Anthropology Final Exam

Anthropology is A) the study of Western culture primarily through the analysis of its folklore. B) the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time. C) the study of nonhuman primates through an analysis of their myth and folklore. D) the study of the species Homo sapiens by analyzing its cultural but not its biological dimensions. E) the analysis of humankind from the subjective perspective of one group.

B) the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time.

Tattoos are universal forms of body art that may initially date as far back as how many years ago? a. 10,000-40,000 b. 40,000-75,000 c. 5,000-10,000 d. 60,000-70,000 e. 10,000-12,000

a. 10,000-40,000

By 1,550 years ago, the population of Tikal had achieved a density of _____ people per square kilometer. a. 600 to 700 b. 25 to 100 c. 1 million d. 100 to 150 e. 3,000-5,000

a. 600 to 700

To help resolve problems of global structural violence, which of the following values and cultural motivations would not be needed? a. A xenophobic policy that would work to help countries seal their national borders and begin to work to improve the lives of their citizenry only b. A worldview that sees humanity as part of the natural world, rather than superior to it c. A sense of social responsibility that recognizes that no individual, people, or state has the right to expropriate resources at the expense of others d. An awareness of how important supportive ties are for individuals, such as seen in kinship or other associations in the world's traditional societies e. A sense of value for the natural resources that humans have harnessed for millennia in order to survive

a. A xenophobic policy that would work to help countries seal their national borders and begin to work to improve the lives of their citizenry only

. How does the definition of race differ from biology to anthropology? a. Anthropologists see race as a cultural category, while biologists use this term to indicate species variation b. Anthropologists see race as a biological category, while biologists see race simply as a genetic marker c. Anthropologists do not acknowledge that racial categories exist, while biologists continue to use this term for different species d. Anthropologists argue that race is fixed by type, while biologists see race as an arbitrary category e. Anthropologists use race as a way of teaching people what is wrong with human variation, while biologists use this term to divide living forms into different taxonomic categories

a. Anthropologists see race as a cultural category, while biologists use this term to indicate species variation

The Bushmen use many natural minerals and materials for their rock art. Which of the following is not a commonly used material? a. Bicarbonate b. Gypsum c. Ferric oxide d. Blood e. Silica

a. Bicarbonate

In 1986, an Acholi named Alice Auma believed she was visited by a spirit she called Lakwena. This spirit messenger revealed to her that she should work to liberate her homeland and found a Christian theocracy. Today, this movement continues through the resistance of Joseph Kony. In which country did this occur? a. Congo b. Yugoslavia c. Uganda d. Paraguay e. Trinidad

a. Congo

Which of the following statements about society and culture is incorrect? a. Culture can exist without a society. b. Every culture is learned, shared, based on symbols, integrated, and dynamic. c. All culture is learned rather than biologically inherited. d. A culture is shared by the members of a society. e. Although members of a society may share a culture, their behavior is not uniform.

a. Culture can exist without a society.

Which of the following do primatologists believe to be the greatest threat to habituated great apes? a. Disease b. Poachers c. Inbreeding d. Agriculturalists e. Climate change

a. Disease

Which of the following is typically found in preliterate societies with a form of state political organization, serving to transmit and preserve a culture's legal and political precedents and practices? a. Epics b. Legends c. Myths d. Tales e. Sagas

a. Epics

In which kinship terminology are ego's "brother" and "sister" distinguished from "cousins" and both father's brother and mother's brother are given the same kinship term, "uncle"? a. Eskimo b. Iroquois c. Hawaiian d. Crow e. Omaha

a. Eskimo

The most widely known act of genocide in recent history was the attempt of the Nazis during World War II to kill a. European Jews and Roma. b. European Jews and Israelites. c. Gypsies. d. Polish people. e. Jews and Gentiles.

a. European Jews and Roma.

Through what practice do lineages develop new alliances within the larger social system? a. Exogamy b. Endogamy c. Ancestor worship d. Totemism e. Fusion

a. Exogamy

What is xenophobia? a. Fear of anything strange or foreign b. Belief that all cultures are of value c. Fear of change d. Reluctance to live a multicultural society e. Inability to learn a foreign language

a. Fear of anything strange or foreign

Among the Hopi, which of the following functions as a landholding corporation, allocating land for the support of member households? a. Lineages b. Phratries c. Moieties d. Extended families e. Clans

a. Lineages

Fossilization occurs most frequently among which type of organism? a. Marine animals and other creatures living near water b. Water-dwelling animals in tropical areas c. Animals located in arid deserts d. Land animals in high-altitude environments e. Reptiles that are both land- and water-dwelling

a. Marine animals and other creatures living near water

The term _____ refers to the public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society. This policy stresses mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country's borders. a. Multiculturalism b. anti-ethnocentrism c. international ecumenism d. Nationalization e. Ethnonationalism

a. Multiculturalism

What are honor killings? a. Murder condoned by the genealogical group in order to retaliate for shame of unapproved sexual activity b. Murder against the genealogical group by those who wish to take its women and other possessions c. Public shaming of individuals who have engaged in adulterous activities; this usually consists of verbal insults and flogging d. Also called namus, this is the process of adapting to foreign cultures and giving up one's connection to ancestor worship e. Historical feuds between lineages that last for more than four generations

a. Murder condoned by the genealogical group in order to retaliate for shame of unapproved sexual activity

Who were the earliest Mesolithic people known to have stored plant food, as evidenced by basin-shaped depressions in the rocks found outside homes and plastered storage pits beneath the floors of the houses? a. Natufian b. Cro-Magnon c. Aborigines d. Polynesians e. Babylonians

a. Natufian

The Probo Koala dumped toxic waste in ____ that caused more than 40,000 locals to get sick. a. Nigeria b. Cöte d'Ivoire c. Bolivia d. Zambia e. India

a. Nigeria

During which epoch did anthropoid fossils diversify and expand their range, and prosimian fossil forms became far less prominent? a. Oligocene b. Eocene c. Miocene d. Pliocene e. Pleistocene

a. Oligocene

If a society has a taboo against eating pork and a member eats it mistakenly, what types of rituals might the person undergo to fix the transgression? a. Rites of purification b. Rites of intensification c. Rites of passage d. Magical rituals e. Rites of rebellion

a. Rites of purification

Anthropologist _____ is a leading advocacy anthropologist today and a special rapporteur for the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights. a. Rodolfo Stavenhagen b. Clifford Geertz c. Stephen Lansang d. Gregory Bates e. Jonathan Marks

a. Rodolfo Stavenhagen

Which of the following statements about the relationship between sex and gender is incorrect? a. Sex is the same as gender. b. Sex refers to physical differences between males and females, whereas gender refers to the cultural meanings assigned to sex. c. Sexual differences are biological; gender differences depend on cultural definition. d. Gender differences began with human culture, several million years ago. e. The biological differences between males and females have decreased since the time of the earliest humans.

a. Sex is the same as gender.

The roots of linguistics, the modern scientific study of language, go back a long way to the works of ancient grammarians in _____, more than 2,000 years ago. a. South Asia b. Central Asia c. North Africa d. Australia e. Scandinavia

a. South Asia

What is a primary labor activity of Bakhtiari women and girls? a. Spinning wool into yarn b. Herding sheep through difficult mountain passes c. Tilling soil to raise yams and sweet potatoes d. Gathering roots and berries e. Hunting elephants

a. Spinning wool into yarn

Which strategy did the Jivaroan-speaking Shuar of Ecuador not use to preserve their culture? a. They adopted Christianity b. They turned large tracts of woodland into pasture for cattle c. They organized a corporate body that held land in common d. They required their schools to use the Shuar language e. They sought legal title to their indigenous lands

a. They adopted Christianity

Which of the following is not a change that affects women who become a Chan monastic? a. They devote themselves to their families unselfishly b. They begin to refer to each other as "brother" c. They reduce their attachment to worldly things, such as music d. They eat sparsely and lose weight e. They shave their heads

a. They devote themselves to their families unselfishly

Why did the community of Mallku Khota protest so vigorously against the South American Silver Association? a. They were concerned that the mining operation would ruin their land b. They were not allowed to have shares in the corporation and so could not benefit from market success c. They felt that the hiring processes of the corporation were discriminatory d. They were opposed to foreign ownership of Bolivian corporations e. They were not paying wages that equaled that of American workers

a. They were concerned that the mining operation would ruin their land

If religious belief reflects the structure of society, in which types of society would you expect to find widespread belief in ancestral spirits? a. Those in which descent groups play a major role in social organization b. Those that have a disproportionately large number of old people c. Those that have a disproportionately large number of young people d. Those in which neolocal marital residence is the rule e. Those with egocentric systems such as the kindred

a. Those in which descent groups play a major role in social organization

Maori rugby teams play a haka before each match. What is this? a. Traditional war dance and song b. The national anthem of New Zealand c. A dice game using bones d. Scrimmage with other players e. A traditional waltz between men

a. Traditional war dance and song

Weavings, etchings, rock carvings, and tattoos are all classified as which kind of art? a. Visual b. Verbal c. Musical d. Performative e. Transformative

a. Visual

Which of the following would be an acceptable research topic in the field of historical linguistics? a. Whether or not the speakers of Apache and Navajo once spoke a common language b. Whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers use the same body language to signal gender differences c. Whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers organize their languages using the same syntactical structures d. All the features of a given language as it is spoken at a particular point in time e. Frame substitution to investigate the syntax of a particular language

a. Whether or not the speakers of Apache and Navajo once spoke a common language

Which of the following statements is not an example of linguistic nationalism? a. You are a Spanish-speaking person in the U.S., but want your children to use English so they will fit in more easily with the surrounding society. b. A national committee in France declares that certain widely used terms will no longer be allowed to appear in public print because they are not French. c. You live in Scotland and are so alarmed by the rapid decline in the number of people speaking Gaelic that you start a school in which all subjects are taught in Gaelic. d. The southern part of India declares itself a separate country called Tamiland (the land of the people who speak Tamil) in defiance of India's declaration of Hindi as the national language e. A country previously colonized by the British passes a law requiring everyone to speak the native tongue; English is banned because of its association with colonial domination.

a. You are a Spanish-speaking person in the U.S., but want your children to use English so they will fit in more easily with the surrounding society.

Behaving in a manner that tends to promote social cohesion is called a. affiliation. b. exfoliation. c. habituation. d. altruism. e. reconciliation.

a. affiliation.

From his work with Conibo shamans, Michael Harner argues that a. anthropologists have seriously underestimated the significance of the shamanistic experience on Amazonian Indian ideologies and practices. b. anthropology understands shamanism quite well and has been able to contribute to its preservation worldwide. c. the hallucinogenic drugs that the Conibo shamans use are extremely powerful and should not be generally available to the uninitiated. d. shamanism should be used in daily American life because it would alleviate most of the psychosomatic illnesses that currently affect Americans. e. we need urgent worldwide action to save the shamans because they are being targeted by poor economic policies globally.

a. anthropologists have seriously underestimated the significance of the shamanistic experience on Amazonian Indian ideologies and practices.

One byproduct of colonial dealings with indigenous peoples has been the growth of _____ and the use of anthropological techniques and knowledge for certain "practical" ends. a. applied anthropology b. Ethnography c. Ethnology d. quantitative anthropology e. qualitative anthropology

a. applied anthropology

Today, food-foraging societies a. are found only in the world's most marginal areas. b. make up the majority of the world's population. c. have not existed for 1,000 years. d. have their pick of the best environments. e. represent a primitive, undeveloped way of life.

a. are found only in the world's most marginal areas.

All of the following are functions of art except: a. art is a tremendous asset for the few societies that have it. b. art can be used to change people's perceptions. c. art is employed to express political themes. d. art displays social status and spiritual identity. e. art offers insights into a culture's worldview.

a. art is a tremendous asset for the few societies that have it.

Members of a moiety a. belong to one of two major descent groups in a society. b. are those who are divorced (they lack their "better half"). c. are usually able to trace their exact genealogical links to their common ancestor. d. feel a much stronger feeling of kinship than is felt by members of a lineage or clan. e. belong to a group that is smaller than a lineage.

a. belong to one of two major descent groups in a society.

Under cross-cousin marriage, the sister's son is also the a. brother's daughter's husband. b. mother's sister's son. c. husband's cousin. d. father's brother's aunt. e. sister's son's son.

a. brother's daughter's husband.

The multiregional hypothesis argues that scientists a. cannot coordinate biological characteristics with cultural capacities. b. should coordinate biology and culture as they work together. c. should not consider culture as an attribute of the human species. d. should not consider that biology plays any role at all in cultural developments. e. should consider that Africans are smarter because this is where humanity began.

a. cannot coordinate biological characteristics with cultural capacities.

The theory of uniformitarianism argued that a. changes on Earth are caused by gradual processes over time. b. all life forms came from a single-celled organism. c. change has occurred quickly and catastrophically to all life forms and physical substances. d. both physical Earth and all its lifeforms were created by God and exist exactly as they were formed. e. mutation occurred at regular intervals and could account for the diversity that exists today.

a. changes on Earth are caused by gradual processes over time.

The process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next is called a. enculturation. b. pluralism. c. adaptation. d. cultural relativism. e. subcultural variation.

a. enculturation.

Robert Hitchcock works in advocacy anthropology with the San peoples in southern Africa in order to a. ensure their land rights. b. provide jobs for adults. c. improve the health and nutritional status of the children. d. help them obtain representation at the government level. e. encourage them to establish a sense of national identity.

a. ensure their land rights.

The belief that one's own way of life is superior to others is called a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. egocentrism. d. kulturpride. e. ethnicity.

a. ethnocentrism.

Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption are called a(n) a. family. b. conjugal bond. c. endogamous group. d. nuclear family. e. serial marriage.

a. family.

When anthropologists go to the places that they study in order to experience the culture firsthand, it is called a. fieldwork. b. ethnology. c. excavation. d. laboratory analysis. e. field study.

a. fieldwork.

The oldest and most universal mode of subsistence is a. food foraging. b. subsistence farming. c. hunting. d. pastoralism. e. fishing.

a. food foraging.

The physical extermination of one people by another is called a. genocide. b. racism. c. infanticide. d. ratiocination. e. discrimination.

a. genocide.

All of the following statements regarding a lineage are correct except: a. it always involves a totem. b. it is part of unilineal descent. c. it is kinship that can be traced directly to an ancestor. d. it has a genealogical depth of 4-6 generations. e. it is found in both matrilineal and patrilineal groups.

a. it always involves a totem.

A network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations is called a. kinship. b. descent. c. relative network. d. social network. e. affinal relationships.

a. kinship.

Among the Igbo of Nigeria, a. men and women each had separate, autonomous spheres of political activity. b. women were bought and sold as slaves. c. women were imprisoned in their homes and allowed out only on marketing days. d. men and women lived in separate villages. e. men had no political role in the village, which was controlled and ruled by women.

a. men and women each had separate, autonomous spheres of political activity.

