Anthropology Chapter 7
individuals forage on their own but return to social group for mating
Solitary
Natural selection favors primate behaviors that enhance _____ and _____
Survival and reproduction
males remain and breed in natal group, whereas females emigrate chimpanzees
male philopatry
adult males and females offspring
multi-male, multi-female: "fission fusion"
one reproductive age female several mature males immature offspring
one female, multi-male: polyandrous
one reproductive age male several mature females immature offspring
one male, multi-female: polygynous "harem"
an adult male and female their immature offspring
one male, one female: monogamous
Benefits of social living
protection defense of resources foraging efficiency improved care-giving opportunities
There are _____ nonhuman primate species from which scientists can attempt to reconstruct likely patterns of evolution of human social behaviors
150
Enhance group cohesion (grooming, touching, hugging, vocalizing etc)
Affiliative behaviors
Conducted in zoo, sanctuary, or other enclosed setting
Captive study
_________________ and _________________ directly affect individuals' access to food and protection from predators
Dominance and rank
a ranking of individuals in a group that reflects their ability to displace, intimidate, or defeat group mates in contests instead of competing for sole access to females, males may compete for priority of access priority takes form of dominance hierarchy with an alpha male
Dominance hierarchy
Study of the interrelationship of animals, plants, and their physical environment
Ecology
Social systems _____ in response to natural and sexual selection pressures
Evolve
Conducted in the habitat in which the primate naturally occurs
Field study
Group living provides access to three basic necessities
Mates, food, protection from predators
Some behaviors are _____. Some behaviors are _____.
Natural, learned
Conducted in large area that is enclosed or isolated in some way, so the population is captive
Semi-free ranging study
Nearly all primates give birth to a _____ offspring
Single
Primate behavioral traits highly social, complex _____ behaviors
Social
Grouping pattern in which a primate species lives: includes size of group and _____
Social system, composition
Most fundamental primate adaptation
Sociality
Diversity of _____ among nonhuman primates is a major area of research
Societies
primate parents can improve offsprings' chances of survival by ______________________ investment
Socio-behavioral
commonly exist together with multi-male, multi-female groups
all-male: temporary "bachelor" groups
females remain and breed in natal group, whereas males emigrate gorillas
female philopatry