Archaeology 4) Linguistics
Anthropological Perspective Approaches
1) Holistic 2) Evolutionary 3) Comparative 4) Qualitative
Applied Anthropology
A field of anthropology in which the research uses knowledge of anthropological methods, theory, and perspectives to solve human problems.
Human Taxonomy
1. CLASS Mammalia 2. ORDER Primates 3. SUBORDER Haplorrhini (vs. Strepsirhini) 4. INFRAORDER Catarrhini (vs. Platyrrhini) 5. SUPERFAMILY Hominoidea (vs. Cercopithecoidea) 6. FAMILY - Hominidae (vs. Hylobatidae [and sometimes Pongidae]) 7. SUBFAMILY Hominae (vs. Gorillinae and Pongidae) (8. Tribe Homini and 9. Genus Homo)
The U.S. Census has been taken every ten years since 1790. Tracing the evolution of racial categories on the U.S. Census helps to understand changing views on racial identity in the United States. Place the census descriptions in order from first to most recent.
3 racial categories- cannot chose your own race 5 categories- includes Chinese and Indian 8 categories- Hindu 14- Hispanic
Some important points to consider in relation to matrilineality and patrilineality:
1.Doesn't mean no connection with relatives on the other side but rather that those relatives are simply deemed less significant. 2."Patrilineal" does not exclude women; "matrilineal" does not exclude men.→ Everyone is a member of some lineage. 3.In matrilineal societies the status of women is relatively higher but this doesn't necessarily mean that women dominate. "matrilineal" does not mean "matriarchal."
Ethnography
A detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork.
egalitarian
few possessions, little accumulation of wealth, no specialized knowledge. sharing as an ideal.
Ancestral trait
A distant common ancestor multiple species in a group
diastema
A gap in the dentition of the upper jaw between the canines and premolars which enables mammals with large canines to completely close their mouths is known as
primate physical traits
1. forward facing eyes with post orbital bar 2. not as reliant on nose 3. tooth morphology 4. prehensile hands and feet 5. opposable thumb and big toe 6. nails 7. pentadactyl (5 fingers and toes)
categories of endangered species
1. least concern 2. near threatened 3. vulnerable speceis 4. endangered species 5. critically endangered species 6. extinct in wild 7. extinct
Kinship terminology → general observations:
1.Each system has its own internal logic, reflecting other social/cultural attributes. 2.Terms reflect the nature of social relations among kin. 3.In unilineal societies, distinguish father's side from mother's side. 4.English implies that both sides are of equal importance and the nuclear family is primary.
Kinship is based on the principles of:
1.consanguinity ("with blood") → related by birth "Biological" relatives 2.affinity→ related by marriage Spouse and "in-laws" → "affines"
children born in the home country who then migrate with their parents and grow up in the new host country
1.5 generation
How agriculture contrasts with horticulture:
1.intensive cultivation→land used continuously, fallow period brief or non-existent 2.irrigation 3.draft animals, heavy equipment →the plow 4.more productive of fewer crops
Though U.S. income and wealth have not been increasing, the population continues to consume as if they are due to the availability of credit cards, student loans, and mortgages. Compare the debt size of these borrowing devices by matching the type of debt to current total amount of that type of debt measured in the United States.
13.8 trillion- morgatage debt 762 billion- credit card debt 1.3 trillion- student loan debt
The earth's age is _______ years.
4.6 billion
current world pop
7.3 billion people
Who picked your strawberries?
99% of CA Farm Workers are LatinX 95% were born outside the US 57% were undocumented 33% are legal permanent residents International Shuttle Migrants- travel back and force across the border
Shaman
A ___ is a religious intermediary, usually part-time, whose primary function is to cure people through sacred songs, pantomime, trance, and other means, and is sometimes referred to as a witch doctor by western cultures
animism
A belief in dual existence for all things, that is the belief in a physical, visible body and a psychic, invisible soul is known as?
Cultural Adaptation
A belief or behaviour that allows an organism with culture (especially humans) to better thrive in that environment.
The relationship between brain growth and tool use in hominin evolution is an example of?
A bio-cultural relationship
Malaria
A biological abnormality of red blood cells, referred to as sickle-cell anemia, is also an adaptive response to what disease found primarily in Central and West Africa?
Balanced Reciprocity
A bit more distant, between friends or members of friendly groups. Obligation to return something of nearly equal value → "balanced." Giver expects something in return, but perhaps not immediately.
Cultural Resource Management
A branch of archaeology concerned with survey and/or excavation of archaeological and historical remains that might be threatened by construction or development; also involved with policy surrounding protection of cultural resources.
site
A concentration of material culture
rickets
A deficiency of vitamin D in children can cause what disease?
morphological type
A descriptive and abstract grouping of individual artifacts whose focus is on overall similarity rather than specific form or function. The shape, size, and superficial characteristics of artifacts, features, structure, sites, etc., provided by measurements (including weight) that permit comparative statistical analysis of attributes and frequencies.
morphological typology
A descriptive and abstract grouping of individual artifacts whose focus is on overall similarity rather than specific form or function. The shape, size, and superficial characteristics of artifacts, features, structure, sites, etc., provided by measurements (including weight) that permit comparative statistical analysis of attributes and frequencies.
Hominid
A member of a biological group including human beings and related species that walk upright
Culture-Bound Disorder
A mental disorder specific to particular ethnic groups.
Judgment Sample
A method of choosing informants based on their knowledge or skills.
Random Sample
A method of choosing informants randomly.
Snowball Sample
A method of finding informants through association with previous informants.
Remittances have a significant impact on migrants' families and communities. Identify the examples of remittances.
A migrant worker sends money to his or her family back home. A migrant worker sends money to his or her school building fund back home. A migrant worker shares Western ideas with his or her family back home.
ecofact
A natural item that is a byproduct of human activity
Feature
A non-portable object or patterning created by people and recognized archaeologically, such as fire hearth.
Lens of Anthropology
A particular way to view the world, through the perspectives, ideas, methods, theories, ethics, and research results of anthropology.
Millenium - Drawn from the revelation according to St. John
A period of 1000 years in which Jesus and his faithful will reign over the earth. More generally, an era of peace, happiness, and justice.
Informants/Consultants
A person from whom an anthropologist acquires data
Key Informant
A person with whom the ethnographer spends a great amount of time because of the person's knowledge, skills, or insight.
Biological Adaptation
A physical adaptation that allows an organism to survive better in its environment.
Species
A population that can mate and produce fertile offspring in natural conditions.
artifact
A portable object made or modified by man
Cercopithecoidea
A primate superfamily, including the Old World monkeys. Commons Names: Old World Monkeys Tails: Present Brain Size: Smaller (less developed) Body Size: Smaller Ontogeny: Shorter Shoulders: Less developed
Adaptive Radiation
A process by which one species occupies a new ecological occupies a new ecological niche, quickly increasing its population and diversifying into new species.
Eugenics
A pseudoscience of "race improvement".
World Heritage Site
A site of outstanding heritage value, designated by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Band
A small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory.
Two unusual marriage practices among the Nuer illustrate the importance of the pater, which can be defined as ______.
A social father
true
A society's postpartum sex taboo, the prohibition against husbands and wives having sexual intercourse for a period of time following the birth of a child, is heavily influenced by the availability of protein
Medical Anthropology
A specialization in anthropology that brings theoretical and applied approaches from cultural and biological anthropology to the study of human health and disease
Homo sapiens
A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.
What is an ascribed status?
A status that a person has little or no choice about occupying
Hominae
A superfamily of the infraorder Catarrhini; Hominoidea includes apes and humans.
Hominoidea
A superfamily of the infraorder Catarrhini; Hominoidea includes apes and humans. Common Names: Apes and Humans Tails: Absent Brain Size: Larger (more developed) Body Size: Larger Ontogeny: Longer Shoulders: More developed
The berdache is a status among many Native American societies that is best understood as an example of _______.
A supernumerary gender category
Race
A term used to describe varieties or subspecies of a species; inaccurately used to refer to human differences.
How is a theory different from a hypothesis?
A theory is an explanation that has been carefully examined and tested.
Fossil
A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.
Big Man Society
A type of socio-political organization where an influential individual achieves the leadership position through personal achievements
Genes/Alleles
A unit of heredity; an alternative form of a gene.
Racism manifests itself in society in various ways. Identify the following as examples of individual or institutional racism. INDIVIDUAL
A white man shouts, "I hate blacks" and kills a black man. A white woman protects her wallet when a black man sits next to her.
solstice
A(n) _____ is an astronomical event that occurs twice each year when the Sun reaches its northernmost or southernmost extreme
Culture as adaptation
Adapting to and utilizing the environment but the environment itself is continually changing. Adaption is an ongoing process that humans themselves often effect these changes.
The term _________________ (two words) was established by Charles Darwin, whereby out of one species branch multiple closely related species.
Adaptive Radiation
Paleocene Epoch
Adaptive radiation mammals, flowering plants, birds climate change, woodlands glrasslands
Transnational corporations (or multinational)
Absorption into the global market economy→ impact on local areas: 1.shift in focus: from local community to distant markets. 2.people increasingly dependent on forces beyond their control. 3.breakdown of traditional subsistence activities and social relations. 4.increasing emphasis on the nuclear family and own economic self-interest. 5.greater discrepancies in wealth → stratification and impoverishment.
Example 2 of Substantive: Malaysian Peasants
Accept subordinate status in exchange for security. Poor harvest → landlord lowers rent. A moral economy.
need for economic resources
According to the "Religion and Magic" lecture, which of these is not an explanation for religion?
economy-of-effort
According to the ____ theory, men may produce musical instruments from wood because they are the ones who collect the wood in the first place and probably understand its physical properties better than women
Example 1 of Substantive: East African Pastoralists
Accumulate wealth. But the wealthy are responsible for their poorer relatives → a kin-based form of social security.
redistribution
Accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern.
Generally trade is necessary to
Acquire grain, access pastures, and maintain a symbiotic relationship with other communities.
Nearly all known hominin species first appeared in _____.
Africa
true
All calendar systems have some form of intercalation (days added to the calendar year to the rotation of the sun)
_____ is an example of applied anthropology.
All of the above (Corporate, Medical, Forensic, Cultural resources management.)
Cross-cultural comparisons have shown that ____ is defined differently by each society.
All of the above (Family, marriage, kinship, gender)
Marriage _____.
