Anthropology Test 1-2
How many biological sexes did Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis identify?
5
In Sonja Patten's article "Malawi vs. The World Bank" what does Patten argue led to widespread famine and food insecurity in Malawi
A structural adjustment program (SAP) of economic policies and proscriptions forced on Malawi by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.
In Landers and Fine's study, how did the game of coed T-ball reinforce gender ideals among children?
Boys typically received more playing time than girls.
Europeans plundered the Maya and Aztec kingdoms beginning in the 1500s in an effort to find gold and silver. What was the primary reason for the European quest for these metals?
China demanded gold and silver for payment of all trade deficits.
In the late 1400s, China led the world in the production of goods such as silk, porcelain, tea, fruit, drugs, cotton, and weapons, all of which Europeans desired. However, Europe produced few products that the Chinese wanted. Why did this encourage the European conquest and plunder of the Americas?
Due to the resulting trade deficit, European nations needed precious metals to pay for Chinese goods.
What is the necessary starting point for all anthropologists conducting fieldwork?
Franz Boas's notion of cultural relativism
What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best?
Government must rein in the excesses of capitalism and ensure the basic welfare of all citizens.
The parents of a young American couple expect them to have a traditional wedding, but the bride wants a rainbow-colored dress and the groom wants a close female friend to be his "best man." What does this reveal about culture?
It can be contested by people living within a particular cultural setting.
Which of the following is not one of the four features of language ideologies;
Language ideologies almost always focus on questions of race and racism.
What does Benjamin Whorf's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, suggest about language?
Language shapes different ways of thinking.
Ten-year-old Davi is getting dressed to go to a wedding at a synagogue. When his parents see that he's wearing jeans and a T-shirt, they tell him that he needs to wear a suit instead. What are Davi's parents teaching him?
norms
What are two key strategies of flexible accumulation?
offshoring and outsourcing
Seven million Côte d'Ivoirians earn their living in the cocoa and coffee farming industry. How much of the profits reaped from this industry go to the farmers themselves?
only a tiny fraction of the profits
According to legend, the Aztecs wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an island where an eagle was standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. The Aztecs then established their capital city on the island. What concept about ethnicity does this demonstrate?
origin myth
Cultural anthropologists often spend a great deal of time in the communities in which they conduct research, asking questions as people work, celebrate, dance, or play games. What is the term used for this process?
participant observation
What idea introduced by Bronislaw Malinowski is fundamental to all research conducted by contemporary cultural anthropologists?
participant observation
In the 1930s, Evans-Pritchard found that the Nuer were
patrilineal and exogamous
Jade is an anthropologist who studies the differences in behavior and language use of male and female political candidates. She observes their physical demeanor and the kinds of language they implement in speeches and debates. What aspect of gender is Jade studying?
performance
Since the 1960s, Western medicine has attempted to "manage" children born with ambiguous genitalia. This has primarily consisted of what treatment regimen?
performing genital reconstruction surgery and providing hormone therapy
We can understand the observable differences in body ratios—height versus width—that anthropologists have documented as a matter of ________, or the way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form.
phenotype
The words "day" and "pay" might sound like the same word to a nonnative speaker of English, but they have very different meanings. A linguist would identify the d and p sounds as different
phonemes
Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one man to two or more women?
polygyny
Which of the following is defined as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence?
power
The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups is
prestige.
What is the name for the flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups?
race
In the United States, interracial marriage is no longer illegal; however, data on marriage patterns suggests that Americans continue to practice
racial endogamy
The process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people, is referred to as what?
racialization
Neoliberalism is associated with
selling public services like water and public transportation to for-profit companies.
Differences in male and female genitals, breast size, hair distribution, height, and pitch of voice are examples of
sexual dimorphism
The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds are right, appropriate, and natural is termed
sexuality
Henry Ford is known for the Model T as well as "Fordism." A central tenet of Fordism was that workers
should earn higher wages and work shorter hours, creating a new pool of consumers with the income and leisure to purchase a car.
A man from Cuba and a man from Peru both move to the United States. Although they did not identify with one another while living in their countries of origin, they both come to identify themselves as members of the same group ("Hispanic") within the United States. This example illustrates
situational negotiation of identity
The use of the gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun "they," instead of "he" or "she," in specific social contexts would be most likely studied by a(n)
sociolinguist
What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?
stratification
According to the film Race: the Power of an Illusion, what factor did not contribute to the whitening of Eastern and Southern European immigrants after WWII:
the Johnson Reed immigration act
Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) described two aspects of power. One was material power. How did Gramsci describe the other aspect of power?
the ability to create consent and agreement
Self-help books, such as Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus, that suggest that men and women are essentially different are examples of the
the difference model
What do scientists call the independent microorganisms (comprising about 90 percent of our 100 trillion cells) in the human body?
the human microbiome
Nineteenth-century references to "heterosexuality"
treated it as a perversion because of its association with sex for pleasure.
In New York, the annual India Day Parade excluded the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA) for 15 years before allowing the group to participate. This exclusion happened despite the existence of the hijra, a third gender that is legally recognized in India. In considering the process of assimilation, the exclusion of SALGA might be understood as a
type of boundary marker
A common stereotype in the United States suggests that women never seem to stop talking. What research finding about men seems to contradict this stereotype?
Men use linguistic strategies to maintain conversational dominance and speak more than women.
The text notes that having a term to describe the sexual activities between opposite-sex persons (heterosexuality) is a fairly new concept in the United States. What led to the development of the term heterosexuality?
