Anthropology Human Origins Exam 2

A derived feature of Homo erectus NOT shared with modern humans is a. the occipital torus b. smaller jaws and teeth c. a broad, flat face d. less prognathism

A

A shift to extractive foraging and hunting would favor a. larger brain size and greater intelligence b. a shortened juvenile period c. a shorter overall life span d. an improved sense of smell

A

Among contemporary foragers, which of the following is true? a. men do most of the hunting and women do most of the gathering b. hunting and gathering are divided up by gender differently in each culture c. most hunting is done by a combination of both men and women, while all gathering is done by women d. women do most of the hunting while men do most of the gathering

A

Evidence for meat eating by Homo erectus includes a. vitamin A poisoning in the KNM-ER 1808 skeleton b. controlled use of fire at Homo erectus sites c. carnivore tooth marks on their skeletons d. preserved stomach contents in some skeletons

A

Experimental analysis of bone tools from South Africa suggest that they were used to a. dig up plant roots and tubers b. extract termites from their mounds c. dig up tree roots d. bury carcasses

A

Homo erectus used ________ tools a. Oldowan and Acheulean b. bone and wood tools but not stone c. Mousterian d. the earliest metal

A

Microscopic analysis of Oldowan chipped stone tools indicates that they were used for a. wood working and butchery b. sewing and piercing hides c. digging in termite mounds d. ritual activities

A

Scientist have established that Oldowan flakes were a. useful for a wide range of functions, including butchering animals b. primarily a waste product of making Oldowan tools c. primarily used for hunting large game like elephants d. accidental by-products of using round cobbles for various purposes

A

Taphonomists have suggested that the Olduvai bone and stone-tool sites were not the result of the mass death of a large number of animals because a. mass deaths usually involve members of a single species, but the Olduvai sites contain members of different species b. there is usually evidence of dehydration when mass deaths occur, but there is no such evidence at Olduvai sites c. mass deaths are very rare among modern animals on the savanna d. there is little mixing of bones of different species

A

The earliest possible evidence of chipped stone tools in East Africa date to approximately ______ Ma. a. 3.4 b. 2.5 c. 4.2 d. 1.3

A

Which of the following statements correctly describes contemporary foragers? a. they have food sharing and a sexual division of labor b. they have permanent settlements c. they raise domestic livestock d. they live in large groups of over 100 adults, most of the time

A

Which of the following statements is true of the contemporary human foragers? a. they take years to learn to forage and are usually adults before they are proficient hunters and food extractors b. they collect the majority of their food as ripe fruit or otherwise easily accessed sources c. they rely more on domesticated foods from their gardens than on wild foods d. they have almost identical diets as chimpanzees, plus meat

A

A Harvard researcher and his colleagues suggested that the invention of cooking at the time of the first Homo erectus was a major change affecting subsequent human evolution. What apparent facts seem to falsify this hypothesis? a. the best evidence for the first use of fire by humans dates to at least 1 million years before Homo erectus b. the clearest evidence for the first use of fire by humans dates to at least 1 million years after Homo erectus c. homo erectus was significantly larger than earlier australopithecines, suggesting that hunting was more important than cooking d. there are no changes in the diet-related physiology or Homo erectus, suggesting that something like cooking was added to the hominin toolkit

B

Acheulean stone tools were a. varied randomly in size and shape b. more standardized than Oldowan tools c. probably used mainly for chopping d. Mode 3 technology

B

Average Homo erectus brain size is a. 500 cc b. 1,000 cc c. 1,500 cc d. 2,000 cc

B

Because humans rely on learned skills for many of the foods they eat, natural selection has favored a. fast development b. an extended juvenile period c. a wide range of built-in skills available from birth d. hunting

B

Because of the finds in Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia, paleoanthropologists know that hominins left Africa by a. 2.8 Ma b. 1.8 Ma c. 1.8 ka d. 2,800 years ago

B

Meat is worth transporting over some distance because it a. tastes good b. provides large amounts of nutrients in a small package, compared with vegetables c. causes a sexual division of labor d. attracts predators

B

The difference between a stone-tool mark and a tooth mark is that a. stone-tool marks are crooked because hominins were not skilled at using stone tools b. tooth marks leave smooth grooves, and stone-tool marks leave many parallel grooves c. stone-tool marks contain stone flake residue d. tooth marks occur along the entire shaft of the bone, but stone-tool marks occur only at the end of the bone

B

The large browridges and the ridge at the back of the skull of Homo erectus are a. larger in females than in males b. needed to buttress the skull against novel stresses created by an increased emphasis on tearing and biting c. characteristic of australopithecines as well d. smaller than those seen in australopithecines

B

Which of the following is an argument that early hominins may have obtained some meat by scavenging? a. most carnivores went through an evolutionary phase in which they mainly scavenged b. cut marks can be found on vertebrae of prey, and sometimes overlap carnivore tooth marks c. scavenging from large carnivores such as lions by a relatively small and slow-moving primate is easy d. scavenging can only be done with advanced cognitive processing, as we see in vultures

B

Which of the following statements about early use of tools by hominins is likely true? a. early hominin toolmakers were most likely both left and right-handed in equal numbers b. experimental analysis of fossil bone tools from australopithecine sites in South Africa suggests that they were used as digging sticks c. it is clear that the australopithecines were not capable of making stone tools; the first stone tool makers were members of the genus Homo d. Mode 2 refers to the method used to make Oldowan stone tools