All of the above (Involves a change in social status, stipulates sexual access, ensures the legitimacy of children, establishes relationships among kin groups within a society)
Culture includes _____.
All of the above (Knowledge to operate efficiently in an environment, ideas about what is acceptable behavior, material culture, norms.)
_______ has/have been recognized in the archeological record as an attribute of modern human behavior.
All of the above (Ritual practices, personal adornment, the construction of houses, a modern foraging strategy)
Bioarcheological evidence from eastern North America shows the adoption of corn agriculture was associated with which of the following changes in health.
All of the above (Shorter life spans, malnutrition, higher rates of infection, higher rates of trauma/violence)
Which of the following is an attribute of anthropology?
All of the above (Studies humans, focuses on culture, based on fieldwork, holistic in perspective.)
Some of anthropology's major contributions to knowledge include insights to ____.
All of the above (The evolution of our species, the adoption of agriculture, the development of complex societies around the world, de-bunking race as a biological category.)
Which of the following characterizes gender relationships in Cherokee society?
All of the above (The work of men and women is valued equally, men are prominent in politics and warfare, and women are prominent in kin groups and household activities, the tasks and social worlds of men and women are mostly separate, women and their families own the farmland and its produce)
Participatory Action Research
An applied anthropological method of field research and implementation of solutions; relies on the close collaboration with the target community.
Chiefdom
An autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief.
state
An autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory.
Thomas Malthus
An essay on the principles of population Not enough food for everyone born population is limited by food supply Those who can successfully compete for food will survive and reproduce
The article Shakespeare in the Bush is about ____.
An ethnocentric interpretation of Hamlet
A detailed description of a particular community, society, or culture produced by a cultural anthropologists is known as ____.
An ethnography
Emic
An insider's view; the perspective of the subject.
Adaptive Niche
An organisms way of life where it lives diet foraging predators
multinational corporation
An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management
Etic
An outsider's view; an objective explanation.
a and c
Anthropologists can investigate social change, adaptation, and health by
holistic
Anthropology adopts a(n) _____ perspective on humanity, which means it is concerned with all aspects of the human experience
Cargo Cults
Appeared in Melanesia during the colonial period: 1885 to the end of WWII. Still active in the present day.
____ anthropology is defined as the use of anthropological methods and data to solve specific problems.
Applied
A 5th field
Applied anthropology - Practical application of anthropological knowledge to real-life problems.
more professional immigrants primarily immigrants from Latin America
Applies to Post-1965 U.S. Immigration
mostly labor immigrants primarily immigrants from Europe
Applies to Pre-1965 U.S. Immigration
One of the key reasons that agriculture has spread around the world is that agricultural populations _____ more than foraging populations.
Are larger
prone
As the practice is found throughout history, archaeologists believe that to bury someone in the ____ position is a nearly-universal constant
Rather than simply accepting circumstances given to them, societies creatively adapt to the changing world. Match the different ways that societies adapt to political and environmental forces to the location where these adaptations take or took place. - Subdarbans camp gains
Bangladesh
The southern migration of which African people may have led to a significant increase in the incidence of malaria?
Bantu
What famous person's mother was/in an anthropologist?
Barack Obama
Why is it important to understand that human racial categories are based upon perceptions of phenotypic features and not on genotypes?
Because race is socially constructed, not biologically determined
Carolous Linnaeus
Binomial nomenclature Added taxonomic levels class and order included humans in taxonomy homo sapiens
The effects of agriculture on human health is a topic that has been studied within ______ through the analysis of human skeletal remains.
Bioarchaeology
_____ is the study of human biological diversity in time and space.
Biological anthropology
sex, gender
Biological differences in the physical traits between males and females is referred to as ___, while the set of behaviors expected by society is referred to as ____ roles
______ is the first hominin trait to appear in the fossil record.
Bipedalism
A unique feature of Ardipithecus is its _____.
Bipedalism with a divergent big toe
Examples of Multiculturalism
Children of immigrants are bilingual in the language of their parents as well as English. Indian Americans march in the India Day parade each year.
While the media often portrays conflict in Iraq as the result of ancient ethnic tensions, Iraq has a complex history and has been greatly affected by the influence and occupation of other nations. Place the events in Iraq's history in the correct place on the timeline.
British monarchial government established independence granted US military occupation ISIL occupation of key cities
Globalization
Characterized by movement or flow of ... •raw materials, commodities •wealth •people •music and art •information and ideas
Market Exchange affinities with Negative reciprocity
But marketplaces are sites of social interaction→ relationships between buyer and seller.
Sustainability
Can we subsist in the long-term, without destroying our environment?
Biological species concept
Capable of fertile inbreeding Reproductively isolated from other groups
Applies to Adam Smith's Ideas
Capitalism works best when government is not involved. This philosophy inspired the neoliberal economic worldview.
Applies to John Maynard Keynes's Ideas
Capitalism works best when government takes a moderating role. This philosophy has been applied and used to rebuild various decimated economies in the twentieth century.
true
Caste systems are a closed system, in which membership is determined at birth, and marriage is restricted to members of one's own caste
catarrhini
Catarrhini is one of the two subdivisions of the higher primates. It contains the Old World monkeys and the apes.
___________________, born 1809, used ideas from Malthus's essay to develop his theories about the 'struggle for existence'.
Charles Darwin
How do chiefdoms differ from states?
Chiefdoms lack socioeconomic stratification and stratum endogamy.
Black Corona (1998)
Chronicles an African American community's organized resistance of racially discriminating policies.
According to the film, Masai Women, _____ is a ceremony that women undergo around the time of puberty.
Circumcision
Lineages are sometimes grouped into _____ whose members trace their common ancestry back to some mythical ancestor.
Clans
There are 2 types of stratification
Class and caste
functional typology
Classification based on cultural use or function rather than on outward form or chronological position.
Generalized body plan
Clavicle, separate forearm bones for range of motion. Many types of locomotion -arboreal quadrupedalism -terrestrial quadrupedalism -knuckle walking -leaping -brachiation(suspensory) -bipedalism
Early Native Americans used which distinctive fluted spear points to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals?
Clovis points
Angiosperm Radiation Hypothesis
Co-evolution with the diversification of flowering plants •Stereoscopic vision •Visual acuity/color •Fine tactile discriminatio
Main Parts of Culture
Cognition (what we think) Behaviour Artifacts (what we have)
While the Indian caste system has been in existence for 2,000 years, Portuguese and British colonial influence dramatically restructured the system in the fifteenth century. Identify the actions of colonial governments that affected the caste system in India.
Colonial governments created laws that removed certain groups from their ancestral lands. Colonial governments replicated class systems established in England.
Identify possible reasons why it is difficult for people in the United States to acknowledge the continuing existence of racism.
Color blindness is seen as a solution to racism in the United States. People believe that mainstream U.S. society is a meritocracy.
Diurnal Primates
Color vision Dichromatic see less color Trichromatic
The Trickster Figure in myth and folktales
Comical troublemaker who violates the norms = shape-shifter, gender-bender. But essential to creation by stirring things up. Alsoan equalizer = turns the tables, outwits the opposition.
Reciprocity - exchange of goods and services among people of equal status
Commonly associated with egalitarian societies. Foragers, some horticulturalists.
comparative
Compares bio cultural variation between human groups in all places
Multivocality
Competing voices, there can be multiple interpretations of the same action.
Arboreal Hypothesis
Complex, three dimensional environments - variety of foods - arboreal life - stereoscopic vision - prehensile hands -nails - omnivory - dentition
Colonialism accompanied by missionary activity
Convert the "heathens." People consider the stories in the Bible, apply them to their own situation.
What are the three positions that nations occupy in the world system?
Core, periphery, and semiperipher
_____ anthropologist use methods that observe and documents what people actually do to help modify and develop commercial products or to study the organization of businesses.
Corporate
Rather than simply accepting circumstances given to them, societies creatively adapt to the changing world. Match the different ways that societies adapt to political and environmental forces to the location where these adaptations take or took place. - peasant protests
Costa Rica
Macroevolution
speciation Many generations new species
Racism without Racists (2010)
Critiques the current U.S. call for color-blindness and suggests that it perpetuates racial inequality.
Identity Markers
Cultural characteristics of a person, such as ethnicity, socio-economic class, religious belief, age, gender, and interests.
Anthropology advocates _____, the attempt to understand cultural practices on their own terms.
Cultural relativism
objectively viewing a society in the context of its own problems and opportunities
Cultural relativism is
_____ is the field of applied anthropology that documents, preserves, and investigates archeological sites before they are affected by development.
Cultural resources management
false
Culture is biologically inherited
The earliest form of written language, which used a series of wedge-shaped marks to convey text, is called?
Cuneiform
Identify the ways in which immigration can affect a person's or group's ethnicity upon first arriving to a new country.
Current ethnicity can be strengthened. A new ethnicity can be created.
Ethnicity is a social construct that is created by social groups and that must be defined and redefined as time passes and social contexts change. Identify the works that have challenged American origin myths.
Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (1969) A People's History of the United States (2005)
How was Darwin influenced by Thomas Malthus's work on population growth?
Darwin was influenced by Malthus's work on demography and population responses to food availability.
In Del Guercio's reader article:
Davis argued that it was the fear of becoming a zombie, not the fear of zombies themselves, which constituted the "social control" aspect of this religion.
Pastoralism as successful adaptation to dry-land environments.
Destructive only when movement is limited (over-grazing).
Charles Darwin's major contribution to science was that he ____.
Developed the principle of natural selection
Participant Observation
Direct, firsthand experience in natural situations over a long period of time. It is a basic part of fieldwork.
_______ is defined as the human creation of a new form of plant or animal that is identifiably different from its wild ancestors.
Domestication
Since the late 1800s, anthropologists studying politics and power focused on small-scale societies in remote locations around the world. In the twentieth century, another specialization, political anthropology, emerged in response to various events. Identify the characteristics of the beginnings of political anthropology.
Early political anthropologists created a typology to organize different political systems. Early political anthropology developed after World War II.
percussion flaking
Early stone tool production was often achieved through _____, or the striking of a stone with another stone
Which of the following is NOT a place where written language was created independently?
Egypt
Staten Island, New York
Eric Garner was choked to death during his arrest.
Neolocal
Establish a separate residence apart from both families (bilineal).