The development of a bureaucracy, expansion of educational opportunities, reduction in the spheres of social behavior in which religion and kinship play a role, and achievement replacing ascription as the basis for defining roles are all associated with a. modernization. b. revitalization. c. acculturation. d. revolution. e. syncretism.

a. modernization.

Americans are familiar with the story of Cinderella. Similar stories may be found throughout the world: a poor, beautiful girl, downtrodden by her stepmother, receives supernatural aid to win the hand of a noble prince who is searching for a bride. Although the circumstances differ (the girl may be a rural peasant or a servant in a great house, the supernatural helper may be a fairy godmother or a goldfish, the prince may belong to European feudalism or the Aztec empire), all the stories exhibit the same basic a. motif. b. tonality. c. legend. d. mythological structure. e. epic.

a. motif.

The hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from H. erectus to H. sapiens throughout the inhabited world is called a. multiregional hypothesis. b. recent African origins hypothesis. c. transitional hypothesis. d. out of African hypothesis. e. regional hypothesis.

a. multiregional hypothesis.

Chantek is a(n) a. orangutan. b. gorilla. c. bonobo. d. chimpanzee. e. gibbon.

a. orangutan.

The narratives that make up the verbal arts include all of the following except: a. paintings. b. legends. c. myths. d. tales. e. epics.

a. paintings.

The hallmark of ethnographic fieldwork is a. participant observation. b. formal interviews. c. fieldnotes. d. applied anthropology. e. holism.

a. participant observation.

The primary method in the anthropologist's toolkit, regardless of the time period, has always been a. participant observation. b. mapping. c. random sampling. d. formal interviews. e. mentoring.

a. participant observation.

The Bakhtiari are a a. pastoral group who raise goats and sheep. b. pastoral group who raise pigs and cows. c. foraging group with an extensive home range. d. horticultural group that raises manioc and bananas. e. horticultural group that raises taro, yams, and wheat.

a. pastoral group who raise goats and sheep.

One of the most significant characteristics of the food-producing way of life was the development of a. permanent settlements. b. mobile populations. c. skillful hunters. d. lower population. e. increased egalitarianism.

a. permanent settlements.

The major difference between animism and animatism has to do with whether the supernatural force that occupies an entity is a. personal or impersonal and without identity. b. natural or supernatural. c. a god or an ancestral spirit. d. a priest or a shaman. e. an example of witchcraft or of divination.

a. personal or impersonal and without identity.

The chance discovery of some new principle that can be applied in a variety of ways is called a(n) a. primary innovation. b. primary syncretism. c. applied anthropology. d. cultural adaptation. e. secondary innovation.

a. primary innovation.

The demand by "developed" countries for such items as coffee, tea, chocolate, bananas, and beef has led to a. pushing subsistence farmers off their land to make way for huge farms and ranches that specialize in cash crops. b. an increase in food supplies in "underdeveloped" nations. c. a return of urban workers to the land where work is now available for them. d. a decrease in the use of pesticides, herbicides, and artificial fertilizers. e. a narrowing of the economic gap between rich and poor in world society today.

a. pushing subsistence farmers off their land to make way for huge farms and ranches that specialize in cash crops.

H. erectus shared all of the following characteristics with H. habilis except: a. reduced sexual dimorphism. b. long low vault of the skull dome. c. smaller brain size in the earliest H. erectus. d. marked constriction of the skull behind the eyes. e. shape of the thighbone.

a. reduced sexual dimorphism.

In the 1960s, the children of many middle- and upper-class families, trying to come to terms with the disparity between the ideologies expressed by their parents (e.g., the importance of peace, equality, and individual freedom) and the reality of war, poverty, and individual constraints, tried to establish a more satisfying way of life. Many ran away from home to live in communes where they tried to abolish individual property and fulfill ideals of universal love. This is an example of a. revitalization. b. modernization. c. diffusion. d. innovation. e. syncretism.

a. revitalization.

Darwin argued that the large physical size of males was a physical specialization to aid in competition between males for females. He called this theory a. sexual selection. b. natural selection. c. hybrid selection. d. reproductive selection. e. intra-species competitive selection.

a. sexual selection.

The Aymara Indians, who live in the mountains of Bolivia, have become biologically adapted to their environment by being a. short legged and barrel chested and surviving on lower oxygen content. b. long legged and extremely thin in comparison to the rest of the nation. c. short legged and very narrow chested and surviving on higher oxygen content. d. excellent climbers with an extraordinary sense of balance. e. long legged and stocky chested because of enlarged heart and lungs.

a. short legged and barrel chested and surviving on lower oxygen content.

An important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage is/are a. social clubs. b. newspaper personals. c. Internet chat rooms. d. match-making businesses. e. the Hindu temple.

a. social clubs.

Although all societies have some kind of incest taboo, the relationship which is considered incestuous may vary. Concepts of incest seem to be related to a group's definitions of endogamy and exogamy, thus suggesting that incest taboos may help to promote: a. stability of the family. b. inbreeding genetic errors. c. brother-sister marriages. d. parallel cousin marriages. e. cross-cousin marriages.

a. stability of the family.

Among food foragers, social equality is marked in all of the following except: a. strict division of labor. b. rarity of warfare. c. communal property. d. social egalitarianism. e. distribution of resources.

a. strict division of labor.

When over 200,000 people were injured or killed as a result of gas being released from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, the cause was attributed to a number of factors: the company saving money by not installing safety devices, the political arrangements that enable Union Carbide to build a plant in India, the people living in the vicinity of the plant being too poor to live in safer locations, etc. Thus, the people were victims of a. structural violence. b. soft power. c. apartheid. d. multiculturalism. e. xenophobia.

a. structural violence.

All of the following statements about Han genealogy are correct except: a. the tsu is a corporate kin group that traces its ancestry back about five generations through the female line. b. the tsu functions as an economic and political unit that manages its own members. c. Han women have absolutely no claims on their fathers' heritable property. d. because of the genealogical depth of the tsu, individuals who have the same surname should not marry each other. e. although a woman belongs to her father's tsu, she is practically absorbed by her husband's.

a. the tsu is a corporate kin group that traces its ancestry back about five generations through the female line.

The genetic evidence for modern H. sapiens supports that a. there has been genetic blending over time between various hominid types. b. anatomically modern humans emerged from Africa over 200,000 years ago. c. anatomically modern humans first emerged in Asia and then re-migrated to Africa and Europe. d. various species of human coexisted for more than 100,000 years and did not interbreed at all. e. there is no continuity between any two human species, and there is no way to track human origins through the gene pool.

a. there has been genetic blending over time between various hominid types.

The purpose of a grid system is a. to record the exact location of an artifact or fossil accurately, both horizontally and vertically. b. to tell relic collectors where to find artifacts to sell to private collections. c. to provide electricity to primitive villages. d. to cook bacon. e. to recover small objects immersed in water.

a. to record the exact location of an artifact or fossil accurately, both horizontally and vertically.

Clans, because they may have members living in many different villages, depend on _____ to provide symbolic identification and promote solidarity. a. totems b. signs c. promises d. treaties e. feasts

a. totems

A contract or formal agreement between two or more independent groups that are self-governing is called a(n) a. treaty. b. pact. c. truce. d. settlement. e. agreement.

a. treaty.

All of the following statements about sexual behavior among the Trobrianders is correct except: a. when the couple is ready to be married, they appear outside the woman's household. b. by their mid-teens, young people begin having longer-term affairs that lead to marriage. c. young people traditionally have a great deal of sexual freedom. d. by the age of 7 or 8, they begin playing erotic games and imitating adults. e. by the early teens, they begin pursuing sexual partners.

a. when the couple is ready to be married, they appear outside the woman's household.

Anthropologist Eric Wolf did all of the following except: a. worked tirelessly on behalf of applied anthropology. b. did extensive research on peasants. c. focused intently on promoting ethics in anthropological research. d. studied the transformative impact of capitalism on traditional societies. e. explored how ideas and power are connected through the medium of culture.

a. worked tirelessly on behalf of applied anthropology.

This statement, "it is as if a number of what otherwise would be separate Neolithic villages were all crammed together in one place," would be a description of what ancient city? a. Çatalhöyük b. Sumer c. Teotihuacan d. Tenochtitlan e. Jericho

a. Çatalhöyük

Archaeologists who have studied the city of Teotihuacan estimate what population for this city at its height? a. 1 million b. 100,000 c. 75,000 d. 40,000 e. 20,000

b. 100,000

At what time period does fossil evidence suggest that extreme Neanderthal and archaic features seem to disappear from the fossil record? a. 14,000 years ago b. 28,000 years ago c. 36,000 years ago d. 73,000 years ago e. 150,000 years ago

b. 28,000 years ago

Of the nearly $1.55 trillion spent on arms worldwide, the United States is responsible for spending what percentage? a. 21 b. 44 c. 51 d. 63 e. 96

b. 44

Approximately how many Micmacs are members of the Aroostook band today, according to official criteria? a. 100 b. 850 c. 1,500 d. 3,700 e. 7,000

b. 850

Of the following species of Australopithecus, which is the earliest (the first one)? a. A. garhi b. A. anamensis c. A. afarensis d. A. africanus e. A. sediba

b. A. anamensis

Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. All culture is learned. b. All learned behavior is cultural. c. Culture is humankind's "social heredity." d. Culture is not biologically inherited. e. Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next through enculturation.

b. All learned behavior is cultural.

What is the "Gini Index"? a. An index that measures the cost and profit of the largest megacorporations in the world; this index calculates the value and cost of each corporation b. An income inequality index that measures how much disparity in income exists within a country c. An index which calculates how much pollution is expelled per person within a country d. A way of measuring global caloric output and distribution of food as a way of predicting malnutrition and obesity worldwide e. An index that is used by the United Nations as a way of evaluating the political situation in each country; those with higher numbers on the index are more prone to human rights abuses

b. An income inequality index that measures how much disparity in income exists within a country

Anthropologist S. Ann Dunham was the mother of which U.S. president? a. George Bush b. Barack Obama c. Ronald Reagan d. Dwight Eisenhower e. Bill Clinton

b. Barack Obama

What was the typical Upper Paleolithic tool? a. Burin b. Blade c. Hand axe d. Scraper e. Chopper

b. Blade

In what country do we find the Mekranoti? a. Paraguay b. Brazil c. Venezuela d. Colombia e. Thailand

b. Brazil

What is the first step in doing ethnographic fieldwork? a. Doing preparatory research b. Choosing a research question c. Participant observation on site d. Gathering data e. Choosing a theoretical approach

b. Choosing a research question

Genes are portions of molecules of long strands of which form chromosomes, or a. codons. b. DNA. c. RNA. d. ribosomes. e. transcriptions.

b. DNA.

In 2007, after many years of campaigning in the international media, political lobbying, and diplomatic pressure, the United Nations General Assembly passed the a. Declaration of the Independence of Indigenous Nations. b. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. c. Constitution for the Relief of Structural Violence. d. Bill of Rights of Indigenous Peoples. e. Independence Treaty of Indigenous Nations and Their Ancestors.

b. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

Which of the following statements best describes changes during the past five centuries? a. This period has been marked by the reduction of human diversity to a single species. b. During this time, humans have first faced cultural change and diversity. c. This has been a period of radical culture change. d. Humans have migrated from African into Europe during this period. e. Humans have evolved during this time into bipedal walkers.

b. During this time, humans have first faced cultural change and diversity.

One of the first and most prominent anthropologists to focus on these worldwide transformations was a. Franz Boas. b. Eric Wolf. c. Laura Nader. d. William Jankowiak. e. John Swetnam.

b. Eric Wolf.

. Cultural anthropology is composed of which two scholarly components? a. Ethnography and ethnohistory b. Ethnography and ethnology c. Ethnology and ethnohistory d. Ethnohistory and ethnoarchaeology e. Linguistics and ethnography

b. Ethnography and ethnology

What type of family is typically found among traditional horticultural, agricultural, and pastoral societies around the world? a. Nuclear b. Extended c. Matrilineal d. Neolocal e. Tributary

b. Extended

What are the long-term goals of the Chantek Project? a. To free all primates from zoos and labs and return them to the wild b. For Chantek and other enculturated apes to live in culture-based preserves instead of zoos or research centers. c. To teach all primates how to use American Sign Language d. To begin teaching primates how to write e. To work with Chantek so that they can collect and write down original gorilla language

b. For Chantek and other enculturated apes to live in culture-based preserves instead of zoos or research centers.

Domestication and food production is associated with many cultural changes. Which of the following is not commonly associated with the transition from foraging to food production? a. Increase in number of work hours b. Increase in stability of food supplies c. Decrease in species diversity in the food supply d. Increase in amount of human attention to food e. Increase in need to manage land

b. Increase in stability of food supplies

If a farmer leaves his land behind and comes to the city to seek work, this is classified as which type of migration? a. External b. Internal c. Interstate d. Civil e. National

b. Internal

Pluralistic societies have a tendency to fragment along the lines of which type of differences? a. Culinary b. Linguistic c. Institutional d. Kinship e. Economic

b. Linguistic

Which of the following is most likely to require cooperative hunting skills? a. Bow hunting b. Net hunting c. Spear hunting d. Rifle hunting e. Dart hunting

b. Net hunting

Which of the following statements about reproduction and care of offspring among primates is incorrect? a. Reduction in the number of offspring among primates is an adaptation to an arboreal existence. b. No primates give birth to more than one offspring at a time. c. The more closely related a primate species is to humans, the more helpless and immature the newborn offspring tend to be. d. Play provides primates with a way to explore and learn their environments. e. There is a relatively long birth interval between offspring, especially in apes.

b. No primates give birth to more than one offspring at a time.

Which musical system divides the octave into five nearly equidistant tones? a. Octave b. Pentatonic c. Natural d. Tonal e. Formless

b. Pentatonic

If an anthropologist studies religion and interviews church leaders about how they were called to their positions, attends various rites of passage, writes down impressions and beliefs of the practitioners, and uses nonstatistical descriptions of the religion as a way of presenting information, the anthropologist is employing what type of data collection? a. Quantitative b. Qualitative c. Inductive d. Deductive e. Conversive

b. Qualitative

Which of the following research projects would not belong to the province of linguistic anthropology? a. Learning about a culture by finding out which objects or events are associated with a large vocabulary b. Reconstructing the evolution of the big toe to find out at what time humans began to walk upright c. Comparing languages to see which ones can be traced back to a single unifying language d. Describing how, in a particular language, sounds are combined to form words and how words are combined to form sentences e. Studying the development and use of profanity in middle-school conversation

b. Reconstructing the evolution of the big toe to find out at what time humans began to walk upright

About 5,000 years ago, which of the following began occurring? a. Cargo cults b. Revolutions c. Religion d. Diffusion e. Modernization

b. Revolutions

The use of propaganda as a way of exerting influence over others is what type of structural power? a. Hard power b. Soft power c. Symbolic power d. Mercantile power e. Coercion

b. Soft power

Which of the following statements about the Yanomami is incorrect? a. The Yanomami were repeatedly assaulted by miners and cattle ranchers wanting their natural resources. b. The various invaders into Yanomami territory introduced sexually transmitted diseases and alcoholism. c. Prior to the arrival of missionaries and foreign traders, the Yanomami did not have to deal with cultural change. d. The Brazilian state sent in military units to protect the miners as they torched large swathes of forestland. e. In the late 1960s, a measles epidemic killed hundreds of Yanomami.

b. The various invaders into Yanomami territory introduced sexually transmitted diseases and alcoholism.

