Anthropology Exam 4

Anthropologists refer to the African practice of using cattle for their milk and blood rather than for their meat (except on ceremonial occasions) as the

"African cattle complex."

Which of the following was a genetic change that occurred among Europeans after the introduction of farming?

A gene that aids milk digestion became increasingly common after 4500 B.P.

In China, the development of communities based around food production led eventually, between 3600 and 3100 B.P., to the

Shang dynasty civilization.

Middle Easterners were living in vibrant cities by

5500 B.P.

Neandertals were resistant to change and were suspicious of outsiders, but members of which group were innovators and had regional social networks?

AMHs

How did the Neolithic spread to Europe?

by the actual migration of farmers

What were the direct precursors to states that had privileged and effective leaders but did not have the sharp class divisions that characterized states?

chiefdoms

The only animal domesticated throughout the New World was the

dog

What is another term for ice ages?

glacials

Independent transitions from foraging to food production occurred

in at least seven world areas.

What are long warm periods between ice ages?

interglacials

Early residents of the Americas cultivated a tuber known as cassava. What is another name for cassava?

manioc

European hunter-gatherers

retained dark skin as recently as 9,000 years ago.

Which of the following were domesticated in the New World?

turkeys dogs ducks

Out of ______ known plant species, ______ species account for 80 percent of the world's farm production.

200,000; about 12

As Middle Eastern economies became more specialized, what happened in the hilly flanks which were difficult to cultivate?

Eventually, farming replaced foraging.

True or false: In the New World, there were many large animals available for domestication.

False

The Homo heidelbergensis jaw was discovered in modern-day

Germany

Which of the following is in the archaeological area known as Mesoamerica?

Guatemala

Hunting was an important cultural behavior marking a significant step for a human ancestor. Which ancestral species does the fossil record indicate was the earliest habitual hunter?

Homo erectus

The Acheulean hand ax, associated with the species ______, represents a type of tool that requires a mental template in the mind of the maker, a significant advance in human evolution.

Homo erectus

This human ancestral species, ______, might date as far back as 1.9 million years ago (m.y.a.) and continued to exist until about 500,000 years ago.

Homo erectus

Which of the following ancestral human species had an average cranial capacity of around 900 cm3?

Homo erectus

Which of the following human ancestral species is associated with the tool type known as Acheulean?

Homo erectus

Archaeological evidence of intentionally made fire has been found in Israel dating back almost 800,000 B.P. and in Spain dating back 800,000 B.P. Based on these dates, which human ancestral species would most likely have been the first to master fire?

Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis

Which of the following species was a miniature hominin that lived on an Indonesian island until at least 60,000 B.P.?

Homo floresiensis

Which of the following statements best describes the group that was ancestral to anatomically modern humans (AMHs)?

They evolved from Africa and spread from there throughout the world.

How is Homo erectus is like modern humans?

Both share a similar height and body shape.

True or false: All Neandertal mtDNA derives from an ancient AMH woman who mated with a Neandertal male.

True

The Neandertal-like fossils found at Sima de los Huesos cave in Spain had

Denisovan mtDNA.

The species Homo erectus is associated with which of the following important archaeological sites?

Zhoukoudian

Which of the following Neandertal characteristics are considered adaptations to a cold climate?

a stocky build and long, broad noses

What is a term used to describe the rich, fertile soil that rivers and streams deposit?

alluvial

What does the abbreviation AMH mean?

anatomically modern humans

As revealed by archaeology, a vertical economy develops in regions with zones that vary in which of the following aspects?

climate altitude vegetation

Which property system works best when resources are wild, dispersed, or mobile, as among foragers?

common

Which ability of Homo erectus provided the best protection against cave predators?

control of fire

Which of the following developed after food-producing states came into existence?

crime human sacrifice slavery

Which of the following statements best describes the earliest migration of human ancestors out of Africa?

Homo erectus was the first species to range out of Africa for hunting and gathering.

In 2010 scientists identified the Denisovan hominin group as most closely related to

Neandertals

Which of the following groups stayed within a particular territory and did not engage in long-distance trade?

Neandertals

In which of the following ways did the Neandertals deal with the cold environment that characterized the Würm glacial?

They made more elaborate tools. They wore clothes. They hunted mammoths, reindeer, and woolly rhinos.

What does the name Homo habilis mean?

able man

States are social and political units that always feature which of the following?

extreme contrasts of wealth social classes central government

Fossil remains from several sites in Europe, Africa, and Asia dating between 850,000 and 200,000 years ago may represent species transitional between Homo erectus and Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. What species name has been assigned to this group?