Cultural rules regarding exogamy seem to be related to the importance of _______.
Establishing relationships outside of one's own kin group
Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States are ethnocentric.
False
The judgement of other cultures based solely on one's own culture is known as ____.
Ethnocentrism
Salvage Ethnography
Ethnography done with a sense of urgency to record cultures, based on the assumption that the cultures are rapidly disappearing.
The interpretation that cows are sacred in Hinduism because of functional, adaptive reasons is an example of the ____ perspective.
Etic
Natural selection favored alleles for light skin in:
Europe
Time-space compression has transformed the immigrant experience of today, creating transnational migrants. Identify the examples of transnational immigrants.
European immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century who exchanged letters, money, and arranged marriages across the Atlantic Long Island Mexican Americans who hold political office in Mexico Fuzhounese workers in the New York City area who maintain ties via hometown associations
The colonial activities of a few countries during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had drastic effects on many nonindustrial regions of the world. Identify who attended the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 and what the effects of the conference were.
European nations attended and divided the African continent into 50 colonies
A racial ideology is a set of ideas about race that justify and normalize discriminatory actions. Identify the situations shaped by racial ideologies.
European settlers' beliefs that they had the right to "civilize" the American West white colonists' beliefs that slavery was natural
Modern Synthesis
Evolution is a two step process 1 the production of redistributing of variation 2 Natural selection acts on this variation
________________ is a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection.
Evolutionary Synthesis
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms Anatomy, genetics, behavior
32
Except Prosimians and New World Monkeys, all human and nonhuman primates have the same number of teeth, which is?
Potlatch
Exchanging wealth for power and prestige.
______ can be defined as the practice of seeking a spouse outside of one's own group.
Exogamy
"Hispanic" is a racial category referring to people who are biologically descended from indigenous Central or South American populations.
False
Development anthropology refers to the branch of anthropology that uses data collected in local settings to formulate theories about the development of culture through time.
False
What term refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups?
Focal vocabulary
Multi-sited Ethnography
Following the movement of people, ideas, interests, etc. through various levels... not confined to a single location.
Homo neandertalensis
For which hominin species is there evidence of deliberate burials in the form of substantial amounts of pollen and grave goods?
According to the studies of cultural anthropologists, ______ is the most efficient subsistence strategy and people who practice it work less than those using other strategies.
Foraging
For most of our existence as a species, humans have made a living though ______.
Foraging
Assimilation
Forced culture change
_____ anthropologists recover human remains from crime scenes, disasters, and massacres.
Forensic
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
Founder of modern geology "principles of geology" (uniformitarianism)
________________, along with James Watson, discovered that deoxyribonucleic acid molecules have a ladderlike, double-helix structure.
Francis Crick
Baltimore, Maryland
Freddie Grey died in police custody.
Gated communities are neighborhoods surrounded by walls, gates, and security guards and require entry codes and key cards for access. Approximately 10 percent of U.S. homes are located within gated communities. Identify the effects that anthropologist Setha Low notes these gated communities have.
Gated communities limit cross-class interaction and cooperation. Gated communities replace suburbs for those who can afford them.
_____ refers to the cultural interpretation of biological differences between males and females.
Gender
The fact that Masai women do not occupy any status independently of men is an example of ______.
Gender hierarchy
Reason Why Racial Stereotypes Have No Biological Basis
Genes that influence physical traits are not linked to any other genes. Genes that influence traits like intelligence and artistic abilities do not respond quickly to environmental pressures.
The work of ___________________ provided the first basic understanding of the history of life; believed Earth's features were developed from regional disasters and cataclysmic events.
Georges Cuvier
Examples of a prophet:
Ghost dance religion, cargo cults, and rastafari.
Diaspora
Globalization complicates the world system model
Disadvantage of cultivation
Greater labor input, time and energy costs: preparation, planting, weeding, and restoring nutrients.
________________ was a monk responsible for discovering that garden peas' traits did not blend; thus, first discovering what would be known as genes.
Gregor Mendel
The distinctive size of _____ has been attributed to the effects of island dwarfism.
H. Floresiensis
_____ is the first hominin to build clearly defined houses and villages.
H. Sapiens
The traits shared by all primates, which were inherited from a common ancestor, are an example of ______.
Homology
Tribe
Horticulture, pastoralism. Basically egalitarian but unilineal descent. Has greater cohesiveness: lineages can be integrated into larger groups.
Chiefdom
Horticulture. Ranked lineages. Greater power held by a single individual (the chief).
Extended families form units of production and consumption
Households
framing process
The creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements.
What is a priority issue to the Malagasy, the people of Madagascar?
Human poverty
Identify the reasons why it is impossible to distinguish clear genetic boundaries between one human population and another.
Human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum. Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,000 years. Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same.
6-8 mya
Humans and Chimpanzees diverged from a common ancestor around ______ (million years ago)
The evolutionary relationship between humans and modern Great Apes is that _____.
Humans and modern apes share a common ancestor.
From our textbook's pop quiz: scientific measurements confirm that global warming isn't caused by increased solar radiation. Rather, the causes are mainly anthropogenic. This means that:
Humans and their activities cause global warming.
true
Humans are sexually dimorphic
false
Humans only mate when females are in estrous
Foraging
Hunting and gathering
Basic subsistence strategies include:
Hunting and gathering (foraging). Horticulture (slash and burn). Agriculture (intensive cultivation). Industrialism. Pastoralism (herding).
uniformitarionism
Hutton and Lyell's concept of _____ suggests that the earth is constantly being shaped and reshaped by natural forces that have operated over a vast stretch of time
The rule or principle that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups in the minority group is called:
Hypodescent
Sun Dagger
In Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, the ____ site is a set of three large stone slabs that allow light to be projected onto spiral petroglyphs during specific times of the year, marking both solstices and equinoxes
true
In a non-disease related catastrophic event, it is not important to allocate labor and resources for he sanitation and disposal/internment of the dead. In other words, leaving the dead unburied will not adversely affect the survivors.
Hieroglyphics
In ancient Egypt, the earliest writing is known as _____, and were typically written on rolls of woven papyrus roots
Class
In theory, open = upward social mobility.
What about bilateral descent?
In this case, "descent" may be misleading as it is more like a network→ a "kindred"
Mesoamerica
In what area of the world did the earliest signs of domestication and settled life appear?
Alfred Russell Wallace
Independently develops natural selection Asks advice from darwin in 1858 Co-authored manuscript
Independence Movements after WW2:
India, Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, etc.
Catarrhini (Old World Monkeys)
Infraorder of haplorhini; Location: Africa, Asia, Europe Body size: Larger on average Arboreal: Most species Prehensile tails: No species Dental Formula: 2-1-2-3 Nostrils: Closely spaced, facing down Sexual Dimorphism: Often pronounced
Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys) -platy = flat -rhini = nose
Infraorder of haplorhini; Location: Central and South America Body Size: Smaller on average Arboreal: All species Prehensile Tails: Some species Dental Formula: 2-1-3-3 Nostrils: Widely spaced, flaring outward Sexual Dimorphism: Relatively little examples: spider monkeys, howler monkeys, capuchins.
Natural selection Three Steps
Inheritance Variability among individuals Environmental pressure (selective pressure)
false
Inorganic remains decompose faster than organic remains
Villages
Intensive cultivation ↓ higher yields ↓ supports more people = larger communities
industrial agriculture
Intensive farming practices involving mechanisms and mass production of foodstuffs.
Cultivation
Intentionally promoting the growth of certain plants for human use.
Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience (1994)
Investigates the experiences of African Americans who face racial discrimination despite their higher social class.
Bride service
Is when the husband compensates the bride's family with his labor. It's found commonly among societies where there is no accumulation of wealth (foragers).
Bride-wealth
Is when the husband's family pays the wife's family money. It legitimizes the marriage, discourages divorce, and compensates the bride's family for loss of her economic and child-bearing potential.
The Al Azhar Fatwa Council in Cairo, Egypt, is one of the oldest centers of Islamic authority. Match the following terms concerning the running of the council to the correct definitions. Sharia
Islamic Law
Which of the following statements about world-system theory is not true?
It deals exclusively with non-Western, horticultural societies.
Which of the following is not true of postmodernism?
It has a clear and functional design or structure.
Why have many Arembepeiros begun to resent their own local Saint Francis festival
It has become an outsider's event, drawing thousands of tourists.
Which of the following is NOT a cross-cultural attribute of marriage discussed in class?
It involves an elaborate, large ritual
Which of the following statements is true of Arembepe, Brazil?
It is an area of multiple research projects conducted by many anthropologists from different countries.
Which of the following statements about British colonialism is not true?
It lacked an intervention philosophy.
All of the following are true about ethnography except:
It privileges ethnographers' observations and conclusions over the local people's views and beliefs.
Which of the following is significant regarding the first human occupation of Australia?
It required the crossing of a major water barrier
The discovery of the Australopithecus fossil known as the Taung Child was important because?
It showed that bipedalism came before an increase in brain size
______________, a minister, used observation and description of plants/animals to lay the groundwork for the concept of 'taxonomy'.
John Ray
Egocentrism
Judgment based on a personal, individual belief.
Identify the author of the Communist Manifesto and its purpose.
Karl Marx and fredirch Engels wrote this to urge workers to unite and change their class position
situational negotiation of identity example
Kevin-Prince Boateng chose to play on the Ghanaian national soccer team.
The _____ mode of production refers to societies in which getting access to the resources needed to survive is based on membership in a kin group.
Kin-ordered
Labor immigrants move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs, and constitute the majority of migrant workers today. Identify some of the effects of the presence of labor immigrants in the United States.
Labor immigrants keep prices down. Labor immigrants enable businesses to remain open.
One of anthropology's contributions to general knowledge, one that challenged the eugenics movement, is that culture is ____.
Learned
Culture
Learned and shared things that people think, do and/or have. Can be ethnic or behavioural, etc.
What term refers to a custom or social action that operates to reduce status differences and bring standouts in line with community norms?
Leveling mechanism
"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" (1989)
Lists and describes various ways whites receive preferential treatment throughout all aspects of life.
Biocultural evolution
Long term interactions between biology and culture. Changes over time
Allopatric Speciation
Long-term Isolation New and different selective forces act on each population
Ethology
Looking at and comparing all or several different groups of people. (Multiple groups compared based on one theme or element).
lorises
Loris is the common name for the strepsirrhine primates of the subfamily Lorinae in the family Lorisidae.