Which of the following occurs during binocular vision? a. The visual fields are centered literally on top of each other, leading to very penetrating eyesight b. The visual fields of each eye overlap, creating depth perception c. The eyes function much like binoculars, focusing on distance and not nearness d. Stereoscopic vision becomes folded, allowing a two-dimensional visual field e. The eyes become occluded, and the individual cannot see as well in front on the periphery

b. The visual fields of each eye overlap, creating depth perception

Which of the following statements is correct? a. There is no genetic differentiation between modern human populations. b. There is a low level of genetic differentiation between modern human populations. c. There is a high level of genetic differentiation between modern human populations. d. There is genetic separation between different races. e. Humans cannot be compared using genetic evidence.

b. There is a low level of genetic differentiation between modern human populations.

What principle of evolution is best illustrated in the example of the changes that occurred to the Cheyenne when they moved out onto the Great Plains from the Great Lakes region? a. They gave up a hunting and gathering lifestyle in order to begin producing food b. They gave up growing crops in order to pursue hunting and gathering c. They became settled and developed a very complex form of political organization d. They left subsistence farming, began to work for the railroad companies, and become dependent on industrial society e. They left behind their culture to converge into that of the dominant U.S. society

b. They gave up growing crops in order to pursue hunting and gathering

Which of the following statements about the Bakhtiari khans is not correct? a. They are tribal leaders within this pastoral group. b. They give away all of their possessions to gain prominence. c. They spend most of lives in the mountains. d. Many of them are well educated. e. Some are elected and some inherit their positions.

b. They give away all of their possessions to gain prominence.

Which of the following is not a signal? a. Coughs from cold b. Winking from pleasure c. Screams from fear d. Crying from sadness e. Sneezing from sickness

b. Winking from pleasure

In their search for cheap labor, global corporations have tended to favor _____ for low-skilled assembly jobs. a. Immigrants b. Women c. Men d. Robots e. Children

b. Women

You belong to a patrilineal descent group. Which of the following belong(s) to the same group? a. Your mother b. Your father's sister c. Your mother's sister d. Your mother's father e. Your father's sister's children

b. Your father's sister

Acclimatization is a. a short-term physiological adjustment made in response to fetal stress. b. a long-term physiological adjustment in response to specific environmental stimuli. c. a long-term developmental adjustment in response to specific environmental stimulus. d. a short-term developmental adjustment in response to fetal stress. e. an adjustment that varies from person to person and cannot be affected by cultural adaptation.

b. a long-term physiological adjustment in response to specific environmental stimuli.

Acculturation is best defined as a. a process in which two cultures come into contact and both of them are changed because of the culture contact. b. a process of unequal culture contact when a smaller culture is forced to adopt some of the ways of the dominant society. c. a process of culture change in which individuals grow older and adapt to the new biological and cultural needs they have within their own society. d. the process by which members of a society are taught cultural knowledge from their elders. e. genocide; it occurs when one culture eradicates another.

b. a process of unequal culture contact when a smaller culture is forced to adopt some of the ways of the dominant society.

If the animal figures on a Haida totem are highly stylized and represent only the most basic forms of animals, then the totem would be considered as a. representational. b. abstract. c. narrative. d. symbolic. e. performative.

b. abstract.

When two societies with different cultures come into prolonged, first-hand contact, and one or both of these societies experience major processes of change, it is called a. diffusion. b. acculturation. c. innovation. d. syncretism. e. juxtaposition.

b. acculturation.

Someone who uses irrigation, fertilizers, and the plow to produce food on large plots of land is known as a/an a. horticulturalist. b. agriculturalist. c. pastoralist. d. forager. e. industrialist.

b. agriculturalist.

People share the same culture if they a. are dependent on each other for survival. b. are able to interpret and predict each other's actions. c. live in the same territory. d. behave in an identical manner. e. have the same last name.

b. are able to interpret and predict each other's actions.

Excavation records include all of the following except: a. scale map of the features. b. assemblage of artifacts. c. description of exact location of every artifact. d. photographs of the site. e. stratification of each excavated square.

b. assemblage of artifacts.

Pastoralists are like food foragers in that a. both have some members of the group who remain behind to protect the camp. b. both now live in areas that are marginal, where land is not suitable for farming. c. both count on flexibility to get the game they hunt. d. both engage in occasional horticulture. e. women are the ones who primarily contribute to daily food intake.

b. both now live in areas that are marginal, where land is not suitable for farming.

The Natufians are associated with all of the following except: a. lived at the eastern end of the Mediterranean. b. buried their dead with many art objects and money. c. were an example of a Mesolithic culture in the Old World. d. lived in stone-walled houses in small villages, caves, and rock shelters. e. are the earliest known Mesolithic peoples to have cut grain and stored crops.

b. buried their dead with many art objects and money.

All of the following statements about cargo cults are correct except: a. the cult promised resurrection of dead ancestors. b. cargo cult believers tended to be rich natives and colonizers. c. many cargo cults occurred in Melanesia. d. the cult was based on the premise that Western riches would come to the natives. e. cargo cult doctrine said that the rich white man would magically disappear through natural catastrophe.

b. cargo cult believers tended to be rich natives and colonizers.

The number of people that can be supported by the available resources at a given level of technology is called the a. ecosystem. b. carrying capacity. c. culture core. d. population density. e. culture area.

b. carrying capacity.

Societies in which large numbers of people live in cities, socially stratified and governed by centrally organized political systems, are called a. urbanizations. b. civilizations. c. nations. d. city-states. e. centralized governments.

b. civilizations.

A clan is similar to a lineage except: a. a clan has fewer people. b. clan members are unable to trace exact genealogical links to their common ancestor. c. clans are more likely to hold tangible property corporately. d. clans are exogamous whereas lineages are endogamous. e. clans are patrilocal whereas lineages are matrilocal.

b. clan members are unable to trace exact genealogical links to their common ancestor.

Master Ghanaian carpenter Paa Joe is most known for a. temple altars. b. coffins. c. statues. d. wooden utensils. e. axes and other tools.

b. coffins.

. The racial categories used by the U.S. Census Bureau, e.g. White, Black, Hispanic, Alaskan Native, American Indian, Asian, and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, are large catchall categories that include diverse people. To compound the situation, inclusion in one or another of these categories is usually based on self-identification. Thus, in reality what we are dealing with are not biological categories at all, but rather are a. hypothetical categories. b. cultural constructs. c. social scientific jargon. d. ethnic categories. e. politically correct labels.

b. cultural constructs.

Humans' major mode of adaptation, which enables them to live effectively in diverse environments, is a. education. b. culture. c. bureaucracy. d. religion. e. biology.

b. culture.

One area that is most changing the composition of families today is that of a. increasing acceptance of polygynous unions. b. development of new reproductive technologies. c. increasing numbers of same-sex marriages. d. decreasing divorce rates. e. increasing numbers of patrilateral marriages.

b. development of new reproductive technologies.

According to the North American anthropologist Ralph Linton, about 90% of any culture's content comes from a. primary innovation. b. diffusion. c. invention. d. syncretism. e. revolution.

b. diffusion.

The violent eradication of an ethnic group's collective cultural identity is called a. genocide. b. ethnocide. c. homicide. d. extinction. e. acculturation.

b. ethnocide.

The study of music in its cultural setting is called a. ethnohistory. b. ethnomusicology. c. ethnography. d. folklore. e. verbal arts.

b. ethnomusicology.

When a society proscribes sexual relations among those it considers too closely related, these are rules of a. genetics. b. exogamy. c. endogamy. d. polygamy. e. extragamy.

b. exogamy.

Bipedalism can be inferred from the position of the a. fovea centralis. b. foramen magnum. c. masseter muscle. d. femora and tibia. e. feet.

b. foramen magnum.

The author uses the Nayar of southwest India to illustrate that rules about sexual access can be highly variable. Nayar women a. are married to their brothers. b. go through stages of sexual access. c. have two husbands. d. do not get married. e. do not have children.

b. go through stages of sexual access.

In Western societies between A.D. 1000 and 1800, divorce was next to impossible, but few marriages lasted more than about 10 or 20 years, owing to a. irreconcilable differences. b. high death rates. c. patrilineal societies. d. matrilineal societies. e. high economic cost of marriage.

b. high death rates.

The hand of a human and the wing of a bat are __________________ structures, while the wings of birds and butterflies are _________________ structures. a. analogous; homologous b. homologous; analogous c. kingdom; phylum d. suborder; subfamily e. higher order; lower order

b. homologous; analogous

The most present threat to the Shuar people in the 1960s that precipitated cultural changes was a. disease. b. imminent land loss. c. gold mining. d. drop in corn prices. e. beginning of oil drilling on their lands.

b. imminent land loss.

Anthropology has sought directly to do each of the following except: a. document the practice of culture. b. impose a Western and modern approach to life. c. document disappearing cultural practices. d. reconstruct traditional ways of life. e. educate its audience on the importance of culture.

b. impose a Western and modern approach to life.

All of the following are characteristics commonly associated with domesticated plants except: a. increased size. b. increase in natural seed dispersal mechanisms. c. reduction of seed protective devices, such as husks. d. loss of delayed seed germination. e. development of simultaneous ripening.

b. increase in natural seed dispersal mechanisms.

All of the following strongly contributed to the development of larger brains in hominids except: a. bipedalism. b. increasing vegetarian diet. c. development of tool-making skills. d. increased reproductive success. e. increasing amounts of leisure time.

b. increasing vegetarian diet.

The members of a society who work most closely with the anthropologist to provide an understanding of cultural phenomena are called a. primary consultants. b. key consultants. c. cultural brokers. d. cultural liaisons. e. key leaders.

b. key consultants.

Jane Leek, born and raised in the U.S., decides to hold a family reunion. She invites her siblings, parents, both sets of grandparents, her great-aunts and great-uncles, their children, her aunts, uncles, and their children. This group brought together for a temporary time, with such vague boundaries, is called a(n) a. clan. b. kindred. c. moiety. d. lineage. e. phratry.

b. kindred.

A system of communication using sounds, gestures, or marks that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of share rules is called a(n) a. signal set. b. language. c. code. d. linguistic system. e. analogue.

b. language.

While the phonologist is making an inventory of permissible sounds in a language, the _____ is deciphering the groups or combinations of sounds that have meaning, or that are actually used to convey information. a. phoneticist b. morphologist c. grammaticist d. glottochronologist e. consultant

b. morphologist

All of the following are drawbacks associated with the DNA evidence of tracing African origins except: a. scientists assume the DNA is originating in Africa and migrating out, but it could also be migrating into Africa. b. mtDNA is not always passed from mother to child; sometimes, it skips a generation. c. scientists assume that selective pressures do not affect the DNA, but there is evidence for selective pressure on mtDNA. d. both models suggest steady rates of mutation, and mutation is notoriously uneven. e. mtDNA studies exclude information carried on the Y chromosome.

b. mtDNA is not always passed from mother to child; sometimes, it skips a generation.

Andrea Louie studied the ethnic Han group of China by collecting data in San Francisco, Hong Kong, and southern China. This approach is an example of a. transnational ethnography. b. multi-sited ethnography. c. diasporic ethnography. d. transitional ethnography. e. salvage ethnography.

b. multi-sited ethnography.

According to this theory, animal domestication began because permanent water holes attracted hungry animals that came to graze on the stubble of the grain fields. People, finding these animals too thin to kill for food, began to fatten them up. This theory is known as the desiccation theory, or a. hilly flanks theory. b. oasis theory. c. domestication theory. d. leisure theory. e. hungry animal theory.

b. oasis theory.

The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already rather alike is called a. convergent evolution. b. parallel evolution. c. constant evolution. d. adaptation. e. diffusion.

b. parallel evolution.

The physical characteristics of a person are known as the a. genotype. b. phenotype. c. polygenetic type. d. genome. e. chromatid.

b. phenotype.

A full-time religious specialist formally recognized for his or her role in guiding the religious practices of others is called a(n) a. shaman. b. priest or priestess. c. pastor. d. spiritual guide. e. preacher.

b. priest or priestess.

The term "modernization" a. is a relativistic rather than ethnocentric concept. b. refers to the process of cultural and socioeconomic change whereby societies acquire the characteristics of industrialized societies. c. refers to a global and all-encompassing process whereby modern cities development new types of subsistence. d. can be used to show that all societies go through the same stages of evolutionary development, culminating in the urban-industrial state. e. is not used by anthropologists.

b. refers to the process of cultural and socioeconomic change whereby societies acquire the characteristics of industrialized societies.

The use of wealth to support the tonowi's power, the belief in the divine right of kings to rule, and the choice of the oldest living male becoming the head of the Dahomey state of West Africa all have in common that they a. have to do with a system of centralized authority. b. represent what is considered to be the legitimate basis of political authority in that particular society. c. all have to do with the use of force as a legitimate basis of both current and future projected political leadership. d. all have to do with non-Western forms of political power. e. all are associated with food foraging.

b. represent what is considered to be the legitimate basis of political authority in that particular society.

The change from subsistence farming to cash crops a. enables farmers to enlarge their holdings and feed their families more effectively. b. results in the relocation of subsistence farmers to urban areas or to lands ecologically unfit for farming. c. leads to the decline of multinational corporations. d. supports cultural pluralism. e. leads to revitalization.

b. results in the relocation of subsistence farmers to urban areas or to lands ecologically unfit for farming.

When an individual undergoes rituals to celebrate birth, puberty, and marriage, he or she is practicing a. rites of rebellion. b. rites of passage. c. rites of intensification. d. rites of magic. e. life stage rituals.

b. rites of passage.

Among Australian aborigines, the ancestors' tracks on the earth are known in song as a. dreamlines. b. songlines. c. little songs. d. journey songs. e. echoes.

b. songlines.

Power that organizes and orchestrates the systemic interaction within and among societies is called a. symbolic power. b. structural power. c. hard power. d. soft power. e. structural violence.

b. structural power.

In the movie Witness, a policeman named John Book was able to hide from his corrupt boss by staying with the Amish. He was protected by adopting their mode of dress, by the fact that they had no telephones, and by their being a close-knit community united by shared values that differed from those of the larger society. The Amish in the United States are an example of a(n) a. pluralistic society. b. subculture. c. integrated culture. d. world culture. e. complex society.

b. subculture.