B

Based on experiments, Acheulean stone tools were probably used a. to dig for tubers b. to scrape bark from tree c. to butcher animals d. as projectiles to hunt large animals

C

Chimpanzees primarily include __________ foods in their diet. a. extracted b. hunted c. collected d. provisioned

C

Homo erectus appeared in the fossil record about _____ years ago a. 180 million b. 18 million c. 1.8 million d. 18,000

C

Homo erectus possessed some primitive characteristics of earlier hominids, including a. a chin b. a high forehead c. large browridges d. narrow postorbital constriction

C

Since hunting takes a long time to learn and can be unreliable, it favored the evolution of a. sexual division of labor b. juvenile development c. food sharing d. a stronger built-in hunting instinct

C

The Olduvai accumulation sites were probably a. home bases, because many temporary shelters were found b. home bases, because fire hearths were found c. not home bases, because evidence of competition with other predators was found d. not home bases, because only short-term-use fire hearths were found

C

The association of hominin tools and animal bones is more likely to mean that early hominins were responsible for these bone accumulations if the bones a. and stone tools are found at the same archaeological sit b. have carnivore gnaw marks on them c. have possible stone-tool cut marks on them d. show evidence of having been moved by water

C

Which of the following is true of large mammalian carnivores in Africa? a. they never scavenge for meat b. they scavenge only when they are sick or old c. they often scavenge for meat rather than hunting d. they almost always scavenge for meat and vary rarely hunt

C

Which of the following statements is likely true regarding the Olduvai sites? a. There is definitive evidence of "home bases" at Olduvai Gorge b. paleoanthropologists are not able to distinguish between animal tooth marks and stone-tool marks on animal bones from Olduvai Gorge c. taphonomic evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominids were sometimes hunters and sometimes scavengers d. there are no sites at Olduvai that are simply carnivore kill or cache sites

C

________ had large, robust bodies with relatively long arms and legs and may have been adapted to run long distances. a. Homo habilis b. Australopithecus africanus c. Homo erectus d. Paranthropus boisei

C

At modern kill sites, there is a. little conflict b. conflict, but only between members of different species c. conflict, but only between members of the same species d. conflict, but both between members of different species and between members of the same species

D

Human foragers primarily include ____ foods in their diet a. raw and unprocessed b. hunted c. scavenged d. extracted and hunted

D

Taphonomy is the study of a. how stone tools are made b. how to tell fossil plants from fossil animals c. tree rings d. what happens to an organism's remains from the time of death to the time scientists find the remains

D

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Olduvai sites? a. the home bases found at Olduvai are now interpreted as spots where hominins ate their prey b. paleoanthropologists cannot distinguish between animal tooth marks and stone-tool marks on animal bones found at Olduvai c. taphonomic evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominins only acquired meat by scavenging d. taphonomic evidence suggests that the Oldowan hominins were sometimes hunters and sometimes scavengers

D

Dart argued that the Taung child was bipedal because it had an S-shaped spinal column

False

Humans have knee joints angled away from the midline of the body

False

Paleoanthropologists have a secure agreed upon phylogeny for early hominins

False

Paranthropus boisei possessed small chewing surfaces in association with their posterior dentition

False

Paranthropus robustus fossils are derived exclusively from paleontological sites in East Africa

False

Paranthropus robustus had cranio-dental features specialized for carnivory

False

Postcranial fossils associated with the paranthropines clearly indicates that they were not bipeds

False

Relative to quadrupedal chimpanzees, hominin bipedalism increases heat stress while walking or running

False

Koobi Fora

Lake Turkana locality yielding numerous hominin fossils

Arched feet are a feature associated with living hominin bipedal locomotion

True

Bipedalism may have evolved as a more efficient adaptation for travelling between distanced food trees

True

Dart argued that human aggression was rooted in the osteodontokeratic culture of Australopithecus africanus

True

Fossils of Homo habilis, a predecessor of H. erectus, have been found at the northern Tanzania site of Oduvai Gorge as well as the South African site of Swartkrans

True

Homo habilis fossils are associated with early stone tools

True

Paranthropus aethiopicus retains many primitive characteristics of Australopithecus afarensis

True

Paranthropus boisei is thought to have consumed low-quality food requiring long bouts of masticatory processing

True

Paranthropus co-existed with early members of the genus Homo.

True

The Laetoli fossilized footprints provide evidence of a striding gait in early hominins at 3.75 Ma

True

The evolution of an externally projecting nose in Homo erectus is considered to be a feature for thermoregulation

True

The overall body morphology associated with Homo erectus fossils is hypothesized to be adapted to long bouts of endurance running

True

The paranthropines became extinct about 1 million years ago

True

Taung

fossil locality associated with the first specimen of Au. africanus

Zhoukodian

important Homo erectus site located near modern-day Beijing

Laetoli

locality known for Au. afarensis fossils and a fossilized footprint trail

Trinil

site location of the first Homo erectus fossils discovered

Zinjanthropus boisei

species designation given to the first major fossil hominin discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey in 1959

Homo habilis

species designation that literally translates to 'Handy Man'

Homo ergaster

term used to designate early East African forms of H. erectus