This country has three main racial categories that were first imposed by British colonists.
Malaysia
Anthropologist Bruce Whitehouse studied migration patterns within Africa. He focused on the particular experience of Malian migrants, from a town he calls Togotala, who move to Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of the Congo, where they are able to find work. Identify the reasons he gives for why Malian migrants still maintain a strong connection with their faraway hometown.
Malian migrants are excluded from many aspects of life in Brazzaville. Malian migrants send back remittances to the community.
We know from cultural anthropology that foragers ______.
Manipulate their environment
Agency
Manipulating the structure to one's own advantage; free agent.
false
Market economies are typically associated with both band-level societies and chiefdoms
Exogamy
Marry outside one's group, village, clan
venture capitalists v small business owner
Marx
Oldowan: Homo habilis Acheulean: Homo erectus Mousterian: Homo neandertalensis Harpoons: Homo sapiens
Match the stone tool technology to the hominin species that created it
blood pressure
Measuring ______ allows anthropologists to assess the impact of adaptation on health status, because it is associated with most of the major modern diseases
Micronesia is an archipelago of islands in the South Pacific that is drastically affected by the weather patterns in the region. With regularity, storms destroy their homes and droughts threaten their crops, yet Micronesians continue to adjust to their difficult environment. Identify the ways in which Micronesian culture has adapted to help people survive in their fluctuating climate.
Micronesians place a high importance on reciprocity and duty. Micronesians celebrate and greatly respect warriors.
______ can be defined as the deferential survival and reproduction of organisms because of their biological characteristics.
Natural Selection
Identify the reasons opponents of neoliberal policies give for their rejection of this philosophy.
Neoliberalism promotes uneven development. Neoliberalism fails to avert and alleviate economic crises.
The Royal Bafokeng Nation (RBN) has been highly praised as an example of how ethnicity can be mobilized for economic benefits. Despite corporate success, there are still a number of problems that RBN faces. Identify these issues.
Most of the Bafokeng do not have electricity. The Bafokeng have a high unemployment rate.
______ appeared about 60mya.
Primates
In his ethnography Brokered Homeland (2002), Joshua Hotaka Roth studies the experiences of Brazilian Nikkeijin, who are Japanese or descendants of Japanese citizens who live overseas. Upon returning to Japan, many Brazilian Nikkeijin created their own ethnic niche in Japan. Identify why this new cultural development occurred.
Nikkeijin were treated like outsiders by the Japanese residences
Charleston, South Carolina
Nine people were killed in an African Methodist Episcopal Church.
Woman-to-woman and ghost marriages among the Nuer are ______.
None of the above
_____ is the sub-discipline that focuses on the study of human speech and language.
None of the above
Ethnic conflict:
Often attributed to "ancient tribal hatreds" but largely a product of colonialism. Diverse peoples lumped together and left to sort things out.
______ is a well-preserved site in northern Israel submerged beneath the Sea of Galilee that contained the remains of several brush huts that were used by a small group of mobile foragers.
Ohalo
_____ are the first evidence we see of culture in the archaeological record.
Oldowan tools
Anthropologist Jason De León uses a four-field anthropological approach when studying the experiences of Mexican migrants attempting to cross the U.S. border. Identify the reasons he gives for his use of the four-field approach.
One approach does not tell the whole story. Different scenarios call for different skills and tools.
true
One of the reproductive cycles of the Great Apes discussed in the Primates lecture, female Gorillas have the smallest window to be receptive to sex
Hylobatidae
One of the three families of the superfamily Hominoidea; Hylobatidae includes gibbons and siamangs, otherwise known as lesser apes.
Pongidae
One of the three families of the superfamily Hominoidea; some use Pongidae to refer to the three genera of Pongo, Gorilla, and Pan (including humans) while others use it only for Pongo.
Monogamy
One person married to one other person
Polygamy
One person marries to 2 or more other people.
Bonobos
Only adult humans and ____ are continually sexually receptive
Post orbital bar
Open eye socket
Adaptation
Organisms fit their environment Adaptive Radiation
ardipithecus
Originally described as one of the earliest ancestors of humans after they diverged from the main ape lineage, the relation of this genus to human ancestors and whether it is a hominin is now a matter of debate.
Power dynamics and expressions of power are central to discussions pertaining to the intersection of humans, culture, and politics. Identify the statements that accurately describe power.
Power is embedded in all human relationships. Power is the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence.
10 traits that characterize mammals
Prehensile lips, secondary palate, developed brain, specialized brain, slower life development, Endothermic, prehensile hands and feet. Flattened nails, forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision, binocular vision, single offspring, longer juvenile period,
Strepsirhini
Primate taxa including lemurs and lorises. They have a greater reliance on olfaction, smaller brain size, larger snouts, and a rhinarium. Mostly nocturnal and have limited colour vision and prehensibility. Some found in tropical Asia and mainland Africa, but most on Madagascar (40 species).
Cultivation emerged independently in different parts of the world.
Probably began with some kind of vegetative propagation.
ethnic cleansing
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
Theory
Products of hypothesis tested multiple times with positive results
Ancestor Veneration
Promotes solidarity and continuity of the lineage or household.
Anthropocene
Proposed geological era of geological change brought about by human development; not agreed upon by experts (existence or beginning).
General appeal to "peripheral" peoples
Rastafari as 3rd World response to imperialism, reggae as its voice. Globalization is a multi-directional flow of information and ideas.
A project discussed in the chapter 1 lecture (and briefly in our textbook) that illustrates some of the weaknesses of relying solely on survey questionnaires was
Rathje's garbage project
Distribution (Modes of exchange):
Reciprocity •generalized •balanced •negative Redistribution Market exchange
All three may coexist, though one will predominate.
Reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
What is salvage ethnography?
Recording cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization
Which of the following statements about religions is not true?
Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain social divisions.
Hunter-Gatherers
Rely heavily on wild/game animals, natural stands of vegetation. Conventional view:no attempt to control the reproduction of plants and animals.
Rituals convey a sense of...
Reverence and respect, appreciation, mutual dependence and reciprocity.
What frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage?
Reversals of ordinary behavior
Numerous societies around the world turned to _____ as ways to deal with the massive outside encroachment brought about by colonialism.
Revitalization movements
Ritual vs Habit
Rituals are symbolic enactments, ways of expressing a desired outcome and conditioning the self within social context. Attaching meaning to activity makes the message more intense, rememorable. Habits is a regular tendency or practice that is hard to break. It is not attached to a meaning
Without the work of x-ray crystallographer _______, DNA might not have been discovered for some time longer than it was.
Rosalind Franklin
In the Fertile Crescent during the early Natufian period, the people living in villages like Ain Mallaha were ______.
Sedentary foragers
Catastrophism
Sequential catastrophes are responsible for geologic changes, not evolutionary process egyptian mummies proof that mankind could not have evolved
______ refers to cultural rules that determine the different tasks performed by men and women in a society.
Sexual division of labor
Heterogeneous
Sharing few identity markers.
false
Signs of inequality first appeared in Mesoamerica around 2,000 years ago
Analogy
Similarities but no shared ancestry
Create an artificial plant community.
Simplified - focused primarily on 1-2 crops instead of a varied yield.
The current evidence supports the ______ hyopthesis for the appearance of anatomically modern humans.
Single Origin
Anthropologist Catherine Besteman's ethnography Making Refuge (2016) tells the story of the international journey of Somali Bantu immigrants. During and after the Somalian civil war, many refugees fled to the small town of Lewiston, Maine, whose population of 35,000 people was mainly white. Identify the influences of the Somali immigrants on the town of Lewiston.
Somali businesses and organizations revitalized the downtown. Lewiston locals and Somalian refugees began to work together in creative ways.
where? anti-apartheid movement
South Africa
false
Speaking is the only way of communication
Stratification
Specialization, private ownership, inheritance. Social status, opportunities largely determined at birth.
Diasporic
Spread to different parts of the world, especially used in reference to ethnic or cultural group.
Yanomamo
Studied by Napoleon Chagnon, they are farmers who live in small villages along the border between Brazil and Venezuela. Warfare and feats of male strength play an important role. Conflicts within the village causes groups to split off and for new settlements. Most instances of warfare occur between villages that were originally part of the sam settlement.
Archaeology is distinct from the other sub-disciplines of anthropology because it ____.
Studies human culture through material remains
Anthropology
Study of humans, genus Homo, or family Homininae.
Primatology
Study of non-human primates within a framework of anthropology (subfield of biological anthropology)
Anthropology
Study of the origins and development of people and their societies
Informants
Study subjects of an anthropologist; also referred to variously as collaborators, field subjects, or associates.
Ethnography
Studying, with great detail, with a focus on one specific group of people.
Taxonomic Order
Subdivision of a taxonomic class in the biological classification system; primates are an order of the class Mammalia.
In agriculture, reciprocity can exist:
Such as the first fruit offering, or an expression of gratitude such as Thanksgiving.
Which of the following is false about changes arising from contact between local cultures and more powerful outsiders?
Such changes typically occur on just one side of the contact.
cuneiform
Sumerian writing or _____ was formed by pressing a wedge-shaped stylus against a damp clay tablet
Advantage of cultivation
Support more people per unit of land
holistic
Systematic study of the whole human condition
Example of the trickster figure:
The "Holy Fool" speaks truth to power, challenges abusive authority. Or in places like festivals, carnivals, or mardi gras ordinary restraints are temporarily abandoned. (Brief opportunity for free expression)
true
The "Twin Peaks of Morality" described in the Culture lecture to two things all cultures must regulate in order to survive: sex and violence
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
The (incorrect) idea that characteristics acquired during one's lifetime could be passed on to offspring.
two-spirit
The Cheyenne, Native Americans of the Great Plains, recognize 3 distinct genders, male, female, and a third gender, referred to as
This country has many racial categories with two main nationalities, one of which experiences the majority of discriminatory practices
The Dominican Republic
true
The Ghost Dance of Native Americans in the late 19th century was a type of revitalization movement- a new religious movement created with the intent to save a culture by infusing it with a new purpose and life
Australopithecus afarensis
The Laetoli footprints, discovered by the Leakeys in Tanzania, are believed to have been created by which bipedal hominin?