In acculturation, subordinate groups will often incorporate new cultural elements into their own culture, creating a blend of old and new. A reinterpretation of new cultural elements to fit them with already existing traditions is called a. innovation. b. syncretism. c. assimilation. d. acculturation. e. modernization.

b. syncretism.

A culturally prescribed avoidance is a(n) a. prohibition. b. taboo. c. avoidance. d. mana. e. ritual law.

b. taboo.

All of the following statements about tattoos are correct except: a. tattoos are transformed into fine art through redefinition and framing based on formal and ideological qualities. b. tattoos were first brought to the U.S. by British Captain John Smith from the Pacific. c. tattoos can function as a mark of affiliation and identity for the bearer. d. there are class distinctions in tattoos and tattoo art. e. tattoos have long been one of the simplest ways of identifying the human as a social being.

b. tattoos were first brought to the U.S. by British Captain John Smith from the Pacific.

To say that food-foraging societies are egalitarian means that a. there are no status differences. b. the only status differences are age and sex. c. everyone is equal except women. d. men are usually subordinate to women. e. children are the center of community life and adults have no distinctions in status.

b. the only status differences are age and sex.

All of the following statements about megacorporations are correct except: a. many of them generate more money than whole countries. b. they are often subject to open records and must disclose many internal affairs. c. they are the products of the technological revolution. d. they are such large businesses that they can often ignore and change the plans of government where they operate. e. they are controlled by wealthy capitalists.

b. they are often subject to open records and must disclose many internal affairs.

Wape villagers avoid quarreling with each other because a. they are afraid that a ghost will misdirect a bullet and kill a quarreling person during hunting. b. they believe that a hunter misses his prey only because of the intervention of ancestral ghosts who are angry with quarreling in the community. c. they know they will be put in jail by the New Guinea government. d. a hunter will refuse to loan his gun to a quarreling person. e. the ancestors will go away from their villages if they quarrel.

b. they believe that a hunter misses his prey only because of the intervention of ancestral ghosts who are angry with quarreling in the community.

The one thing that all pluralistic states, past and present, irrespective of other differences among them, share is a tendency a. to grow beyond their capacity to maintain their society. b. to fragment. c. to stagnate. d. toward the development of a dictatorship. e. toward the development of a democracy.

b. to fragment.

When kinship membership is traced either through males or through females but not both, it is called a. bilateral. b. unilineal. c. patrilineal. d. ambilineal. e. matrilineal.

b. unilineal.

The widespread occurrence of shamanism and the remarkable similarities between shamanistic traditions wherever found are consequences of a. culture. b. universal neurological inheritance. c. similar ecclesiastical organization. d. diffusion. e. effects of hallucinatory drugs.

b. universal neurological inheritance.

The new term for salvage ethnography is a. contemporary ethnography. b. urgent anthropology. c. critical anthropology. d. fieldwork anthropology. e. historical anthropology.

b. urgent anthropology.

Natufian subsistence is associated with all of the following except: a. use of sickles. b. use of foot plows. c. burning to promote animal grazing. d. use of grinding stones for seed. e. storage of wild seeds.

b. use of foot plows.

Percussive method of tool manufacture is a form of technology that is associated with all of the following except: a. marked the beginning of the Lower Paleolithic. b. utilized fossils. c. was evidenced in Oldowan tool tradition. d. made possible the butchering of meat from scavenged carcasses. e. used sharp-edged flakes from stones.

b. utilized fossils.

Tattoos communicate through all of the following except: a. manner of execution. b. verbal words. c. style. d. sign-to-meaning correspondence. e. color.

b. verbal words.

Matrilineal descent groups are associated with farming societies in which _____ performs most of the labor in the house and gardens. a. men b. women c. women's brothers d. children e. hired workers

b. women

If you are a member of a patrilineal descent group, a. descent is traced exclusively through females. b. your sisters belong to the same patrilineal descent group that you do. c. your mother's brothers are members of your descent group. d. your brothers belong to the same descent group but your sisters do not. e. you do not publicly recognize your mother.

b. your sisters belong to the same patrilineal descent group that you do.

We have ample reason to suppose war has become a problem only in the past _____years, since the invention of food-production techniques and especially centralized states. a. 5,000 b. 50,000 c. 10,000 d. 100,000 e. 150

c. 10,000

The transition from food foraging to food production first took place about _____ years ago in _____. a. 15,000; Nile River region b. 5,000; Tigris Euphrates area c. 10,000; Southwest Asia d. 7,000; the Highlands of Mesoamerica e. 3,000; Yangtze River Valley

c. 10,000; Southwest Asia

Current projections say that global population will peak around the year a. 2020. b. 2025. c. 2050. d. 2070. e. 2085.

c. 2050.

In the U.S., approximately what percentage of marriages ends in divorce? a. 80 b. 65 c. 40 d. 30 e. 15

c. 40

Rarely has a culture been reported to lack any kind of music. Bone flutes and whistles have been found by archaeologists that date back approximately how many years ago? a. 10,000 b. 33,000 c. 42,000 d. 57,000 e. 100,000

c. 42,000

Beginning about 11,000 years ago in the Asian highlands, the archaeological record shows an increase by what percentage in the amount of immature sheep consumed? a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 75 e. 100

c. 50

A chimpanzee or bonobo community consists of approximately how many animals? a. Less than 20 b. More than 500 c. 50 or more d. 10- to 25 e. Less than 10

c. 50 or more

Since the early 1970s, about how many foreign children have been adopted into U.S. families? a. 2 million b. 750,000 c. 500,000 d. 140,000 e. 23,000

c. 500,000

Approximately how many languages are spoken today? a. 12,000 b. 10,000 c. 6,000 d. 3,000 e. 1,750

c. 6,000

The current world population is around how many billion? a. 2 b. 4 c. 7 d. 10 e. 12

c. 7

Using the blade technique, which is similar to peeling long leaves off an artichoke, Upper Paleolithic humans could get how many feet of working edge from a two-pound core? a. 3 b. 6 c. 75 d. 120 e. 250

c. 75

In which of the following circumstances would you expect to find the custom of bride price? a. A bride and groom leave the community after marriage and set up their own household in a distant city or village area b. A bride and groom go to live with the bride's people c. A bride and groom go to live with the groom's people d. A bride and groom go to live with the bride's mother's brother e. A bride and groom live in separate houses and do not cohabitate

c. A bride and groom go to live with the groom's people

Laura Nader has called on anthropologists to "study up." What does she mean by this term? a. Anthropologists should study high-altitude peoples and cultures in order to understand adaptation. b. Anthropologists should people of a higher class than themselves. c. Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people. d. Anthropologists should intensify their studies and become more involved in advocacy anthropology. e. Anthropologists should be more committed to urgent anthropology before indigenous peoples are all gone.

c. Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people.

Which of the following best describes the hypodescent rule? a. A law that allows minority racial groups special access to government services b. A law that gives racial superiority to one group over another c. Assigning an individual with mixed ethnicity to the minority group d. Configuring an individual's ancestry to omit any minority groups from being known e. Changing an individual's birth data, such as their age, so that they can be placed in a different social category

c. Assigning an individual with mixed ethnicity to the minority group

Which of the following was an Upper Paleolithic tool technology? a. Oldowan b. Levalloisian c. Aurignacian d. Mousterian e. Acheulian

c. Aurignacian

Which Ethiopian scholar has been involved in the most recent finds of H. sapiens idaltu in Herto, Ethiopia, and argues that this is the earliest specimen find of anatomically modern H. sapiens? a. Donald Johansson b. Xinzhi Wu c. Berhane Asfaw d. Tim White e. Louis Leakey

c. Berhane Asfaw

North Americans assume that they are related equally to the relatives on both the mother's and father's side. The group composed of such people to whom these individuals feel that they belong is called what kind of descent group? a. Ambilineal b. Double c. Bilateral d. Patrilineal e. Matrilineal

c. Bilateral

Which of the following are broad research interests of physical anthropologists? a. Descriptive ethnography and culture-bound theory b. Fingerprinting and study of hair loss c. Biological variation in human populations and evolution of human characteristics d. Primate population variation and the reconstruction of the material remains of culture e. The study of the origins of language and what causes language change

c. Biological variation in human populations and evolution of human characteristics

Which of the following is not one of the four branches of anthropology? a. Archaeology b. Linguistics c. Biology d. Cultural anthropology e. Physical anthropology

c. Biology

Which of the following organizations is an example of "soft power"? a. Coast Guard b. Shell Energy c. Cable News Network d. Wal-Mart e. US Army

c. Cable News Network

On the Gini Index, which country rates currently at the highest level of disparity? a. Sweden b. United States c. China d. Egypt e. Senegal

c. China

Because Nayar women live with their dependent offspring and their brothers, they are considered what type of family? a. Conjugal b. Affinal c. Consanguineal d. Nuclear e. Patrilateral

c. Consanguineal

European remains of the Upper Paleolithic after about 36,000 years ago are usually classified as a. Neanderthal. b. Upper Paleolithic peoples. c. Cro-Magnon. d. anatomically modern H. sapiens. e. Homo erectus.

c. Cro-Magnon.

Which of the following statements is most correct? a. Humans have never had genetic control over any animals or plants. b. Human had some control over the domestication of species, but humans are also domesticated. c. Domestication took place as a series of interactions between species with little awareness of long-term consequences. d. Domestication occurred as human intentionally chose each functional species. e. Domestication occurred only to animals and plants that had immediate use value for humans.

c. Domestication took place as a series of interactions between species with little awareness of long-term consequences.

Which of the following is not a common depiction of Bushmen rock art? a. Hunting scenes b. Women c. Drums d. Trance dancers e. Fly whisks

c. Drums

Which of the following statements is correct regarding vervet monkey alarm calls? a. They make alarm calls to signal the location of food. b. There is no distinction between any alarm calls. c. Each alarm call communicates specific information about type of predator and where it is located. d. Each alarm call communicates specific information about type of predator and when it will arrive. e. Vervet youngsters appear to learn these calls instinctually without parental involvement

c. Each alarm call communicates specific information about type of predator and where it is located.

The first clear and comprehensive definition of culture was made by a. Franz Boas. b. Ralph Linton. c. Edward B. Tylor. d. Bronislaw Malinowski. e. Clyde Kluckhohn.

c. Edward B. Tylor.

Which of the following is not a major form of establishing spiritual lineage? a. Apprenticeship personally to a religious leader, as among Sufis b. Election by religious elders, as among Catholics c. Following a new charismatic prophet, as among the Raelians d. Seeking a divinely appointed individual through revelation, as among Tibetan Buddhists e. Claiming biological descent from a common ancestor, as among Israelites

c. Following a new charismatic prophet, as among the Raelians

About 12,000 years ago, what environmental changes created a shift in food production? a. The climate of the north grew colder b. Tundras and the large herd animals that they supported spread throughout the Old World c. Glaciers melted and the sea levels rose d. Deserts replaced forests e. The fish disappeared from the ocean

c. Glaciers melted and the sea levels rose

In their work of meeting the challenges of globalization in human communities, anthropologists are ____, meaning they take into account many interacting factors to understand the functioning of a complex whole. a. Evolutionary b. Relativistic c. Holistic d. cross-cultural e. Ethnocentric

c. Holistic

Peyote art is a traditional form among the a. Cheyenne. b. Hurok. c. Huichol. d. Chumash. e. Comanche.

c. Huichol.

The primate skeleton reflects the importance in primate evolution of most of the following characteristics. Which of the following does it not reflect? a. A large brain b. Upright posture c. Increased significance of smell d. Flexible limbs and hands e. Stereoscopic vision

c. Increased significance of smell

Mass food production is a characteristic of which type of food production? a. Swidden b. Slash and burn c. Industrial d. Horticultural e. Pastoralism

c. Industrial

Which of the following is a primary difference between an insurgency and a revolution? a. Revolutions involve large-scale violence, while many insurgencies are peaceful b. Revolutions occur when there is an outside invasion, and insurgencies are internal events c. Insurgencies have limited objectives, while revolutionary movements are broader d. Revolutions are successful insurgency movements e. Insurgencies do not have single leaders; revolutions have charismatic leaders

c. Insurgencies have limited objectives, while revolutionary movements are broader

In _____ kinship terminology, the term "brother" is given to ego's brother, father's brother's son, and mother's sister's song; a different term is used for the sons of father's sister and mother's brother. "Mother" refers to ego's mother and mother's sister; "father" refers to ego's father and father's brother. Separate terms are used for mother's brother and father's sister. a. Eskimo b. Hawaiian c. Iroquois d. unilineal descent e. kindred

c. Iroquois

What is the primary purpose of practicing applied anthropology? a. It provides case studies to determine the accuracy of new anthropological theories. b. It establishes new fieldsites where future anthropologists can work. c. It allows the use of anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems. d. It allows anthropologists to work with non-governmental agencies to establish democracy. e. It provides students with areas where they can practice doing fieldwork.

c. It allows the use of anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems.

Detailed census records made in Roman Egypt show that brother-sister marriages among members of the non-royal farming class were common. What light does this shed on the incest taboo? a. It proves that there is a biological basis for avoidance of inbreeding among humans. b. It proves that incest is committed only among royalty and is done in order to preserve the bloodlines. c. It demonstrates that despite the human tendency to avoid inbreeding, it occasionally occurs and may even be preferred. d. It supports Freud's psychoanalytic theory of the universality of the Oedipus complex. e. It shows that humans are no different from chimpanzees.

c. It demonstrates that despite the human tendency to avoid inbreeding, it occasionally occurs and may even be preferred.

Which system was adopted widely as a result of the French military expansion under Napoleon? a. Monarchy b. Democracy c. Metric d. Decimal e. Dewey decimal

c. Metric

What type of evidence is cited in support of the recent African origins hypothesis? a. Karyology studies b. Serology studies c. Mitochondrial DNA comparison d. Nuclear DNA comparison e. Tracing of the FOX2 gene

c. Mitochondrial DNA comparison

Which of the following is not a goal of the contemporary Qullasuyu revitalization movement in Bolivia? a. Protecting indigenous cultural sites b. Restoring indigenous customs c. Overthrowing the national Bolivian government d. Reclaiming pre-colonial sacred rituals e. Recognizing the continuity among humans, animals, and plants

c. Overthrowing the national Bolivian government

Among the Han, brothers and their sons were part of the same household and paternal uncles were like second fathers. What type of descent is this? a. Neolocal b. Kindred c. Patrilineal d. Matrilineal e. Bilateral

c. Patrilineal

Among the Tsembaga of Papua New Guinea, there is a relationship between the physical and social environments that involves ritual slaughter in order to re-establish harmony. What animal is slaughtered to reduce pressure on the local environments? a. Dogs b. Sheep c. Pigs d. Goats e. Cows

c. Pigs

Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome studies of the Maori indicate that their creation myth telling of their origins from the ancient place of Hawaiki is consistent with an origin in a. India and Central Asia. b. Morocco and northern Africa. c. Polynesia and Southeast Asia region. d. Australia. e. North America.

c. Polynesia and Southeast Asia region.