Richard von Krafft-Ebing's book Psychopathia Sexualis, which looked at sexuality for pleasure rather than exclusively for procreation
Pierre Bourdieu investigated the relationship between class, culture, and power by studying schools in France with the expectation of finding that social mobility was the result of meritocracy. What did he discover instead?
Social relations were reproduced across generations.
In spite of a new health center program that made free condoms available to students anonymously, the rates of sexually transmitted infections did not go down at Hampshire University. A confidential study revealed that students were informed about safe sex and that they reported using condoms for sex. Assuming the students are telling the truth, what is a possible explanation for the continued rate of infection?
Students' conception of what "having sex" means is different from that of the health center employees.
Why are cross-cultural studies important for our understanding of sex and gender?
They demonstrate that biology alone cannot predict the roles men and women play in a given culture.
What is the preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in some Native American cultures?
Two-Spirit
Clifford Geertz urged anthropologists to explore culture primarily as
a symbolic system
Although some kinship relationships are established through biology or common descent, others are established through marriage. What do anthropologists call relationships established through marriage and/or alliance?
affinal
The potential power of a person or a group to contest and change norms, values, institutions, and structures of power is
agency
In 2008, a little more than 50 percent of live births in the United States were male, and the rest were designated as female. Recent medical studies suggest that of all live births, many individuals do not fit neatly into either biological category. What is the current estimate of the percentage of such births?
almost 2%
Archaeology, the study of cultures in the human past, focuses on
any human material remains.
What is the primary difference between assimilation and multiculturalism?
assimilation involves a loss of ethnicity identity.
Karl Marx examined social inequality by distinguishing between which two distinct classes of people?
bourgeoisie and proletariat
What do anthropologists call a nonstandard variation of a language?
dialect
Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. You can also learn about culture informally through interactions with family, friends, and the media. What is this process called?
enculturation
A group of people who share a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n)
ethnicity
What do anthropologists call the belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural and the practices of other people are abnormal and unnatural?
ethnocentrism
Maria is a cultural anthropologist who wants to better understand the lives of women in coffee farming communities in Brazil. What primary research strategy will she likely use to gain a holistic perspective in order to accurately answer her research questions?
firsthand ethnographic fieldwork
Carol Stacks found that poor African American families who lived in the Flats responded to structural poverty and long- term unemployment through:
forming dynamic extended kinship networks with biological and fictive kin.
Which of these provides archaeological evidence for the origins of human language?
fossilized brain casts of Neandertals that show the anatomical features for speech
The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes is
gender
What comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form?
genotype
Hayk purchases the most expensive tier membership to the Museum of Modern Art. He developed an appreciation for art when his parents took him to museums as a child. He moves with ease, confidence, and a sense of entitlement through the collections with other well-heeled art enthusiasts during the special members' viewings. How would Pierre Bourdieu describe this young man's attitudes and behaviors with respect to art?
habitus
What groups could anthropologists study to learn more about what it means to be transgender in different geographical regions?
hijras and Two-Spirits
Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, instead suggesting that different cultures arise as the result of very different causes, and will vary widely. What do we call his approach?
historical particularism
The cultivation of plants for subsistence through nonintensive use of land and labor is
horticulture
What might an anthropologist who is interested in kinesics study?
how body language varies across cultures
President Barack Obama's mother was a white woman from Kansas and his father was a black man from Kenya. What deeply embedded concept of racial division is revealed by the way people regard his race and even debate his birthplace?
hypodescent
Anthropology developed during an intense period of globalization in the nineteenth century. What was one of the major characteristics of that period that drove this development?
innovations in transportation technology
The failure of the New York State school system to create an annual school budget that would ensure all students received the same level of funding reflects what aspect of racism?
institutional racism
Human beings have long been migrants, moving themselves, their material goods, and even ideas from one part of the world to another. What makes this process, which is now called globalization, seem so different today than in the past?
intensification
Despite the initial racist attitudes directed toward Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants, these groups eventually "became white" through
intermarriage and upward mobility.
In the United States it is illegal as well as socially frowned upon to marry certain relatives. This is an example of a society that practices
kindred exogamy
"I just love it when that happens," said Bob sadly, shaking his head slowly; however, this morning, he said the exact same words in a happy tone, while clapping his hands excitedly. What terms would a linguist use to describe these nonverbal elements of communication that affect the meaning of the words he said?
kinesics and paralanguage
Which of the following terms is defined as the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities?
kinship
What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?
language
The beliefs that someone with a southern accent is unsophisticated and a British accent is refined are examples of
language ideology
Horace Minor wrote "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" (1956) in order to
make the familiar strange.
According to Chrys Ingraham, the images of "white weddings" perpetuated in the media and children's toys
make the patterns of heterosexuality seem natural and unchanging rather than cultural.
According to Jared Diamond, why do humans in the United States seem to engage in sexual activity?
mostly for fun
Contemporary worldwide racism, and the notion of race itself, are historically rooted in which practice?
colonialism
The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their own borders over an extended period of time to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in other countries or regions is called
colonialism.
Scholars have studied nonhuman primates to draw conclusions about the origins of human language because they seem capable of learning how to
communicate through sign language.
Ethnology is the process of ________ and can be used to examine activities, trends, and patterns of power across cultures.
comparison
Although culture takes many forms worldwide, we can recognize shared characteristics of culture as a concept. Which of the following statements is true of culture?
culture is a system