The Maasai are a seminomadic, pastoral group that lives in Tanzania. Place the events that occurred as a result of the interaction between the Maasai and the state (both colonial and postcolonial governments) in chronological order.
The Massai lived in peace on the open rangelands of Tanzania. Various governments ignored Massai and sold their land, considering it "unoccupied." The Massai created indigenous NGOs to assert their political rights International aid flooded to Tanzania, creating tensions outside and within the community. The Massai refocused their NGOs on issues of livelihood.
mouseterian
The Middle Paleolithic age is marked by which stone tool assemblage?
unification of upper and lower Egypt
The Narmer palate of ancient Egypt depicts what historic event?
cercopithecoidea
The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a family of primates, the only family in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the clade of Catarrhini.
Clovis
The Paleo-Indian culture in North America, named for their spear points frequently found at mammoth kill sites, is referred to as the _____ culture
false
The Pentadactyl limb, the 'ancestral' terrestrial vertebrates limb plan, subsequently adapted by modification for different uses/habitats is an example of a vestigial structure
Racism manifests itself in society in various ways. Identify the following as examples of individual or institutional racism. INSTITUTIONAL
The Plessy v. Ferguson court case ruled that segregation was legal. New York City public schools with mainly minority students receive less funding than suburban public schools with mainly white students
Which of the following statements concerning the Basseri and the Qashqai is true?
The Qashqai authority structure was more complex and hierarchical than that of the Basseri.
ethnic boundary marker example
The South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA) was not allowed to march in New York's India Day Parade.
Which of the following statements does not characterize the modern world system?
The U.S. lags behind India and China in total energy consumption.
Identify the components of the U.S. cultural narrative that affect how many Americans view class and inequality.
The United States is a classless society. The United States is a meritocracy, meaning that life circumstances can be improved through hard work.
secondary
The boc mo is an example of a(n) _____ burial- a body interred in the ground then later removed and relocated to another location or cremated
Cultural Anthropology
The branch of anthropology focusing on contemporary cultures.
Biological Anthropology
The branch of anthropology focusing on human biology, including evolution and contemporary variability.
Linguistics (Linguistic Anthropology)
The branch of anthropology focusing on human languages.
true
The calendar system we use today is called the Gregorian calendar
Evolution
The change in frequency in a gene or trait in a population.
Natural selection
The change in frequency of certain traits in populations over time due to reproductive success
typological method
The classification of artifacts into types to compare artifacts or features across time and space, or to determine relative dates for sites.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)
The collective and cumulative knowledge that a group of people has gained over many generations living in their particular ecosystem.
In her extensive ethnographic research in war-stricken Mozambique, anthropologist Carolyn Nordstrom noted community responses to the difficult situations created by years of war. Identify the local responses to war she observed in Mozambique.
The community found new ways to continue with their everyday lives. Community and political leaders left and became refugees in other countries.
Genome
The complete genetics make-up of an organism
code-switching
The concurrent use of more than one language in the course of conversation (your cooking is excelente! [Spanish for excellent]) is an example of
Symbols represent a referant
The connection is unique to each culture, culture-specific and arbitrary
While poverty is an issue affecting a large amount of the U.S. population, many people are not aware of the extent and severity of class stratification. Identify the reasons why class stratification and poverty are largely invisible in the United States.
The consumer culture in the United States masks people's real economic circumstances. The media showcases a narrative of a meritocracy and egalitarian society.
militarization
The contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence.
false
The correct order of the 3 Age System from earliest to most recent is Stone, Iron, Bronze
Educational Anthropology
The cross-cultural study of the learning process, with an emphasis on policy and administration
adoptive
The customs of a society that enhance survival and reproductive success are ____ and are likely to persist
2, 1, 2, 3 2, 1, 2, 3
The dental formula for Homo sapiens is
Ontogeny
The development of an individual from conception to maturity.
A four-field approach to anthropology developed in the U.S. during the 1800s as a result of ____.
The documentation of the Native American cultures that were being destroyed
Colonialism
The domination and subjugation of Indigenous peoples by Europeans and their descendants.
hieratic
The earliest form of ____ writing in ancient Egypt is found on the Edwin Smith Papyrus, the oldest patient (something illegible) which describes the diagnosis and treatment of the ill
false
The existence of our earliest hominin ancestor briefly overlapped the age of the dinosaurs
10,000
The first evidence of food production occurred in the Near East about ____ years ago
Homo habilis
The first homin species to be found in association with stone tools is?
Similar to foragers, pastoralists are mobile
The primary reason is to access pastures, and also evade control by centralized authorities to maintain autonomy (self-governance).
Uniformitarianism
The idea that the processes that created landscapes of the past are the same processes in operation today.
Dental Formula
The kind and number of teeth, usually described for one quarter of the mouth.
Among foragers:
The lack of clear domestic-public dichotomy is related to relatively weak gender stratification.
Large numbers of migrants move to the United States in search of better opportunities and a higher quality of life. Identify the statements that apply to immigration in the United States.
The largest foreign-born population in the United States is from Mexico. The United States has the highest number of immigrants out of any country in the world.
polyandry
The marriage of a woman to more than one man at a time is known as ____
Gene Flow
The movement of genes between populations
Historical Particularism
The notion that each culture is a product of its own unique history, and that there are several ways of successfully adapting.
globalization
The ongoing spread of goods, people, information, and capital around the world is referred to as _____
artifact typology
The placement of materials in a geographic, temporal, etc. context with other similar artifacts; the study of artifact classes with common characteristics; classification according to artifact type.
Entomophagy
The practice of eating insects for food.
Anthropology can be simply defined as ____.
The study of humans and their ancestors
Archaeology
The study of humans through the remains of the human past and, in most cases, the description of the human past based on the material remains.
Archaeobotany
The study of the prehistoric use of plants is referred to as?
Primatology
The study of the taxonomic order of primates, focusing on biology, evolution, behavior, and social life
The Single Origin Multiregional models are hypotheses that attempt to explain.
The transition from archaic H. Sapiens to anatomically modern H. Sapiens
Biocultural Perspective
The understanding of how biology and culture interact to influence the human condition
Personality
The unique way an individuals thinks, feels, and acts.
Cultural Appropriation
The use of an element of a minority or oppressed culture by a dominant culture, in an inappropriate context, such as the way in which Euro-Americans use elements of Native American culture for fashion, logos, and mascots.
false
Theories can be proven
Immigration debates and the media in the United States often paint a certain picture of what most immigrants are like. Identify which of the following statements apply to most U.S. immigrants.
They come from a wide variety of class backgrounds. They have skills, education, and financial resources above their country's average.
Animals are important because:
They convert grass into usable products and are a means of storing food/wealth.
In the 1980s, the Chinese government created special export processing zones on the coast to attract foreign investors and boost industrial production. Identify the effects of these zones.
They made the plight of internal migrants worse due to poor conditions. Large numbers of labor migrants moved from rural China to cities.
Why would a business or other complex organization hire an anthropologist?
To gain access to the unique, ethnographic perspective on organizational problems.
Which of the following points about anthropology and careers is false?
To gain employment in academic, applied, or museum anthropology, students of anthropology rarely need an advanced degree.
sounds, meanings
To put it in its simplest terms, phonology is the study of ____ whereas morphology is the study of _____
Which of the following is NOT a reason why the first written languages developed in different places around the world?
To record literature and poetry
What term is used to refer to a nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan?
Totem
Is Globalization just another manifestation of the Faustian bargain (selling your soul)?
Trade long-term interests for short-term gains.
life history
Traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival.
Redistribution
Transfer of goods and services through a central authority (individual or group).
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Transformism - inheritance of acquired traits through the lifetime First systematic explanation of evolution Early ideas about adaptation
Anthropological interest in Language
Two perspectives: Language merely reflects existing relationships and conditions. Language actively structures thought and perception. Sapir Whorf Hypothesis: Language determines how people think
Anthropologist David Vine studies the effects of U.S. militarization on the U.S. population as well as the effectiveness of military bases abroad. Identify the statements that describe the effectiveness of U.S. military bases.
U.S. military bases and military actions are ineffective ways of solving international problems.
Stratification and inequality became more pronounced in industrialized capitalist societies in recent centuries, and this uneven development is accelerating under the forces of globalization. Identify the country with the most extreme inequality.
USA
In Homefront: A Military City and the American Twentieth Century, anthropologist Catherine Lutz describes how militarization includes not only the production of military objects, but also the glorification of war and those who make war. Identify some of the dangers of unchecked militarization noted by Lutz.
Unchecked militarization can create a hegemonic way of thinking. Unchecked militarization can shape cultural institutions to its own ends. Unchecked militarization dehumanizes the act of killing.
_____ refers to reckoning descent by links only through mothers or fathers.
Unilineal
Descent - 2 basic forms
Unilineal and Bilateral
In terms of energy consumption, what nation consumes the most nonrenewable resources today?
United States
ritual and divination
Unlike ancient Egyptian writing, which developed as a form of political propaganda, ancient Chinese writing initially developed for use in ______
Which of the following statements about ethnicity is not true?
Unlike race, ethnicity derives from biological differences among human groups.
Transhumance
Upland (mountain) during the summer and lowland (valley) during the winter.
Which of the following statements about Black English Vernacular (BEV) is true?
Upwardly mobile BEV-speaking students typically consider Standard ENglish to be society's prestige dialect and learn it.
The key factor that distinguishes agriculturists from horticulturalists is that agriculturalists:
Use land intensively and continuously.
______ are items in early human societies that may have been used by women in rituals.
Venus Figurines
true
Vertical excavations are the primary method for examining a site's chronology
hunting, use of fire, clothing, and campsites
What are the hallmarks of Homo erectus?
The media play an influential role in public opinion and knowledge about warfare and its necessity in the modern world. Identify which of the following are ideas about war perpetuated by the media.
War is mainly due to conflict between local groups. Soldiers are actors of war and heroic protectors of the state. Warfare is an unavoidable method to solving conflict.
According to the film Cracking the Maya Code, the ability to read ancient Maya writing has taught archaeologists that ____ was more important in Maya society than once thought.
Warfare
The United States generates the most waste of any country worldwide, yet most Americans do not know what happens to their trash after they throw it away. In order to understand the social life of waste, anthropologist Josh Reno worked for nine months in a landfill outside of Detroit, Michigan. Identify the true statements about waste removal in the United States.