Xenophobia tends to occur during very specific situations. Which of the following is least likely to cause xenophobia? a. Scarcity of resources b. Unemployment c. Prosperity d. Social insecurity e. Rising inflation

c. Prosperity

How do scientific accounts and creation stories differ from each other? a. Evolution is true, and creation stories are not b. Evolution, unlike creation stories, explains how life forms became diverse c. Scientific accounts focus on testable ideas, and creation stories do not d. Creation stories are based on religion, and scientific accounts are based on ideology e. These two accounts do not differ from each other; they are simply two different stories

c. Scientific accounts focus on testable ideas, and creation stories do not

Of all the world's states, ____ is one of the very few where pluralism really has worked out to the satisfaction of all parties to the arrangement. a. the United States b. Canada c. Switzerland d. France e. Australia

c. Switzerland

Chan monastics discussed in this chapter's Biocultural Connection are in the country of a. Cambodia. b. India. c. Taiwan. d. Thailand. e. Nepal.

c. Taiwan.

Your text describes a type of narrative found in many cultures in which a peasant father and his son, while traveling with their beast of burden, meet a number of people who criticize them. What is the motif? a. The "motif" refers to the psychological motives of the characters in a story, in this case, the desire of the son to do better than his father. b. The "motif" is meant to be the historical background to the story, in this case, the history of exploitation of the peasantry. c. The "motif" refers to the story situation, in this case, a father and son trying to please everyone. d. The "motif" is meant to be the physical environment in which the story occurs, in this case, the yam gardens of Ghana. e. The "motif" refers to the economic background, in this case, feudalism.

c. The "motif" refers to the story situation, in this case, a father and son trying to please everyone.

Which of the following statements about Easter Island and the Rapanui is not correct? a. The Rapanui first settled the island about 800 years ago. b. When the Rapanui arrived, 75% of the land was densely forested. c. The Rapanui raised pigs and also fished for subsistence. d. A large rat population on the island contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Rapanui. e. When the Dutch arrived to the Island in 1722, there were no more than 3,000 Rapanui remaining.

c. The Rapanui raised pigs and also fished for subsistence.

Which of the following best defines applied anthropology? a. The use of anthropological techniques to better prepare populations for market research and the introduction of capitalism b. The application of anthropological types of change in order to help indigenous people develop further c. The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communities confronting new challenges d. The implementation of change into indigenous populations only in order to save and preserve them e. Teaching anthropology in the classroom to a new generation of students

c. The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communities confronting new challenges

All of the following statements except one correctly describe food-foraging societies. Which is it? a. They are egalitarian. b. They are small nomadic groups living within a fixed territory. c. They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level. d. They are not very aggressive or warlike. e. They live in marginal areas of the world today.

c. They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level.

What does it mean to take a "holistic perspective"? a. To seek comparisons between cultures in order to understand what is universal in human thought and behavior b. To examine culture as a whole and how various parts are related, without examining behavior as if it were a biological instinct c. To seek interconnections and relatedness between various parts of human culture and biology d. To approach culture as a uniquely human practice that is the same everywhere and is thus studied as if it were a whole e. To view culture as changing and whole, but not subject to analysis and experiment

c. To seek interconnections and relatedness between various parts of human culture and biology

Namus is another name for a. Russian lineages. b. French clans. c. Turkish honor. d. Hispanic migratory patterns. e. Polish social networks based on totems.

c. Turkish honor.

A young man of Jewish affiliation moves to New York City to find a job. Seeing no reason to "go it alone," he calls everyone he knows from both his mother's and father's side of the family, and attends various meetings to which he is invited. He is invited to multiple events and gatherings by virtue of his being related to various ancestors on both parents' side. These groups support him when he runs out of money and help him find an apartment and a job. We can say that he is a member of either a bilateral descent group or which of the following? a. Patrilineal b. Matrilineal c. Unilineal d. Cognatic e. Ambilineal

c. Unilineal

A key point in William Ury's 2002 book, Must We Fight? was that, "Conflict is not going to end, but _____ can." a. Starvation b. ethnic repression c. Violence d. Illiteracy e. Rebellions

c. Violence

According to Stephen Jay Gould, "Wheels, like wings, fins, and brains, are exquisite devices for certain purposes, not signs of intrinsic superiority." Which of the following statements about the use of the wheel in the Middle East is correct? a. Wheels were never appropriate vehicles in the Middle East and were never used there; camels have been used as beasts of burden since before Biblical times. b. Wheels have always been used in the Middle East, as they are the most appropriate vehicle for traveling across deserts and were first invented there. c. Wheels were once widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th century A.D., had been replaced by camels because the Roman roads had deteriorated and the camel was more suitable to the uneven terrain. d. Camels were once widespread throughout the Middle East during Biblical times, but as civilization advanced, were replaced by vehicles that made use of the wheel. e. Wheels were never introduced to the Middle East until the modern era. However, they were the first to use trains and other forms of rapid transportation.

c. Wheels were once widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th century A.D., had been replaced by camels because the Roman roads had deteriorated and the camel was more suitable to the uneven terrain.

The starting point, or reference, for a grid is called a. flotation. b. stratification. c. a datum point. d. a grid system. e. paleoanthropology.

c. a datum point.

Among Christians in the 17th and 18th centuries in New England, adultery was considered a. prescribed for many different kinds of illness. b. a source of community gossip. c. a serious crime. d. a personal offense to the woman's family. e. culturally acceptable.

c. a serious crime.

Traditions play an important role in all aspects of cultural change; however, among those listed below, they are most significant in a. diffusion. b. syncretism. c. accommodation. d. assimilation. e. modernization.

c. accommodation.

The gradual process of making beneficial adjustments to the environment is called a. adjustment. b. adaption. c. adaptation. d. acclimatization. e. alteration.

c. adaptation.

The process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to a particular environment, which not only leads to biological changes in the organisms but also impacts their environment, is called a. accommodation. b. acculturation. c. adaptation. d. assimilation. e. incorporation.

c. adaptation.

When the economy is based on _____ and when the man does most of the productive work, the bride's people may give a dowry that protects the woman against desertion. Dowry is also a statement of her economic status. a. food foraging b. pastoralism c. agriculture d. horticulture e. industrialism

c. agriculture

Peyote buttons contain a psychotropic substance identified as a(n) a. acid base inhibitor. b. acid. c. alkaloid. d. barbiturate. e. phosphate.

c. alkaloid.

All of the following statements about cultural change are correct except: a. all cultures are capable of adapting to changing conditions. b. not all change is positive or adaptive. c. all cultures are equally well equipped for making adjustments in a timely way. d. sometimes the pace of culture change increases dramatically. e. elements of a culture may persist for long periods of time.

c. all cultures are equally well equipped for making adjustments in a timely way.

A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose to live in the husband's father's or wife's mother's place of residence is called a. avunculocal. b. neolocal. c. ambilocal. d. patrilocal. e. matrilocal.

c. ambilocal.

The Mayan city of Tikal may have played an important role as a. the capital of Mexico. b. a university center for astronomers and mathematicians. c. an important stop on an overland trade route. d. the first industrial center for the production of wheat. e. the place where swords were manufactured to fight the Aztecs.

c. an important stop on an overland trade route.

Any object fashioned or altered by humans is called a(n) a. ecofact. b. fossil. c. artifact. d. tool. e. manufact.

c. artifact.

The period of time that a groom spends in service to the bride's family as a form of economic exchange for marriage is called a. a leveling mechanism. b. marriage transaction. c. bride service. d. bride wealth. e. dowry.

c. bride service.

Once two Inuit individuals are involved in a dispute and become peaceful by engaging in a singing contest, the affair is considered a. open to negotiation by both individual's families. b. open to negotiation by the individuals involved. c. closed and resolved. d. closed to legal repercussions. e. delayed until further notice.

c. closed and resolved.

Acculturation differs from other types of processes of change because it always involves an element of a. improvement. b. progress. c. coercion. d. innovation. e. religious change.

c. coercion.

Chantek was able to do all of the following except: a. use deception. b. create complex meanings. c. communicate through verbal words. d. use displaced reference. e. use code switching.

c. communicate through verbal words.

Magic based on the assumption that things that are like each other somehow have a connection with each other and if you do something to one, it will affect the other, is called a. scientific. b. imitative. c. contagious. d. rebellious. e. witchcraft.

c. contagious.

The Comanche and the Cheyenne were quite different culturally until they moved out onto the Great Plains and made use of the horse to hunt the buffalo and raid settled peoples. They then became more similar in cultural adaptations, a process called a. pre-adaptation. b. transformed evolution. c. convergent evolution. d. parallel evolution. e. ecological evolution.

c. convergent evolution.

All of the following are long-term challenges associated with high-yield marginal farmlands in the U.S. except: a. loss of topsoil. b. high cost of fossil fuel. c. decreasing salinity of soil. d. silting of irrigation works. e. high cost of fresh water.

c. decreasing salinity of soil.

Marriage within a particular group of individuals is called a. incest. b. exogamy. c. endogamy. d. polygamy. e. monogamy.

c. endogamy.

Semi-historical narratives that account for the deeds of heroes, the movements of peoples, and the establishment of local customs are called a. myths. b. legends. c. epics. d. tales. e. dramas.

c. epics.

Sanctions are a. internalized social controls. b. classified social controls. c. externalized social controls. d. external behavior. e. religious behavior.

c. externalized social controls.

The splitting of a descent group into two or more entities is called a. fusion. b. fraction. c. fission. d. code switching. e. delineation.

c. fission.

A boy is born into a society that practices matrilineal descent. The person who exercises authority over him is a. his sister. b. his father. c. his mother. d. his mother's brother. e. his father's brother.

c. his mother.

Many people see the worldwide spread of fast food giants as a sign of a. excellent economic growth in third-world countries. b. a coming epidemic of worldwide obesity. c. homogeneous global culture. d. a growth in cultural misunderstandings. e. worldwide cheap food availability.

c. homogeneous global culture.

All of the following are characteristics commonly associated with domesticated animals except: a. horn variation, including loss of horns. b. size variation, including reduction in size. c. hoof variation, generally favoring cloven-hoofed animals. d. cultural artifacts associated with penning or corralling animals. e. alteration in sex and age ratios of butchered animals.

c. hoof variation, generally favoring cloven-hoofed animals.

The cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes is a type of farming called a. agriculture. b. slash-and-burn. c. horticulture. d. low-tech farming. e. pastoralism.

c. horticulture.

An archaeologist studies material remains and environmental data to understand a. geological time periods. b. fossils and the process of preservation. c. human culture. d. adaptation and the formation of future species. e. how oil is formed from ancient plants.

c. human culture.

Over the course of our evolutionary history, most environmental stressors were climatic and geographic. Now, however, a. humans have little environmental stressors, climatic or geographic. b. nonhuman primates have more stressors than humans. c. humans face a series of new environmental stressors of their own making. d. humans also face daily weather stressors. e. humans have climatic stress, but geographical stress has been removed because of technology.

c. humans face a series of new environmental stressors of their own making.

The French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss says that the incest taboo is universal because a. humans are instinctively opposed to inbreeding through biological programming. b. humans repress their sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and thus learn how to control sexual behavior from birth. c. humans have learned to establish alliances with strangers and thereby share and develop culture. d. humans prefer to marry their brothers and sisters and must use culture to regulate sexual access and avoid inbreeding. e. humans do not like sex.

c. humans have learned to establish alliances with strangers and thereby share and develop culture.

An organized armed resistance or violent uprising to an established government or authority is called a(n) a. coup. b. revolution. c. insurgency. d. mutiny. e. insurrection.

c. insurgency.

Polygyny a. means marriage to more than one man. b. is the most common form of marriage. c. is possible only when a man is fairly wealthy. d. is less common than polyandry. e. is an example of group marriage.

c. is possible only when a man is fairly wealthy.

Anthropologists advise that a. it is best to do your first fieldwork as part of a team of researchers, some of them experienced. b. it is best to do your first fieldwork in your own culture so that you become experienced. c. it is best to do your first fieldwork in a culture other than your own. d. it is best to work in societies that are different from your own but now located very far away from where you live. e. it is best to study peasants as part of your first fieldwork experience.

c. it is best to do your first fieldwork in a culture other than your own.

The teeth of primates are a. more specialized in comparison with other mammals. b. arranged in a dental pattern just like that of other mammals. c. less specialized in comparison with other mammals. d. larger in number than the primate ancestor from which they evolved. e. all shaped and formed the same, as their diet does not demand specialization.

c. less specialized in comparison with other mammals.

In the Americas, the crop complex that was most adaptive and typical was a. wheat, barley, flax, rye, and millet. b. rice, yam, and taro. c. maize, beans, and squash. d. manioc, wheat, and cotton. e. rhubarb, rice, and turnips.

c. maize, beans, and squash.

The durable aspects of culture such as tools, structures, and art are known as a. fossils. b. artifacts. c. material culture. d. prehistory. e. intangibles.

c. material culture.

Agribusiness is associated with all of the following except: a. reduction of labor costs. b. driving down wages. c. maximizing employee benefits. d. maximizing profits. e. expanding markets.

c. maximizing employee benefits.

In Western music, the distance between the basic tone and the first overtone is called a(n) a. tone. b. pentatone. c. octave. d. scale. e. pentatonic scale.

c. octave.

A people's collection of gods and goddesses is called a(n) a. mana. b. collective. c. pantheon. d. fetish. e. altar.

c. pantheon.

An important method of learning among infants and juveniles is a. sex. b. brachiation. c. play. d. knuckle-walking. e. home ranges

c. play.

In Tibet, a young man lives with his older brother, who is married. The younger brother eventually begins to think about setting up his own tent and taking his share of the yak and fields of grass. One night, his brother's wife gives him her necklace. In Tibetan culture, this is an invitation for him to become her second husband. If he accepts, he will remain with his brother and share the same tent. This type of marriage is called a. monogamy. b. polygamy. c. polyandry. d. polygyny. e. serial monogamy.

c. polyandry.

Physical traits such as height, skin color, or liability to disease are controlled by multiple genes. This is called a. dominant genes. b. recessive genes. c. polygenetic inheritance. d. hemoglobin. e. dominant recession.

c. polygenetic inheritance.

Two people playing different patterns of beats at the same time is called a. syncopation. b. irregular repetition. c. polyrhythm. d. pentatonality. e. tone color.

c. polyrhythm.