Homo heidelbergensis

The changes that occurred between 9000 and 8000 B.P. in the form and phytolith size of South American seeds suggests that

farmers were selecting certain characteristics in plants for cultivation.

A the the time that Neandertals were first discovered, what did scientists think of the discovery?

It was confusing; there was no framework for understanding evolution.

Which of the following is true regarding state formation?

Multiple factors contribute to state formation.

Where was the first evidence of Neandertals discovered in 1856?

Neander Valley, Germany

The average cranial capacity of which of the following species exceeded that of modern humans?

Neandertal

What is one characteristic of Neandertals?

Neandertal fossils have been found in a variety of places, including Siberia.

What does the term Paleolithic mean?

Old Stone Age

Acheulean tools were part of which of the following tool making traditions?

Paleolithic

What important information regarding Homo erectus was revealed by the fossil find known as the Nariokotome boy?

The find suggested that the boy as an adult might have reached a height of six feet.

Based on the extraction and analysis of fossil DNA, scientists now estimate that the common ancestor of Neandertals, Denisovans, and AMHs lived between

765,000 and 550,000 B.P.

Which of the following sites is associated with Neandertal remains?

Chapelle-aux-Saints

Climate change influenced the origin of food production in the Middle East in which of the following ways?

The local environments became so rich in resources that foragers could lead settled (sedentary) lives.

A changeover from ______ property to ______ property accompanied (coevolved with) the transition from foraging to food production.

common; private

What physical characteristic of Homo erectus allowed it to hunt longer distances?

longer legs

Which of the following are characteristics of H. naledi?

curved fingers on an otherwise humanlike hand a small brain apelike shoulders adapted to climbing

As people began to select plants to cultivate, domesticated plants began to

develop a stronger axis. lose their natural seed-dispersal mechanisms.

After 11,000 b.p., the Middle Eastern climate turned _____, providing an incentive for foragers to innovate.

drier

In the Middle East, sedentary village life developed before which of the following?

farming herding

Nabta Playa, one of the earliest known Neolithic settlements in Egypt, was located in a basin that

filled with water seasonally.

Key hominin fossil discoveries announced in 2015 included

finds at South Africa's Rising Star cave of more than 1,500 bones, which have been assigned to the species H. naledi. a jaw fragment found in Ethiopia, dating to 2.8 m.y.a., that appears to be the earliest known member of the genus Homo.

Which of the following led to new kinds of wheat and barley?

genetic recombinations mutations human selection

Caprine domestication involved which of the following?

goats and sheep

Compared to wild plants, domesticated plants

have larger seeds.

What are some physical characteristics of Neandertals?

heavy brow ridges slanting foreheads

What ability set apart Homo erectus from Homo habilis and Au. boisei?

hunting ability

The formation of states in the Middle East was made possible by the development of

irrigation techniques.

With glacial retreat, foragers developed a more generalized economy, focusing less on

large animals.

Early farming in China was based on the production of which of the following?

millet rice

Of some 148 large animal species that might seem potentially domesticable,

only 14 actually have been domesticated.

What is another name for plant crystals?

phytoliths

What is another term for political entities?

polities

Early cultivation began as an attempt to

replicate or copy in the marginal zones the growth of wild grains in the favored optimal zone.

By 10,000 B.P., hunting, gathering, and fishing extended to which of the following formerly glaciated lands?

scandinavia the british isles

The current prevailing view among scientists is that H. erectus

split into separate groups, one ancestral to the Neandertals and the other ancestral to anatomically modern humans (AMHs).

Social stratification increased as a result of food production, largely because

strategic resources were no longer common goods, instead becoming private property.

H. erectus remains have been found at which places?

Africa Java

What was the physical location of the three important early hominin discoveries of 2015?

All were in Africa.

Permanent architectural features existed in Natufian settlements such as

Abu Hureyra, Syria.

The Natufians were able to establish year-round villages before domestication as a result of

the availability and abundance of wild cereals.

The spread of food production was an outcome not only of the spread of cereal grains outside their natural habitat but also of

the need to feed a growing human population.

Which of the following was the reason why Eugene Dubois went to the Indonesian island of Java?

to find a transitional form between apes and humans

How were cereal grains spread outside their natural habitats?

trade between zones migration

The first food-producing communities along Europe's Mediterranean coast

used imported species.

Excavations on Cyprus show that the island

was colonized by 10,600 B.P.—the early Neolithic. received the full Neolithic package of farming, herding, technologies, social networks, and belief systems from the Middle East. was colonized by boat from the Middle Eastern mainland.

Animal domestication in the New World

was much less important than it was in the Old World.

According to many archaeologists, early food production was most likely adopted by Middle Easterners living in areas where

wild foods were less abundant.