Waste disposal availability occurs along class lines. Waste disposal processes are more detrimental to low-income, rural, and minority communities.
How genetically diverse are modern humans?
We are one of the least diverse species on the planet
What can be learned from studying a population through time?
We can learn that diets, and therefore human biology, change through time.
The Industrial Revolution refers to the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century shift from agriculture and artisanal skill craft to machine-based manufacturing. Place the events that took place before, during, and after the Industrial Revolution in chronological order.
Western countries profited from triangle trade The steam engine and other new forms of power generation were invented. Railroads and ships transported workers and goods from rural to urban areas. Industrial expansion caused intense competition for raw materials.
fishing
What activity provides hunters and gatherers with the most calories?
biological; archaeology; linguistics; cultural
What are the four main subfields of anthropology?
human origins and human variation
What are the two primary research topics within physical anthropology?
necklaces and armbands
What are two items used in the Kula Ring of the Tvoloirand Islanders?
agriculture
What development MUST be achieved in order for a society to produce a state level society?
state
What type of political unit has a centralized decision making process with power to govern by force (e.g. collect taxes, draft people for war and work, and make and enforce laws)
Natural Habitat Hypothesis
Which theory of complexity argues that civilization progresses when inhabitants are restricted by environmental barriers and/or other societies?
Acheulean
What is the name of the stone tool technology created by early hominins during the lower Paleolithic that was the first bifacial and high standardized tool in early human history? (Hint: Swiss Army knife of the Paleolithic)
cultural anthropology
What is the subfield of anthropology in which researchers study the customs and behavior of contemporary or recent societies?
agriculture
What is the worst mistake made by the human race according to Jared Diamond?
Neolithic
What period of time is characterized by the presence of domesticated plants and animals as well as the widespread use of potter and ground stone tools?
Homo floresiensis
What possible hominin species was recently identified on an Indonesia Island where adults were approximately 3 feet tall?
Africa
What region has yielded the earliest hominin fossils?
bipedalism
What was the crucial and defining change in early hominin evolution that occurred before any other of these changes?
acculturation
When a group or society is in contact with a more powerful society, the weaker group is often obliged to acquire cultural elements from the dominant group. What is this process of borrowing between a dominant and subordinate culture called?
decrease in the type and size of material possessions
Which answer below is NOT one of the consequences of increasing sociopolitical complexity?
race cannot be biologically defined
Which of the following is a biological marker of race?
all of the above
Which of the following is a common myth about evolution?
Single Origin Model
Which of the following is the best supported theory for the origin and spread of modern humans that emphasizes the movement of humans out of Africa as opposed to evolving independent in other locations?
foraging
Which of these subsistence strategies practices are associated with most egalitarian societies?
postpartum sex
Which of these theories is not an explanation for a universal taboo on family incest?
Congo River Valley
Which one of these was not a location of the six earliest state-level societies?
adaptations
Which term refers to genetic changes which give their carriers a better chance to survive and reproduce than individuals without the genetic change who live in the same environment?
both A and B
Which type of subsistence strategies is most susceptible to food shortages?
false
While all hominids have the same types of teeth, not all hominid species have the same dental formula
projectile points
While excavating you immediately uncover a US quarter (near the grass), followed by some ceramics in the subsequent layer, a gunflint in the layer below the ceramics, and finally some projectile points at the base of the unit. Since the site has not been disturbed, the oldest artifact(s) should be the
The first example of the term white can be traced to a public document written in Virginia in 1691. Identify the major ways in which white privilege was subsequently invented and reinforced in Virginia in the 1700s.
Whites were given more legal privileges. Whites were counted as whole people in censuses.
Otzi
Who is Europe's oldest naturally preserved mummy? (Hint: Bronze age male found on the Austrian/Italian border)
They live in a symbolically and socially less complex world than we do
Why don't zebras get ulcers?
Mass Exctinction
Widespread and rapid extinction, usually restricted to situations in which at least half of all living species become extinct.
The English surveyor who developed the technique of stratigraphic correlation between regions was:
William Smith.
The Azande explain all misfortune as being the result of _____, which is an example of how religion can be used to alleviate anxiety.
Witchcraft
The global tuna trade is a huge money-making venture, due to the Japanese people's desire for sushi and sashimi. Trace the lengthening tuna commodity chain to understand the interconnectedness of worldwide trade and commerce.
Years of overfishing send fish populations off Japan's coast into decline. Japanese traders start buying fish caught in the North Atlantic. Tuna caught in the North Atlantic is sold at the Tsukiji Fish Market in Tokyo. North Atlantic fish is made into sushi for consumption in Japanese restaurants.
theory, evidence
___ is a set of propositions that are logically connected and provide an explanation for some phenomenon, whereas ____ are the observations of the world that support or oppose the explanation for a specific phenomenon
Anthropologist Karen Ho went to work at a Wall Street investment bank to learn about the inner workings of the industry. She analyzes her experience in Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (2008). Identify what she observed as an emerging feature of corporate culture in the twenty-first century.
a disconnect between what is best for the company and what is best for the employees
But as industrialization proceeds, the gap widens
and the source of our subsistence is obscured and forgotten.
trace fossils
animal tracks footprints
Anthropology has generally neglected the topic of sexuality primarily because
anthropologists themselves often come from cultures which do not encourage the open discussion of such matters.
general anthropology
anthropology as a whole: cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology
An anthropologist has been hired to research a specific group of people in the Caribbean who have a high infant mortality rate and to suggest strategies to decrease infant mortality. This anthropologist most likely is engaged in.
applied anthropology
Ethics in anthropology
applies both to working with informants and with colleagues
Business Anthropology
applying anthropological theories and practices to the needs of private sector organizations, especially industrial firms
Primates are characterized by:
arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.
Politics
are how people organize themselves and regulate their activities:• -How are decisions made? -How are conflicts resolved? -How are leaders chosen?\ -What does leadership entail?
Among the Hopi, as indicated in "Ties that Bind," clan heads and chiefs of religious societies:
are typically worse off materially than the average member of the clan
Hidden transcript
are what people really think and feel, but are reluctant to express openly. Glimpses revealed under certain circumstances: -disguise the messenger -disguise the message
Place the events that led to the extreme stratification of today's industrial capitalist societies in chronological order.
ariguculture developed elite merchants and land owners accumulated wealth industrialized capaitalist economies developed globalization accelerated inequality worldwide
The Kashmir Valley, located along the disputed border between Pakistan and India, is the most densely militarized zone in the world. The local Kashmiris regularly resist Indian rule in a variety of ways. Identify the ways in which the local Kashmiris resist Indian rule.
artistic expressions demonstrations legal appeals to the state
Pastoralist are nomadic
as pastures are available at different times and place so they have to move their animals. It's usually a patterned, seasonal movement.
The Cargo Cults succeeded
as they created an organizational structure to win independence, achieve nationhood.
social capital
assets and skills such as language, education, and social networks that can be mobilized in lieu of or as complementary to financial capital
Division of Labor
assigning different tasks to different members of society
The melting pot is a common metaphor used in the United States when discussing immigration. What does the melting pot metaphor imply?
assimilation
Why study hunter gatherers?
characterized most of the human experience. increasingly rare, but still exist•insights into our own attitudes and behaviors. baseline for studying complex, stratified societies. potentially useful examples for interacting with "nature"
Identify the force that anthropologists of finance suggest is behind the global expansion of capitalism in the twenty-first century.
circulation of capital
If two alleles influencing the expressed phenotype for a trait are equally expressed, this is an example of:
codominance.
While there are nearly 200 nation-states today, less than one-third of these existed as such forty years ago. Identify key events of the last century that led to the establishment of many of today's nation-states.
collapse of Soviet Union WWII
Describes Ethno-corporations
companies use marketing tactics
Potlatch
competitive feasting practiced among Northwest Coast Native Americans
describe TUTSi
comprised 15 percent of the population consisted of cattle owners
describes HUTU
comprised 85 percent of the population consisted of farmers
Market
considered the most purely "economic" mode of exchange (in terms of social relations). → impersonal or "disembedded"
Nucleus
core, center
White supremacy refers to the belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races. Identify which of the following practices have been enforced legally in the United States.
counting slaves as fractions of people segregation denial of interracial marriage
Low-income and minority communities are often subject to racial discrimination at the hands of local government policies and actions. However, in recent years, communities are fighting back and winning battles to protect and improve their neighborhoods. Identify the ways in which communities can be politically active for their own benefit.
create community associations organize protests engage with public planning process
When a woman brings wealth to a new family, it is called
dowry
how does a nation state rely on imagined identities?
drawing boundaries between spatially defined insiders and outsiders
By the 1960s, anthropologists began to question the motives and effectiveness of traditional Western development strategies. Identify alternative strategies that anthropologists are using to alleviate global poverty.
drawing on community and indigenous knowledge deepening local involvement in economic and policy decisions establishing fair trade markets
ethnic cleansing
efforts by reps of one ethnic or religious groups to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area.
Kindred
ego oriented - Comprised of all the people related to a particular individual.
Power can be
either coercive or persuasive
potlatch
elaborate redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kwakitul of the Pacific Northwest
Although they still represent a small percentage of immigrants worldwide, scholars have become interested in a new type of immigrant termed the cosmonaut. Identify what cosmonaut means in this context.
elite professional immigrants who relocate for extended periods of time or travel between countries on a weekly basis
ethnicity in lecture
emphasis on shared culture generally self-ascribed
Assimilation (cultural imperialism)
erase the markers of ethnic identity: -language -religion -clothing -food -livelihood (subsistence)
a practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is not
ethnic boundary marker
Systems of power, including the state, usually have dominant hegemonic power and control over the population.
false
The country of Iraq has an ancient history as a nation and was formed by a local independence movement.
false
distal plane
farther down the limb (wrist is distal to elbow)
Bronislaw Malinowski
father of fieldwork
female transfer system
females move away from the group in which they were born.
Forensic anthropologists:
focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals.
Carrying capacity refers to the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region. Identify whether the following adaptive strategies have low or high carrying capacities. LOW
food foraging horticulture
Everyday forms of resistance
foot dragging, pilfering, poaching, false compliance, feigned ignorance, gossip, slander, sabotage, etc.