The ability to make and use tools is a. present only in humans and found in no other species. b. a significant part of the everyday behavior of gorillas and orangutans. c. present among chimpanzees but only involves nest-building among gorillas. d. present only among chimpanzees and humans. e. found among all primates regardless of species.

c. present among chimpanzees but only involves nest-building among gorillas.

The concept that states humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development is called a. advancement. b. evolution. c. progress. d. success. e. convergence.

c. progress.

The interpretive approach to rock art among the Bushmen and all over southern Africa indicates a significant influence of a. hierarchical classes. b. egalitarianism. c. shamanism. d. hunting and gathering. e. spiritual lineage.

c. shamanism.

Major changes in Skolt Lapp society occurred because a. men switched from reindeer herding to other sources of income. b. the number of reindeer declined because of climate change. c. snowmobiles were introduced to herd reindeer. d. society became hierarchical instead of egalitarian. e. women began to go to the university and get jobs outside the home.

c. snowmobiles were introduced to herd reindeer.

The cultural definitions of what it means to be a male or female today a. are determined by biological differences. b. are independent of biological differences. c. stem from biological differences that are less significant today. d. developed about 60 million years ago when our species first emerged. e. have no relationship to sex.

c. stem from biological differences that are less significant today.

Phonology is the a. modern scientific study of all aspects of language. b. systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language. c. study of language sounds. d. study of the patterns and rules by which words are arranged. e. the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax.

c. study of language sounds.

A positive side effect to restricting sexual behavior is that it may also limit a. the number of children a woman can have. b. the number of divorces in that culture. c. the spread of sexually-transmitted diseases. d. group marriages. e. women marrying the wrong man.

c. the spread of sexually-transmitted diseases.

Food-foraging societies are egalitarian because a. humans, in their natural state, like to share. b. it is unnatural for some people to be richer than others. c. their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus possessions. d. they are constantly threatened by starvation. e. their king told them to be that way.

c. their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus possessions.

The Amish may be used as an example of subcultural variation because a. they are racially different. b. they share the values of thrift, hard work, independence, and close family ties that Americans respect. c. they maintain a distinctive way of life that emphasizes agrarian living and loyalty to fellow Amish rather than to the state. d. they participate in a rite of passage called rumschpringe. e. they have their own church and do not speak English.

c. they maintain a distinctive way of life that emphasizes agrarian living and loyalty to fellow Amish rather than to the state.

If two people are given the same kinship term, this means that a. they have the same genes. b. no one can tell the difference between them. c. they occupy a similar family status. d. they are identical twins. e. they are members of an adopted family.

c. they occupy a similar family status.

Bilateral descent is commonly found among all of the following except: a. postindustrial societies. b. agricultural societies. c. tribal societies. d. industrial societies. e. foraging societies.

c. tribal societies.

Ju/'hoansi healers possess the powerful healing force called n/um, which generally remains dormant in a healer until an effort is made to activate. Among the ways to activate n/um are all of the following except: a. solo singing. b. trance dance. c. use of hallucinogens. d. instrument playing. e. medicinal curing ceremony.

c. use of hallucinogens.

The burden of modernization in developing countries falls mostly on a. non-governmental agencies. b. men. c. women. d. entrepreneurs. e. foreign governments.

c. women.

Justifications for war are embedded in a society's a. religious beliefs. b. class structure. c. worldview. d. political organization. e. perspective of sanctions.

c. worldview.

In the United States, there are _____ different ethnic groups within its borders (in addition to hundreds of federally recognized American Indians). a. 1,118 b. 406 c. 237 d. 120 e. 76

d. 120

Primates are mammals. Evidence from ancient skeletons indicates the first mammals appeared over how many millions of years ago? a. 100 b. 50 c. 75 d. 200 e. 500

d. 200

According to "Surviving in the Andes," Aymara Indians adapted to high altitude by having approximately _____ % of greater pulmonary diffusing capacity through their expanded heart and lungs. a. 10 b. 15 c. 20 d. 30 e. 40

d. 30

All peoples engage in artistic behavior as they use their imagination creatively to interpret, understand, and even enjoy life. The archaeological record suggests that humans have produced art for how many years? a. 250,000 b. 150,000 c. 80,000 d. 40,000 e. 10,000

d. 40,000

There are just under 200 formally admitted members of the U.N. today, but there are approximately ____ national groups that consider themselves distinct because of birth and cultural and territorial heritage. a. 200 b. 500 c. 1,000 d. 5,000 e. 10,000

d. 5,000

Today, scientists agree that the divergence between humans and the chimpanzees/gorillas occurred between a. 1-2 million years ago. b. 3-4 million years ago. c. 4-5 million years ago. d. 5-8 million years ago. e. 6-9 million years ago.

d. 5-8 million years ago.

Which of the following statements about the Nayar is correct? a. When a Nayar girl reaches the age of menstruation, she leaves her home and goes to live with her husband. b. The Nayar girl's brother is always considered the legal father and primary supporter of her children. c. The men with whom a Nayar woman enters into formalized sexual relationships become obligated to support her and her children economically. d. A man must give a Nayar girl gifts three times a year to formalize the sexual relationship. e. The Nayar women raise their female children, while the Nayar men raise the male children.

d. A man must give a Nayar girl gifts three times a year to formalize the sexual relationship.

What is the adaptation process by which a people resist assimilation by modifying traditional culture in order to preserve their ethnic identity? a. Acculturation b. Syncretism c. Diffusion d. Accommodation e. Modernization

d. Accommodation

The standardized, teardrop-shaped hand axe was characteristic of which tool tradition? a. Oldowan b. Mousterian c. Levallois d. Acheulian e. Upper Paleolithic

d. Acheulian

This primate was a diurnal quadruped with a mixture of money and ape features: its lower molars had five cusps like an ape; its skull had forward-facing eye sockets protected by a bony wall; an endocast of the cranium reveals that it had a visual cortex larger than that found in Prosimians, but the brain was smaller than that of more recent anthropoids; and it had marked sexual dimorphism and was no bigger than a modern house cat. It is a a. Dryopithecus. b. Ardipithecus. c. Homo habilis. d. Aegyptopithecus. e. Australopithecus afarensis.

d. Aegyptopithecus.

The people to whom you are related by marriage are considered what type of kinship? a. Patrilineal b. Matrilineal c. Fictive d. Affinal e. Consanguineal

d. Affinal

Which of the following characteristics would be most important in an Indian family's selection of a bride for their son? a. Beauty b. Education c. Independence d. Character e. Domestic skills

d. Character

Jennifer Neptune was asked by a Native American elder to make a reproduction of a clothes item from the late 18th century seen in a photograph of material artifacts from his tribe. This work allowed the current tribal members to appreciate the rich cultural past of their own tribe. What was this item that she reproduced? a. Pants (leggings) b. Hat c. Skirt d. Collar e. Waistcoat

d. Collar

A family established through marriage is called what type of family? a. Unilocal b. Consanguineal c. Nuclear d. Conjugal e. Extended

d. Conjugal

In the Biocultural Connection box Maori Origins, what was the focus of the research on the Maori people? a. Studying migration patterns of the first peoples to inhabit North America b. Creating lineage divisions based on DNA samples c. Connecting mitochondrial DNA with the Australian aborigines d. Connecting DNA types with the people's origin myths e. Sequencing DNA in order to type for potential diseases in this ethnic group

d. Connecting DNA types with the people's origin myths

Which is a term applied to an evolutionary process whereby humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals? a. Transition b. Conversion c. Revolution d. Domestication e. Modification

d. Domestication

Which of the following statements is correct? a. Subcultural groups always have separate religious affiliations. b. Ethnic groups live outside of national borders. c. Subcultural groups have biological differences that ethnic groups do not have. d. Ethnic groups collectively and publicly identify themselves as distinct. e. Subcultural groups collectively and publicly identify themselves as distinct.

d. Ethnic groups collectively and publicly identify themselves as distinct.

Which part of the U.S. chicken is a primary export to China? a. Legs b. Breasts c. Wings d. Feet e. Necks

d. Feet

Which of the following statements about rank is true for bonobos? a. Number of offspring is the sole factor involved in determining rank b. Female rank determines the social hierarchy of the group exclusively c. Male rank determines the social hierarchy of the group exclusively d. Female rank determines the social order of the group more than male rank e. Bonobos do not show any sort of dominance hierarchy in their social groups

d. Female rank determines the social order of the group more than male rank

Based on primatological studies, what does Richard Wrangham conclude about human violence and sexual selection? a. Males are better at diplomacy than females b. Sexual selection has no effect on biological differences c. There are no differences between males and females d. Females' evolutionary interests cannot be met without cooperation from males e. Females are far more aggressive than males

d. Females' evolutionary interests cannot be met without cooperation from males

In which modern-day country do we find Tikal? a. Mexico b. Honduras c. Belize d. Guatemala e. Costa Rica

d. Guatemala

What interesting cultural substitution is in the Marcos Zapata painting of The Last Supper (ca. 1710-1773)? a. Instead of wine, the disciples are drinking beer b. The men are dressed in ponchos and wearing Andean hats c. Instead of sitting at a table, they are eating on the floor d. Instead of eating sheep, they are eating guinea pig e. Jesus is an Andean woman instead of a Jewish man

d. Instead of eating sheep, they are eating guinea pig

PCB contamination in breast milk is nowhere higher than among the a. Australian aborigines. b. Apache. c. Yanomamo. d. Inuit. e. Navajo.

d. Inuit.

Playing a leading role in the development of the anthropology of law, _____has taken on specialists in the fields of law, children's issues, nuclear energy, and science, critically questioning the basic assumptions under which these experts operate. a. Ralph Nader b. Margaret Mead c. Martha Knack d. Laura Nader e. Ruth Benedict

d. Laura Nader

From skeletal remains, the forensic anthropologist cannot establish which of following? a. Stature b. Race c. Sex d. Marital status e. Age

d. Marital status

Which of the following is not a phase typically associated with revitalization movements? a. Normal state in which stress is low and the culture satisfies basic needs b. Normal means of satisfying basic needs no longer functions c. Emergence of a prophet or leader to guide a following d. Mass emigration of the followers to other nations in order to spread the religion e. State of cultural upheaval leading to domination and exploitation by outside force

d. Mass emigration of the followers to other nations in order to spread the religion

About 12,000 years ago, climatic conditions changed, resulting in new forests, more plant food, and abundant sources of fish and other food around lakeshores, bays, and rivers. Human populations developed new techniques to catch and kill animals, and spent more time fishing and collecting wild plant foods. This new way of life marks the beginning of the Middle Stone Age, also called the a. Lower Paleolithic. b. Middle Paleolithic. c. Upper Paleolithic. d. Mesolithic. e. Neolithic.

d. Mesolithic.

Which of the following tools is most associated with the Mesolithic? a. Hand axe b. Fluted flake c. Modified core d. Microlith e. Burin

d. Microlith

What is the source of an individual's mitochondrial DNA? a. Brother b. Father c. Aunt d. Mother e. Sister

d. Mother

Gandhi built a movement to fight colonial repression and injustice based on the concept of satyagraha. What did he mean by this term? a. Political junta to overthrow the government b. Economic movement based on creating an international embargo c. Religious movement of prayer and contemplation d. Movement of nonviolent resistance e. Movement of violent confrontation

d. Movement of nonviolent resistance

In the myth of Tabaldak and Odziozo, Tabaldak first created the Abenakis from stone, and then from living wood. What does this tell us about the functions of myths? a. Myths function to tell actual history; the Abenakis believe that they were originally made of wood. b. Myths bring humor into the lives of the Abenakis because they are so ridiculous. c. Myths function primarily to provide entertainment; the Abenakis know they were not made from wood, but like to tell this story to visiting anthropologists who are so gullible. d. Myths function to express a culture's worldview; the Abenakis see themselves as belonging to the world of living things rather than to the nonliving world of stone. e. Myths provide knowledge of woodworking and stonemasonry to the Abenakis.

d. Myths function to express a culture's worldview; the Abenakis see themselves as belonging to the world of living things rather than to the nonliving world of stone.

Among which group do same-sex marriages provide acceptable positions in society for individuals who might otherwise be marginalized? a. Zulu b. Ju/'hoansi c. Tlingit d. Nandi e. Paiute

d. Nandi

Which time period is characterized as a transition from foraging to an economy based on food production? a. Upper Paleolithic b. Early Paleolithic c. Mesolithic d. Neolithic e. Microlithic

d. Neolithic

The Turkish honor killings that van Eck studied were occurring in which country? a. Denmark b. Sweden c. France d. Netherlands e. Canada

d. Netherlands

The African hominoid family includes humans and their ancestors. Some scientists, recognizing the close relationship of humans, chimps, bonobos, and gorillas, use the term hominid to refer to all African hominoids. They then divide the hominid family into two subfamilies: a. Platyrrhini and Catarrhini. b. Strepsirhini and Haplorhini. c. New World and Old World. d. Paninae and Homininae. e. hominid and hominin.

d. Paninae and Homininae.

Which Native American group did Jennifer Neptune study and assist? a. Navajo b. Gros Ventre c. Assiniboine d. Penobscot e. Cherokee

d. Penobscot

What was the primary goal of the Cusichaca Trust research and applied work in the Patacancha Valley of Peru? a. Alteration of dietary intake to improve nutrition b. Development of new seeds more adapted to the climate c. Development of new markets throughout the valley d. Revival of ancient farming techniques e. Introduction of domestic animals to revive pastoralism

d. Revival of ancient farming techniques

During the Washington Peace March in the '60s, thousands of people sang the song, "We Shall Overcome." This song expressed a feeling of common purpose to counteract repression and reform society. It created a sense of unity among the diverse members of the crowd. This example illustrates which of the following functions of music? a. Geographical distribution b. Polyrhythms and scale c. Mythological features d. Social functions e. Economic functions

d. Social functions

As a result of prolonged first-hand contact between societies A and B, which of the following is least likely to occur? a. The cultures of A and B might fuse, becoming a single culture with elements of both. b. Society A might retain its distinctive culture, but lose its autonomy and come to survive as a subculture, such as a caste or ethnic group. c. Society A might be wiped out by society B, with only a few scattered refugees living as members of the dominant society. d. Societies A and B would each retain their distinctive cultures living side by side in peace, harmony, and prosperity. e. Society B might be entirely destroyed by society A.

d. Societies A and B would each retain their distinctive cultures living side by side in peace, harmony, and prosperity.