Which subsistence strategy has characterized most of human existence?
foraging
What are the 4 kinds of subsistence strategies that anthropologists recognize
foraging pastoralism horticulture agriculture
How do different societies make a living and feed themselves?
foraging (hunters & gathers) pastoralism (domesticated animals) horticulture ( planting using simple tools) agriculture ( permanent cultivation)
Connections between subsistence and population size?
foraging, horticulture, and pastoralism limit population growth
When a dominant group compels a minority group to adopt the dominant culture, this is known as
forced assimilation.
refugees facts
forced to move beyond national borders 19.5 million people world wide
both refugees and internally displaced persons
forced to move due to persecution, armed conflict, or disasters
global cities
former industrial centers that have reinvented themselves as command centers for global production
Nicholas Steno
fossils are the remains of past life snapshot of different moments (fossils, law of superposition)
Richard Pratt
founder of the Carlisle Indian School
The success of the Occupy Wall Street movement depended on various key factors regarding how the movement was framed. Identify the ways in which the Occupy Wall Street movement was framed that contributed to its success.
framing of the movement with the slogan "We are the 99%" framing of the movement as simultaneously virtual and physical
Nonstandard English Vernaculars are
fully efficient languages with their own grammar.
Somatic cells include all of the following EXCEPT:
gametes.
Intersectionality studies the intersection of various factors that shape an individual's access to opportunities as well as societal patterns of stratification. Identify the major factors that are part of intersectionality.
gender, race, class
Anthropologists consider migration to be a _____ that affects men and women in distinct ways. As increased numbers of _____ migrate for work, they expand their social networks and economic opportunities and are able to provide for their families possibly for the first time. On the other hand, immigrant ____ may lose status in domestic and public spheres as a result of migration.
gendered process women men
Subsistence strategy
how people fulfill their material requirements, especially for food.
Which is a major contributor to the success of our species?
human adaptability
food foragers
humans who subsist by hunting, fishing, and gathering plants to eat.
Band
hunting/gathering - the foraging band. Egalitarian and bilateral kinship.
In the country of Schizophrenia, there are two races, Yellow and Blue. The Yellows are a minority group, whose members are predominantly poorer than Blues. When a Yellow and a Blue mate and produce a child, the child is green, but everyone calls it Yellow. This is an example of:
hypodescent
How are inequalities maintained?
ideology various forms of "capital"• -social -cultural/symbolic
In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are characterized by all of the following except
inheritance of land and prestige through female lines.
When Richard Lee bought an ox to serve as a present, the Ju/'hoansi treated him like a successful hunter by:
insulting both him and the ox to prevent him from becoming too proud or bragging.
Cross-cultural studies indicate that
in most societies women tend to be the primary child caregivers.
Generalize-balanced-negative
in order from least to most show the increasing social distance.
From an anthropological perspective, one might argue that there is a universal division of labor based on sex (found in hunter-gatherers through intensive agriculturalists) because
in terms of reproduction, men are arguably more expendable than women for maintaining the entire group's growth rate.
what people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties the median of which is $53,000
income
Wealth is the total value of what a person owns, minus any debt they have. In the United States, the wealth gap has reached new heights and is still increasing. Identify the causes for the widening wealth gap in the United States.
increase in debt collapse of the housing market shifts in the U.S. tax code
Physical anthropologist Frans de Waal studies living primate groups including macaques, chimpanzees, and bonobos in order to better inform our understanding of human instinctual behavior. Identify the behaviors that de Waal observed in these primates after conflicts occurred.
increased attraction reconciliation
Early evidence of the use of agriculture comes from the Fertile Crescent, but also from Pakistan's Indus River Valley, China's Yellow River Valley, Mexico, the American southwest, and the Andes region of South America. Identify the effects of agriculture on human society.
increased trade increased population NOT MOBILE OR EGALITARIAN
US Census- Race
increasing number of racial identities one can be 14 in 2010
racism
individual's thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and oppouruntities based on imagined differences among groups.
"Serial monogamy" means that
individuals may have multiple spouses, but may only be married to 1 other individual at any given time
Mechanized food production
industrialism
core countries
industrialized former colonial states that dominante the world system
The discovery of Kenyanthropus platyops was important mainly because:
it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.
According to the article "The Berdache Tradition" by Walter Williams, American Indians believed that when a person becomes a berdache:
it was due to a supernatural force, and hence the person deserves respect.
These are an important structural principle
kindred → ego oriented lineage →ancestor oriented
patella
knee cap
Guest worker programs give a certain type of immigrant temporary work privileges but bars them from settling long-term in a country. Identify the type of immigrant that enters host countries via guest worker programs.
labor immigrants
persons who move in search of a low-skill and low-wage job
labor immigrants
majority of immigrants are...
labor immigrants (in modern day)
guest worker programs
labor immigrants come to the place of migration (USA DOES NOT HAVE THIS PROGRAM RN)G to work but must have a period of time, return home. -their existence as a government program is exploitive -invite people to come to a country to work (at low wages) but deny them the rights as citizens (even though they pay taxes)
Anthropologist Gillian Tett studied the financial services industry in the years before the 2008 crash. Identify the reasons she gives for the collapse of the financial services industry.
lack of attention to culture and to the human effects of financial decisions insular thinking
femur
largest bone in body, thigh
Among all primates, humans have the:
largest brain relative to body size.
Archaeological evidence has shown that evolutionary success relied upon a few key factors. Identify these factors.
sharing of food and responsibilities cooperation
Most nation-states are recent constructions, rather than societies with deep, unified histories. For example, before the 1800s the area now known as France was comprised of many different groups that spoke different languages and followed different religions. Today, we see France as a unified nation-state. Identify the programs that led to a French nation.
lingua franca national education system extensive transportation network
Genetic analysis of haplotypes and variants among living and precontact Native Americans indicates that Native Americans:
living today appear to be as diverse genetically as their ancient ancestors thousands of years ago.
Distribution, in reference to food, means the:
location of food across the landscape.
fibula
long slender bone in lower leg
Millenarian movements
look toward a complete transformation of the present world order, often in the form of a catastrophic event. (Cataclysm, Apocalypse)
Characteristics of Historic States
loose administration porous borders
philanthropy
love of mankind
In the Dominican Republic, the government as well as many Dominicans enforce and express anti-Haitian and anti-black sentiments. However, there are certain groups that identify more closely with black Haitians. Identify this group of Dominicans and a way in which they do so.
low-income Dominicans, by playing bachata music
In the 1990s, anthropologist Leith Mullings conducted the Harlem Birth Right Project study on how race, class, and gender intersected to affect women's health and infant mortality in Harlem, New York City. Identify the factors that contributed to the decline of women's health and the elevation of infant mortality in this community.
low-quality housing location of six bus depots and a sewage treatment plant in Harlem decrease in jobs in the middle-wage sector
The evolution of the modern horse with a single hoof on each limb from a dog-sized ancestral species with multiple digits is an example of:
macroevolution.
sternum
manubrium, body, and xiphiod process
When they first immigrated to the United States in the nineteenth century, Irish, Italian, and eastern European immigrants were seen as inferior and not "white". Today, these European groups are seen as white. Identify the possible ways that some people could move into a "higher" racial category.
marrying someone of a "higher" race moving upward in social class
proletariat
marxist term for the class of laborers who own only their labor
For the people of Kiribati, Beck and Blair suggest in their article "Inundation" that "the only option would one day be":
mass migration out of the country
The adaptive radiation of the australopithecines after their split from the lineage that led to early Homo seems to have focused on:
mastication.
prestige and life chances
max weber
Rudimentary political organization
means that the defend their territory and mobilize a workforce.
Fossil evidence of cutmarks made with stone tools at early hominid sites suggests that:
meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.
Why hunt at all?
meat → major source of protein•fur, hides, bone, other materials•social aspects → meat feasts•ritual/symbolic importance•reconnaissance → locate other resources.
Myth and Cultural History
myth conveys fundamental values in symbolic form, it is used to reinforce cultural values. An origin myth is "culture history." It is an account of creation and an origin of "our" people. It also touches on how we acquired our attributes and how we came to occupy our territory.
Terrestrial Quadrupedalism
narrow thorax forelimbs and hindlimbs same length restricted hip and shoulder joint short digits terrestrial quadrupeds -reduced tail
a term once used to describe a group of people who shared a place of origin
nation
a political entity with enforced borders where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people
nation state
Identify the ways that the Belgian colonial government justified and enforced their preferential treatment of Tutsi over Hutu in Rwanda.
national identity cards eugenics studies appointments to colonial government
Hegemony refers to the ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use of threat or force. Identify the ways in which hegemony is created and reinforced.
nationalism militarization
semiperiphery countries
nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy
targeted with state-sponsored genocide and removed from their lands
native Americans
Native Australians relate to the movie Rambo because
native Australians see tribal ties and kin links between Rambo and the prisoners he was rescuing.
Sexual selection is best defined as:
natural selection in one sex caused by a trait's attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.
convergent evolution
natural selection in similar environmental conditions (similar selective pressures)
The forces of evolution include:
natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutations.
What kind of disease theory would attribute a person's illness to the consumption of hot or cold substances under the wrong conditions?
naturalistic
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes:
no gene flow, mutation, or natural selection.
quiet, disguised, anonymous
no violent confrontations ,no public protest. Overlooked by historians, but actually more important. Afford some leverage over powerful authority.
The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but
not all cultures define incest the same way.
During the first few weeks in the field, the anthropologist will
notice some of the most basic aspects of cultural diversity that eventually fade from consciousness.
derived
obtain something from, origin
Transcription:
occurs in the nucleus.
Political
often implies competing interests, and the ways people pursue them.
proximal plane
on the limb, closer to the body
Polygyny
one man married to more than one woman.
Adaptive radiation occurs when:
one species gives rise to multiple closely related species.
Polyandry
one woman married to more than one man
According to the Lappe and Collins' article "Why can't people feed themselves?" the hunger problem in the world today is due to:
ongoing historical processes
According to Marx, classes are
opposed to one another on the basis of conflicting economic interests.
dendrochronology
or tree-ring dating, is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings.
hometown associations
organizations created for mutual support by immigrants form the same hometown of refugees
a story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity
origin myth
tribe
originally used to describe a culturally distinct, multiband population descended from a common ancestor; currently used to describe an indigenous group with its own leaders living outside the control of a state
Anthropologist Tone Bringa conducted fieldwork in Bosnia in 1987 before war broke out in 1992 between various ethnic groups. Who does she hold responsible for creating the conditions that led to the war and ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims?
outside political forces
Strategies of Flexible Accumulation
outsourcing offshoring
Paying taxes is an example of
redistribution.
What is UX
refers to the way in which ppl interact with products, services, and objects they use and how it fits into their lives
Cultural relativism is the doctrine that:
reflects all of these
persons who have been forced to move beyond their national borders because of political or religious persecution, armed conflict, or disaster
refugees
Stratification entails inequality
regularly experienced, unequal access to: -wealth -power -prestige
remittances
resources transferred from migrants working abroad to individuals, families, and institutions in their countries of origin
Homeotic (Hox) genes are:
responsible for the development and location of key body parts.
Fallow
rest period to allow the soil to replenish itself.
Foraging
searching for food
children of immigrants, born and raised in the new country
second generation
antibodies
separate proteins floating around in the plasma
Mutations in DNA found in which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences?
sex cells (gametes)
The people represented by the Denisova fossils likely:
share a common ancestor with Neandertals.
Consanguinity
shared ancestor in a previous generation. Leads to the subject of descent which implies "coming down," previous generations leading to you → Relations based on common ancestry.
Promote a sense of unity by alluding to:
shared experience = history common origins = "kinship" unifying attributes = language, religion, values and ideals
The American economist David Seckler incorrectly hypothesized that:
shortness in height is an adaptation to reduced food supplies.
scapula
shoulder blades
homology
similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function.
Homology
similarity resulting from shared ancestry
In his ethnography Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies (2013), anthropologist Seth Holmes wrote about the impact of harsh physical and emotional conditions on the bodies of migrant farm workers in the United States. What does Holmes suggest is the result of the failure to resolve debates about undocumented farm workers?
social inequality has become normalized and naturalized in the USA
What makes it possible for humans to accumulate an amazing amount of information over long periods of time?
social learning
The organization of groups into - demonstrates people's -, or power to contest social institutions and cultural patterns.
social movements agency
Achieved status
social position a person chooses or achieves on their own
Ascribed status
social position into which a person is born
race and ethnicity are both...
socially constructed categories and relational
Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states are categories based upon
sociopolitical organization
Anthropologist Andrew Bickford conducted interviews with former border guards and military officers of the East German border, soldiers who would have killed him when he was working as a U.S. soldier stationed on the other side of the same border. Identify what Bickford's study says about soldiers in general.
soldiers are created through enculturation
universal
something that exists in every culture
hypodescent
sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule" the assignment of children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group
vISUAL PREDATION HYPOTHESIS
squirrels seem to do just fine! •Analogous to insectivores •Stalk, capture fast moving prey •Shrubby forest undergrowth •Depth perception •Grasping hands, tactile pad
an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory
state
rise of agriculture
states
Characteristics of Western-style Modern States
strong and central administration permeates everyday life of citizens
Conflict theory
struggle for resources, those in power try to keep power
urban anthropology
study of cities and urban life
Sociolinguistics
study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language in its social context
sociobiology
study of social behavior of animals and humans
Archaeologists:
study past human societies, focusing mostly on their material remains.
diachronic
studying societies across time
as scale and complexity increase, greater potential for abuse of authority
subjugation, oppression, despotism.
If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:
superposition.
Endotherm
sweat glands mammary glands Hair, fur
rituals of rebellionrituals of status reversal
symbolically challenge the prevailing order
Class
system of ordering a society in which people are divided into sets based on perceived social and economic status
Defines the Rule of Hypodescent
that someone with any black ancestor is considered black that children of "mixed" marriages are automatically assigned to the "lower" racial category
In mammals, the male parent's gametes determine the sex of his offspring because:
the Y chromosome is present in males only.
exchange value
the actual price of the commodity
Applied Anthropology
the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems
Microaggressions
the brief and everyday slights, insults, indignities and denigrating messages sent to people of color by well-intended white people who are unaware of the hidden messages being communicated.
primitive
the character of an early stage in the evolutionary or historical development of something.
One of the main differences between the leaders of chiefly societies and those of tribal societies is that
the chiefs can often order people around, while the tribal leaders usually lack that power
As immigrants bring their cultures to the United States, debates rage about what cultural practices should be allowed and embraced, and which should be prohibited. The court case Church of the Lukumi Babulu Ayea v. City of Hialeah, which continued for six years, demonstrates one such argument against a Santería congregation started by Cuban and Haitian immigrants in Hialeah, Florida. Identify why a court case was brought against the Church of the Lukumi Babulu Ayea.
the church's rituals included animal sacrifice
In the 1600s Nicolaus Steno proposed:
the law of superposition.
periphery countries
the least developed and least powerful nations often exploited by the core countries as source of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets.
appendicular skeleton
the limb bones and the pelvic and pectoral girdles
Standardization has a cost...
the loss of local knowledge
Although the Dominican Republic and Haiti are two halves of the same island in the Caribbean, conceptions of race have historically been very different in each country, beginning with the landing of Christopher Columbus in 1492. These conceptions of race have influenced economic and other life opportunities that are available to individuals depending on which side of the island they were born. Identify whether the following statements apply to the Dominican Republic or Haiti. HAITI
the majority of this country's population identify as African and speak Creole. People emigrate from this country to the other side of the island where they work in low-wage jobs and endure racial discrimination.
chain migration
the movement of people facilitated by the support of networks of family and friends who have already migrated
internal migration
the movement of people within their own national borders
carrying capacity
the number of people who can be supported by the resources of the surrounding region.
(From our lectures) If a Kpelle chief wants to solve a mystery and find the guilty party, who did he traditionally turn to?
the ordeal specialist
Anthropologists Akhil Ferguson and James Gupta describe one dynamic of the state as "vertical encompassment." Identify what they mean when using this term to describe the state.
the overarching awareness of the state's perpetual presence
social reproduction
the phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next
How has the power of ethnicity been affected by the intense globalization in recent history?
the power ethnicity has become greater
colonialism
the practice by which a nation state extends political, economic, and military power beyond its own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions.
transnationalism
the practice of maintaining active participation in social economic, religious, and political spheres across national borders
Enculturation
the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
ossification
the process in which cartilage is transformed into bone.
Adaptation
the process of adapting to something (such as environmental conditions)
radicalization
the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people.
assimilation
the process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture to exist as separate groups
Does not mean everyone is equal
there is a division of labor based on; gender and age. In general men hunt and women gather. The hypothesis behind this it the child-care compatibility hypothesis.
Second-generation immigrants occupy a unique place in U.S. culture. Identify the experiences of second-generation immigrants in the United States.
they are deeply integrated in US mainstream culture
Among the Etoro of New Guinea, virtually all of the young men and boys engage in homosexual relationships because:
they believe it is necessary for boys to ingest semen in order to mature in healthy ways
Bohannan at the beginning of her article "Shakespeare in the Bush," and the Tiv elders at the end, each think:
they each know the "only possible," "right" interpretation of Hamlet.
Malaysia was one of the first export-processing zones in Southeast Asia. Many multinational corporations employ hundreds of thousands of Malaysian workers for cheap labor, many of which are young migrant workers known as Minah Karan. Why are these women stigmatized?
they mix with men and people from other classes
Chinese immigrants first arrived in the United States in large numbers during the 1850s. Identify the ways those in the initial wave of Chinese immigrants experienced racial prejudices.
they were called derogatory names. They had no legal standing in court.
boundary markers
things that are seen as ethnic belonging and are used to separate insiders from outsiders
Certain substances thought to be polluting
those who work with such substances are lower caste. Higher caste members avoid contact to maintain "purity."
The most important function of marriage in many cultures around the world is:
to link families
If the exchange is balanced then why bother?
to maintain relationships, a form of insurance or social security.
Plessy v Fuergonson
took place in 1896 ruled that state-sponsored segregation in public schools was legal
Brown v. Board of Education
took place in 1954 ruled that state-sponsored segregation in public schools was illegal
cervical vertebrae
topmost vertebrae structure with a transverse foramen
posterior
towards the back
anterior
towards the front
Political anthropologist Elman Service divided political systems into four types. Though the classification system is too simplistic to be used alone today, his thinking shaped a generation of anthropologists and still shapes anthropological thinking today. Match each type of political system to its definition.
tribe, chiefdom, band, state
The word cat is a symbol
true
Diphydont
two sets deciduous adult
hyoid bone
u-shapaed bone that sits high in the neck, "floats" on top of the throat because it does not articulate to any other bone.
RNA differs from DNA in that it uses:
uracil instead of thymine.
genealogical method
using diagrams and symbols to record kin connections
Pastoral people in different parts of the world
usually maintain regular trade relations with neighboring agriculturalists.
spongy (cancellous) bone
usually the internal bone that surrounds the marrow cavity and contains many large spaces that are usually filled with red marrow.
Strepsirrhini VS Haplorhini
•Strepsirhines: •ancestral traits •rhinarium, reliance on olfaction •post-orbital bar •unfused mandibular symphysis •dental comb•grooming claw •shorter gestation/maturation •Haplorrhine •derived traits •more emphasis on vision •post-orbital closure •fused manbiularsymphysis •no dental comb •larger cranial capacity •longer gestation/maturatio
"kin" → relatives ...
•by birth → "consanguineal" •by marriage → "affinal"
The unilineal descent is -
•collective identity •perpetuation •link to form larger groups
"Koyukon perceptions of nature are aligned on two interconnected levels." (p. 346)
•empirical •spiritual → nature as a conscious presence"ever aware"
Consumption also relates to spending money:
•how much •how often •on what → needs, wants, preferences
Economic activity:
•production •distribution - or exchange •consumption
How does culture construct human needs?
→ Consider the influence of marketing. underlying message: "consumption brings happiness"
Domestication shifts the balance:
→ assertion of mastery or control over other species. Humans and "nature" placed in opposition. Again, reflected in "worldview."
Industrialized Agriculture
→ dependent on massive inputs of fossil fuel, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides.Deemed superior → but by what criteria?Variety is deceptive → most of what we eat is corn-derived.
Parallel cousins—children of parents' same-sex siblings.
→ father's brother's children, mother's sister's children
Cross-cousins—children of parents' opposite-sex siblings.
→ father's sister's children,mother's brother's children
Cultural Imperialism (from the west to the rest)
→ problems with the concept: •denies agency •assumes movement in only one direction •ignores exchanges that bypass the West