Which innovation is considered the beginning of the industrial revolution? a. Rifle b. Hoe c. Airplane d. Steam engine e. Wheel

d. Steam engine

In what country do we find aboriginal Maori people? a. Argentina b. Canada c. Australia d. Tasmania e. New Zealand

d. Tasmania

Evidence suggests that ancient planners designed the city of _____ to have the San Juan River run through it. a. Macchu Picchu b. Tikal c. Chichen Itza d. Teotihaucan e. Tulum

d. Teotihaucan

The British introduced cricket to "civilize" the Trobriand Islanders. What happened? a. The Trobrianders were so upset at losing their traditional customs that they rebelled against the British rulers. b. The Trobrianders gave up competitive sport altogether. c. The Trobrianders accepted the game and played it the way the British played it. d. The Trobrianders changed the game so that it became more like the traditional Trobriand contest involving display of prestige. e. The Trobrianders preferred baseball to cricket.

d. The Trobrianders changed the game so that it became more like the traditional Trobriand contest involving display of prestige.

Why is it important to study peasants? a. They represent societies that are beginning to develop out of a primitive condition b. They are the poorest people in the world c. They always cause political revolution because they generate social unrest d. They are the largest social category in the world e. They are the primary source of labor throughout the capitalist world

d. They are the largest social category in the world

The initiation rites for male Australian aborigines include a stage when they are isolated from the rest of society and undergo a cram course in tribal lore; the trauma associated with their ordeal is part of a teaching method that ensures that they will remember what they are taught. This particular stage in the puberty ceremony would be referred to as the stage of _____ by Arnold Van Gennep. a. Initiation b. Intensification c. Separation d. Transition e. Incorporation

d. Transition

Modern taxonomy, or the science of classification, is based on a. body structure and growth. b. body structure and function. c. body structure, growth, and function. d. body structure, function, and sequence of bodily growth. e. body structure, growth, function, protein structure, and genetic material.

d. body structure, function, and sequence of bodily growth.

Modern Europeans resemble Cro-Magnon in all of the following physical characteristics except: a. similar shape of the braincase. b. narrow nasal openings. c. both had high, broad foreheads. d. both had the "occipital bun." e. common presence of chins.

d. both had the "occipital bun."

A spiritual movement in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism is also called a(n) a. material cult. b. syncretic movement. c. modernization movement. d. cargo cult. e. animate.

d. cargo cult.

All of the following are types of descent except: a. moiety. b. phratry. c. lineage. d. clan. e. institution.

d. clan.

The ability to build homes and make clothing to insulate us against cold environments is a(n) a. physiological adaptation. b. evolutionary adaptation. c. physical adaptation. d. cultural adaptation. e. congenital adaptation.

d. cultural adaptation.

In Biblical times, chariots and carts were widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th century, the old Roman roads had deteriorated so much that wheeled vehicles were replaced by camels. This illustrates that the processes of change is sometimes due to a. primary innovation. b. secondary innovation. c. diffusion. d. cultural loss. e. revitalization.

d. cultural loss.

In anthropology, geographic regions where a number of societies have similar ways of life are known as a. culture cores. b. parallel life styles. c. convergent evolution. d. culture areas. e. social areas.

d. culture areas.

The fact that children adopted into privileged families can boost their IQs by 20 points is evidence that a. the major cause of intelligence is heredity. b. environment has very little influence on intelligence. c. some races are more intelligent than others. d. environment has an enormous effect on intelligence. e. one's race is determined by birth order and where one lives.

d. environment has an enormous effect on intelligence.

In-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures are called a. ethnologies. b. ethnobotanies. c. biologies. d. ethnographies. e. anthropologies.

d. ethnographies.

The "little songs" of the Bedouin are an outlet for taboo thoughts because they a. are heroic poems. b. are elaborately structured and used on ceremonial occasions. c. are sung by men only. d. express ideas and feelings that go against the moral system. e. are sung by older women only.

d. express ideas and feelings that go against the moral system.

Cultural anthropology is the study of patterns of human behavior. These standards a. are biologically inherited. b. operate only when people are unconscious. c. can be studied only by sociologists. d. focus on humans as culture producing and re-producing creatures. e. are inherited and are studied initially by physical anthropologists.

d. focus on humans as culture producing and re-producing creatures.

All of the following are altered to accommodate bipedalism in the human skeleton except: a. pelvis. b. feet. c. spinal column. d. forelimbs. e. skull.

d. forelimbs.

If someone takes a handful of pebbles and scatters them in order to read the pattern or design as a prediction, it is called a. chiromancy. b. scapulamancy. c. pyromancy. d. geomancy. e. hydromancy.

d. geomancy.

Coercive power that is backed up by economic and military force is called a. structural violence. b. imposed force. c. coercion. d. hard power. e. soft power.

d. hard power.

Applied anthropologist Paul Farmer is associated with all of the following except: a. he formed the medical group Partners in Health in Haiti. b. he established a clinic in Haiti to help deal with infectious disease. c. he focused his health work in Haiti on AIDS and tuberculosis. d. he works also in Jamaica to treat refugees from war-torn areas of Central America. e. he maintains an active practice in infectious diseases in the United States.

d. he works also in Jamaica to treat refugees from war-torn areas of Central America.

In a literate society, the function of legends has been largely taken over by a. psychology. b. anthropology. c. sociology. d. history. e. political science.

d. history.

The human dental formula is 2-1-2-3. These numbers, in order, refer to the following tooth pattern a. incisors/molar/premolars/canines. b. canines/premolar/incisor/molars. c. premolars/incisor/molars/canines. d. incisors/canine/premolars/molars. e. molars/incisor/canines/premolars.

d. incisors/canine/premolars/molars.

For several hundred years, Tikal was able to sustain its ever-growing population. Then the pressure for food and land reached a critical point, and population growth was halted. At the same time, warfare with other cities was becoming increasingly destructive. This is marked archaeologically by all of the following except: a. by the advent of nutritional problems as evidenced by bones from burial. b. by the construction of a system of defensive ditches and embankments. c. by the construction of artificially raised fields in areas that were flooded each rainy season. d. large, irrigation waterworks. e. existence of abandoned houses on prime lands.

d. large, irrigation waterworks.

The development of different languages from a single ancestral language is called a. descriptive linguistics. b. historical linguistics. c. language subgroups. d. linguistic divergence. e. linguistic nationalism.

d. linguistic divergence.

In France, a committee exists that has the job of eliminating subversive foreign influences in the form of words borrowed from other languages. English is a major offender (as in le bluejeans or le hamburger). This is an example of a. cultural conservatism. b. linguistic ethnocentrism. c. linguistic parochialism. d. linguistic nationalism. e. ethnolinguistics.

d. linguistic nationalism.

One method of tool manufacture during the Upper Paleolithic was pressure flaking, which produced Solutrean laurel leaf blades found in Spain and France that were a. made with burins. b. used to carve bone, horn, antler, and ivory. c. used for the tips of arrows. d. made from the pressure-flaking technique. e. instrumental in causing a more robust body.

d. made from the pressure-flaking technique.

In 1493, Christopher Columbus introduced Europe to the American plant a. potatoes. b. wheat. c. coffee. d. maize. e. tobacco.

d. maize.

As modernization occurs, all of the following changes are likely to follow except: a. increase in literacy. b. decrease in the role of religion. c. kinship plays a less significant role. d. movement from commercial farming to subsistence production. e. social mobility increases.

d. movement from commercial farming to subsistence production.

In industrial and postindustrial societies, such as the United States, the most common form of residence after marriage is a. ambilocal. b. matrilocal. c. patrilocal. d. neolocal. e. avunculocal.

d. neolocal.

Families can be consanguine or conjugal. The conjugal family has many forms. One type of conjugal family is the _____, consisting of the husband, wife, and dependent children. a. polygynous family b. polygamous family c. polyandrous family d. nuclear family e. extended family

d. nuclear family

"Culture at a distance" is an approach in anthropology that allowed the study of other cultures through all of the following except: a. interviews with immigrants. b. foreign films and newspapers. c. photographs. d. on-location ethnographic fieldwork. e. literature.

d. on-location ethnographic fieldwork.

All of the following are research topics and work that anthropologist S. Ann Dunham focused on while in Indonesia and Pakistan except: a. interest in handicraft industry. b. development of small rural businesses. c. critique of modernization theory. d. pastoral subsistence in the rural areas. e. study of rural women in Indonesia.

d. pastoral subsistence in the rural areas.

Food producers who specialize in animal husbandry, and who consider their way of life to be ideal and central to defining their identities, are called a. food foragers. b. horticulturalists. c. agriculturalists. d. pastoralists. e. industrialists.

d. pastoralists.

When ideas are promoted by artful means and dramatically staged to challenge opinions, it is called a. staged art. b. culinary art. c. domestic art. d. performance art. e. narrative art.

d. performance art.

The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language is called a. grammar. b. morphology. c. linguistics. d. phonetics. e. phonemes.

d. phonetics.

The most preferred form of marriage around the world is a. polyandry. b. monogamy. c. group marriage. d. polygyny. e. serial marriage.

d. polygyny.

Over the past 5,000 years, political units have a. grown steadily smaller in size. b. grown steadily larger in size and fewer in number. c. eliminated multinational corporations. d. promoted individual freedoms. e. eliminated slavery.

d. promoted individual freedoms.

The word civilization derives from the Latin word, civis, referring to one who is an inhabitant of a city, and civitas, which refers to the urban community in which one lives. The word civilization connotes refinement and progress, but in anthropology, the term refers to a. the independence of people to do what they desire. b. societies in which small numbers of people live in socially stratified political systems. c. societies in which large numbers of people live in political systems that lack stratification. d. societies in which large numbers of people live in socially stratified political systems. e. central inhabited cities where transportation and communication hubs exist.

d. societies in which large numbers of people live in socially stratified political systems.

The extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops then planted among the ashes is known as slash-and-burn cultivation. It is also called a. intensive agriculture. b. complex farming. c. simple agronomy. d. swidden farming. e. extensive cultivation.

d. swidden farming.

The Shamanic Complex is a. a psychological state in which the shaman is focused intensely on healing. b. the household and apprentices, as well as shaman, involved in healing. c. the market of magical and sorcery items that the patient must purchase for healing. d. the interrelationship of the shaman, patient, and community. e. a geographical area in which the shaman lives - believed to be a powerful symbolic field.

d. the interrelationship of the shaman, patient, and community.

During the first stage of trance, a. the shamans dance and invite others to participate. b. individuals experience iconic images and feel as if they are one with the deity. c. the individual does not initially experience an altered state. d. the nervous system generates patterns of dots, zigzags, curves, and lines. e. the individual begins to make sense of abstract forms based on cultural knowledge.

d. the nervous system generates patterns of dots, zigzags, curves, and lines.

One of the consequences of the development of global culture has been a. the disappearance of differences between people. b. reduction in the possibility of war. c. a resurgence of separatist movements. d. the replacement of traditional cultures by more adaptive, modern cultures. e. reduction in the number of anthropologists.

d. the replacement of traditional cultures by more adaptive, modern cultures.

Anthropologists prefer to use the term verbal arts rather than the term folklore because a. the term folklore is used only by linguists; the term verbal arts is used only by anthropologists. b. the term verbal arts sounds more sophisticated. c. the term verbal arts is more scientific. d. the term folklore implies lack of sophistication, and is a condescending term to use. e. the term folklore refers only to fairy tales.

d. the term folklore implies lack of sophistication, and is a condescending term to use.

When the British imposed colonial rule on the Igbo of Nigeria, a. they put women in charge of all educational institutions. b. they introduced changes that sustained the equality of political power between the sexes. c. they introduced changes that made women more powerful than men. d. they did not recognize the political power of women, and introduced changes that resulted in women becoming subordinate to men. e. they introduced changes that caused men to change into women.

d. they did not recognize the political power of women, and introduced changes that resulted in women becoming subordinate to men.

All of the following statements about race and intelligence are correct except: a. they generally involve comparisons among races, a category that is biologically false. b. problems with defining intelligence cross-culturally exist as intelligence involves several different skills and abilities. c. most instruments (tests) used to measure intelligence are biased toward the dominant culture of the people who created the test. d. they generally measure genetic disposition and not performance abilities. e. as a complex set of traits, intelligence cannot be linked simply to discrete evolutionary forces acting in a particular environment.

d. they generally measure genetic disposition and not performance abilities.

Descent groups are associated with all of the following except: a. they provide social security for the elderly members. b. they promote harmony through worship of ancestors. c. they play a role in arranging marriages for members. d. they make all laws for the state. e. they are economic units providing aid.

d. they make all laws for the state.

An example of group marriage would be a. a pastoral nomad's wife sharing her husband with another woman. b. members of the Unification Church having a large wedding ceremony at which 500 couples are married at the same time. c. a prosperous member of the Kapauku able to afford a bride price for four wives. d. traditional spouse exchange among the Inupiat Eskimo where adult members have sexual access to each other. e. a Nayar household in which a woman takes several lovers.

d. traditional spouse exchange among the Inupiat Eskimo where adult members have sexual access to each other.

What percentage of known societies has rules regulating that sexual involvement only take place within marriage? a. 90 b. 75 c. 45 d. 30 e. 15

e. 15

The famous fossil "Lucy" is which type of Australopithecus? a. A. sediba b. A. anamensis c. A. garhi d. A. robustus e. A. afarensis

e. A. afarensis

The Hawaiian system of kinship terminology is usually associated with what type of descent? a. Patrilineal b. Matrilineal c. Unilineal d. Avunculineal e. Ambilineal

e. Ambilineal

What cultural biases entered into the paleoanthropological record surrounding Homo habilis? a. Assumption that tool-making was important to early human ancestors b. Allowing only male paleoanthropologists to work with understanding and recreating the process of making early tools c. Assumption that men, women, and children lived as a family in society d. Assumption that women were gatherers and provided most of the daily caloric intake, while men stayed at home caring for the young e. Assumption that among our earliest ancestors the women stayed at home tending young and the men were hunters

e. Assumption that among our earliest ancestors the women stayed at home tending young and the men were hunters

Which of the following anatomical features is marked with the greatest amount of difference between gracile and robust australopithecines? a. Brain size b. Height c. Length of femora d. Flexibility of ankles e. Chewing apparatus

e. Chewing apparatus

Which of the following statements about diffusion is incorrect? a. Usually, cultures borrow selections that are most compatible with their existing culture. b. The extent of cultural borrowing varies enormously. c. Diffusion occurs consistently over time. d. Cultures often adapt borrowed elements. e. Cultures may undergo rapid change as a result of diffusion.

e. Cultures may undergo rapid change as a result of diffusion.

Among the Yako of Nigeria, an individual might inherit grazing lands from his father's patrilineal group, and livestock and ritual knowledge from his mother's matrilineal group. This is an example of which kind of descent? a. Ambilineal b. Bilocal c. Patrilateral d. Matrilineal e. Double

e. Double

Which of the following statements about the English language is incorrect? a. English belongs to the Indo-European language family. b. English belongs to the Germanic language subgroup. c. English is one of the many languages that diverged from an ancient unified language called Proto-Indo-European. d. English is a "daughter" language. e. English has historically suffered a narrowing and loss of meaning.

e. English has historically suffered a narrowing and loss of meaning.

In cases of warfare in regions deemed strategically important or rich in natural resources, what additional action is also most likely to occur today? a. Universal sanctions on economic incentives b. Political aggression from neighboring countries c. Economic monopolies on lucrative market products d. Rise of ethnic minorities e. Foreign military intervention

e. Foreign military intervention

_____ sanctions attempt to precisely and explicitly regulate people's behavior. They can be positive (such as military decorations) or negative (such as imprisonment). a. Hierarchical b. Egalitarian c. Casual d. Informal e. Formal

e. Formal

Which of the following would invoke informal sanctions against an individual in a restaurant in the United States? a. Tearing up tables and chairs b. Fighting c. Threatening customers d. Stealing food e. Going barefoot

e. Going barefoot

Which anthropologist worked with the Aroostook band of Micmacs in Maine? a. Alan Kolata b. Clementine van Eck c. Fred Plog d. Weston LaBarre e. Harald Prins

e. Harald Prins

Which of the following did not contribute to the development of bipedalism among Miocene apes? a. The ability to increase the food supply by getting more seeds, leaves, and pods from spiny thorn bushes b. Improved ability to carry offspring c. Improved ability to spot predators on the savannah d. Improved ability to carry food from the savannah to the safety of the trees e. Improved ability to run faster

e. Improved ability to run faster

A rite of _____ serves to help groups get through crises such as drought or some other external threat to the survival of the group. a. Separation b. Purification c. Rebellion d. Passage e. Intensification

e. Intensification

All of the following statements are true of cooking food except: a. It makes certain vitamins, minerals, and proteins more digestible. b. It kills parasites and makes food safer. c. It makes starches more digestible. d. It increased the food resources available to early humans. e. It led to an increase in the size of the human stomach.

e. It led to an increase in the size of the human stomach.

In which urban area do we currently find some of the largest numbers of urban poor? a. London, England b. Nairobi, Kenya c. Paris, France d. Los Angeles, California e. Lagos, Nigeria

e. Lagos, Nigeria

Whose work on river management and resettlement policies in West Africa has opened the ability of applied anthropologists to contribute to decision-making regarding international development projects? a. Carol Jenkins b. Margaret Mead c. Darrell Posey d. Rich Markins e. Michael Horowitz

e. Michael Horowitz

All of the following are examples of early studies of contemporary state societies except: a. Alfred Métraux, study of race relations in Brazil. b. Ruth Benedict, study of New York City. c. Hortense Powdermaker, study of racial segregation in Mississippi. d. Julian Steward, study of industrialization in Kenya. e. Napoleon Chagnon, study of warfare among the Yanomamo.

e. Napoleon Chagnon, study of warfare among the Yanomamo.

Sixty percent of the crops grown in the world today were invented by _____, who not only remain the developers of the world's largest array of nutritious foods, but are also the primary contributors to the world's varied cuisines. a. Chinese b. Romans c. French d. Greeks e. Native Americans

e. Native Americans

Where do the PCBs found in Inuit breast milk originate? a. Africa and Asia b. Asia, Europe, and Australia c. Europe, Asia, and Africa d. North and South America e. North America, Europe, and Asia

e. North America, Europe, and Asia

Pirate gangs based out of Somalia are thought to be bankrolled and supplied with arms and supplies by a. stolen gold from Somalia. b. stolen gems from Africa. c. their families. d. Tanzanian arms dealers. e. Somali investors living overseas.

e. Somali investors living overseas.

Most of the situation comedies, soap operas, and adventure series shown on television are non-religious, non-historical, and appreciated primarily as a source of entertainment. Thus they may be classified as what kind of verbal arts? a. Dramas b. Legends c. Myths d. Epics e. Tales

e. Tales

Which of the following is not a significant characteristic of race? a. It is an arbitrary designation b. No scientific criteria exists on how many differences it takes to make a race c. No one group has exclusive possession of any gene or genes in the human gene pool d. Populations are genetically open e. The genetic differences between populations, or groups, is greater than that between any two human beings

e. The genetic differences between populations, or groups, is greater than that between any two human beings

Which of the following statements about Tikal is incorrect? a. Tikal was a product of Mayan civilization. b. Tikal was built in a rain forest region. c. At the city's height, it contained as many as 45,000 people. d. Carved monuments were commissioned by commoners to commemorate important events in their personal lives. e. Tikal may have exported flint.

e. Tikal may have exported flint.

What was the primary purpose of advocacy anthropology among the Micmac? a. To help the Micmac find jobs and get off welfare b. To help with community relations after a series of honor killings c. To help improve health conditions among the people d. To help them expand their land-holdings for resource exploitation e. To help them obtain official tribal recognition

e. To help them obtain official tribal recognition

Legends, rhymes, jokes, chants, and dramas are all examples of which kind of art? a. Narrative b. Dramatic c. Visual d. Performative e. Verbal

e. Verbal

Being arboreal is associated with each of the following except: a. an expanded food supply. b. ability to live in trees. c. ability to gather food instead of forage only. d. a smaller body size in terms of other mammals. e. ability to continue growing throughout the lifespan.

e. ability to continue growing throughout the lifespan.

The observation that all cultures include activities that provide aesthetic pleasure suggests all of the following except: a. humans may have an innate or acquired need to produce art. b. the human mind requires the stimulation of imaginative play, and art is a basic expression. c. all societies, from food-foraging bands to industrial states, include art in their culture. d. art is a necessary activity in which all normal, active members of society participate. e. art is a very specialized activity that likely led to the creation of distinct classes in society.

e. art is a very specialized activity that likely led to the creation of distinct classes in society.

All of the following are approaches that anthropologists bring to the study of art except: a. narrative approach. b. interpretive approach. c. aesthetic approach. d. cataloguing and description of art. e. assessing the economic value.

e. assessing the economic value.

Three years after planting their gardens, the Mekranoti are left with only a. manioc. b. sweet potatoes. c. pineapple, d. tobacco. e. bananas.

e. bananas.

All of the following are evidence that early humans were not large game hunters except: a. kill sites do not contain evidence of the whole animal carcass. b. kill sites show evidence of occupation by both H. habilis and large carnivorous animals. c. bones with markings show that other animals ate the meat before humans began to process it. d. large bone accumulations at single sites indicate long use patterns. e. bones themselves are broken up so that people could get at marrow and also use the bone as a tool.

e. bones themselves are broken up so that people could get at marrow and also use the bone as a tool.

Global warming is thought to be primarily caused by a. climate shifts. b. tilting of the Earth. c. loss of ozone. d. burning fields. e. burning fossil fuels.

e. burning fossil fuels.

New reproductive technologies are a. dangerous, as they involve cloning. b. the preferred form of reproduction in the United States. c. not accepted in the United States. d. less important today than 20 years ago. e. changing the traditional understandings of kinship.

e. changing the traditional understandings of kinship.

An extended unilineal descent group whose members claim descent from a common ancestor but who cannot trace their genealogical links to that ancestor is called a(n) a. family. b. totem. c. lineage. d. kindred. e. clan.

e. clan.

A phratry is a unilineal descent group composed of two or more _____ that believe they are related to each other. a. moieties b. totems c. kindred d. lineages e. clans

e. clans

After the death of a famous movie star, auctions may be held of his or her personal belongings. A few years ago, the sale of a popular actor's shirt almost caused a riot among teenage girls who were bidding for it. The assumption that owning, touching, or wearing a person's shirt somehow puts you in touch with him could be used as an example of a. internal magic. b. symbolic magic. c. imitative magic. d. Witchcraft. e. contagious magic.

e. contagious magic.

My mother's brother's son is my a. brother. b. fictive cousin. c. patrilateral cousin. d. parallel cousin. e. cross cousin.

e. cross cousin.

All of the following is information that is gained from studying coprolites except: a. overall health of individual. b. type of diet. c. time of year of death. d. type of climate in area. e. cultural value of food.

e. cultural value of food.

Ethnocide is represented by each of the following except: a. systematic killing of men, women, and children among Native American populations during the Anglo-European settling of New England. b. decimation of the Kung population as the result of disease. c. movement of hunting and gathering peoples from their jungle environment to land that they are expected to farm. d. resettlement of groups that were formerly enemies to the same reservation. e. development of new and more devastating weapons as a result of innovation.

e. development of new and more devastating weapons as a result of innovation.

Individuals who live and work far from their original homelands form part of a growing population that is classified as a. international. b. multinational. c. migratory. d. emigratory. e. diasporic.

e. diasporic.

A study of Facebook communities and the ways people interact using social media as a "cyber" fieldsite is an example of a. multi-sited ethnography. b. global ethnography. c. transnational ethnography. d. visual ethnography. e. digital ethnography.

e. digital ethnography.

Grooming is a social characteristic of primates carried out for the purpose of all of the following except: a. cleaning to remove parasites. b. social gesture of friendliness. c. appeasement. d. reconciliation. e. dominance.

e. dominance.

A system composed of both the natural environment and all living organisms within it is called a(n) a. biodome. b. ecological diversity system. c. ecoscape. d. ecodome. e. ecosystem.

e. ecosystem.

The woman-woman marriage custom found in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with all of the following except: a. enables a woman without sons to inherit a share of her husband's property. b. confers legitimacy on the children of a woman who had been unable to find a husband. c. enables the woman who adopts a male identity to raise her status. d. enables the woman who is the wife of the female husband to raise her status and live a more secure life. e. enables the women to engage in sexual activity with each other.

e. enables the women to engage in sexual activity with each other.

A set of cultural ideas held by a group that collectively and publicly identifies itself as distinct based on shared features is called a. tradition. b. custom. c. subculture. d. culture. e. ethnicity.

e. ethnicity.

The belief that one's own culture is superior to another is called a. discrimination. b. holism. c. ethnology. d. ethnography. e. ethnocentrism.

e. ethnocentrism.

Marriage by proxy, such as that which might occur with a prisoner, a dead partner for inheritance reasons, or between those separated by deployment, is called a. delayed marriage. b. group marriage. c. primate marriage. d. approximate marriage. e. fictive marriage.

e. fictive marriage.

A totem is all of the following except: a. a word that comes from the Ojibwa American Indian word which means "he is a relative of mine." b. a symbol of animals, plants, natural forces, and objects. c. usually associated with a clan's concept of its mythical origins. d. found in our own society in the names we give to baseball and football teams. e. found in all societies that have lineages.

e. found in all societies that have lineages.

The entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about its meaningful units of sounds and the rules or principles of making phrases and sentences is called its a. syntax. b. form classes. c. morphology. d. phonology. e. grammar.

e. grammar.

Regarding cousin marriage, which of the following statements is incorrect? a. the U.S. is the only Western country that has laws against first-cousin marriage. b. in the U.S., 19 states permit first-cousin marriage. c. genetic research does not show that there is marked increase in inheritable weakness for children of first cousins. d. laws against first-cousin marriage in the U.S. were enacted the popularity of evolutionary theories. e. in the U.S., some states have no laws prohibiting marriage between relatives.

e. in the U.S., some states have no laws prohibiting marriage between relatives.

All of the following are part of the theory of natural selection except: a. all species display a range of variation, and some variations are more favorable than others. b. organisms face a "struggle for existence" within their environments. c. all species can expand and exceed their means of subsistence. d. nature selects the most advantageous variations. e. individuals with better adaptation will more selectively reproduce, favoring less offspring that are better cared for.

e. individuals with better adaptation will more selectively reproduce, favoring less offspring that are better cared for.

A society in which human labor, hand tools, and animal power are largely replaced by machines, with an economy primarily based in big factories, is called a(n) a. foraging society. b. horticultural society. c. pastoral society. d. agricultural society. e. industrial society.

e. industrial society.

All of the following are characteristics of scientific thought regarding the theory of evolution except: a. it is developed on a molecular basis. b. it applies to groups of individuals. c. it uses testable ideas. d. it does not come out of a vacuum, but, instead, is part of a unified way of understanding life. e. it does not account for the diversity of life.

e. it does not account for the diversity of life.

Multiculturalism involves all of the following except: a. it is based on mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences. b. it accepts the rights of others to express their views. c. it endorses the reciprocal responsibility of all citizens to accept the rights of others. d. it asserts the value of different cultures coexisting within a single country. e. it exists without ethnocentrism or discrimination.

e. it exists without ethnocentrism or discrimination.

The central and most highly developed human system of communication is a. kinesics. b. proxemics. c. body language. d. pheromones. e. language.

e. language.

The average number of people in a food-foraging group is a. 750-1,000. b. 500-750. c. 250-500. d. 100-250. e. less than 100.

e. less than 100.

A contract in which a woman and man establish a continuing claim to the right of sexual access to one another and in which the woman involved becomes entitled to bear children is also called a. family. b. incest. c. sex. d. affinity. e. marriage.

e. marriage.

The deliberate use of basic ideas in some practical application, such as making use of the knowledge of how electricity works to develop the telephone, is called a(n) a. diffusion principle. b. primary innovation. c. modernization. d. integrative mechanism. e. secondary innovation.

e. secondary innovation.

Aung San Suu Kyi is a current coordinator of nonviolent resistance. All of the following statements about her are correct except: a. she was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize. b. she was trained at Oxford University in England. c. she founded the National League for Democracy and won a seat in Parliament to represent this Party. d. she was placed under house arrest in1990 and confined for 15 years. e. she is the leader of the opposition party in Thailand.

e. she is the leader of the opposition party in Thailand.

All of the following are associated with polygyny except: a. commonly found in societies in which women do the bulk of cultivation work. b. wives have a strong bargaining power within the household. c. women are normally much younger than the men they marry. d. frequently found in societies that have suffered violence and in which there are high male combat deaths. e. shows the lower status of men than women in these societies.

e. shows the lower status of men than women in these societies.

Which of the following is not a Maori cultural concept? a. waka b. iwi c. mauri d. namus e. tapu

e. tapu

A language family is a group of languages a. that all have the same core vocabulary. b. that are subordinate to a dominant language. c. that all have the same syntax. d. that use the same number of sounds. e. that are descended from a single ancestral language.

e. that are descended from a single ancestral language.

Whether beneficial or unbeneficial, all art is an expression of a. the innate need to be playful and engage in manual arts. b. a fundamental human capacity for symbolic and religious expression. c. state-level societies that can afford specialists. d. political domination of minorities by elites. e. the symbolic representation of form and the expression of creative imagination.

e. the symbolic representation of form and the expression of creative imagination.

All of the following statements about peasants are true except: a. they are associated with urban areas. b. they are often caught in a web of poverty. c. they exist within societies of intensive agriculture. d. they are exploited by more powerful groups. e. they are large-scale producers of crops.

e. they are large-scale producers of crops.

Domestication began in the Fertile Crescent. Groups such as the Natufians are believed to have initially promoted the development of domestication a. because of food shortages. b. as a fixed process for food production. c. as a multicultural base. d. intentionally. e. unintentionally.

e. unintentionally.