AP 2 Chapter 24 Urinary System

Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid: A. are completely reabsorbed. B. have a little less than half of their tubular fluid concentration reabsorbed. C. have concentrations in the filtrate and urine that match their transport maximum. D. are completely secreted .E. have half of their plasma concentration secreted.

A. Are completely reabsorbed

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of: A. blood in the nephron capsule. B. tubular fluid in the glomerular capsule. C. blood in the glomerular capillaries. D. filtrate in the glomerular capillaries. E. solutes in the tubular fluid.

C. Blood in the glomerular capillaries

Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of a: glucose in the blood. b: antidiuretic hormone in the urine. c: sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. d: calcium in the fluid of the proximal convoluted tubule. e: aldosterone in the afferent arteriole.

C. sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule

What type of innervation is present in Kidneys?

Each kidney innervated by both divisions of autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic - blood vessels of kidney and juxtaglomerular apparatus. Decrease urine production. Parasympathetic nerves - specific effects not known

An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the

Efferent Arteriole

T/F Most nephrons has nephron loop deep into the medulla

False

T/F: Generally, the higher a substance's transport maximum is, the lower its renal threshold will be.

False

The countercurrent multiplier is a negative feedback mechanism.

False

The countercurrent multiplier is multiplier is a negative feedback mechanism to establish the salt gradient in the interstitial fluid.

False

T/F in order to accommodate the large liver, the left kidney is more inferior to the right kidney

False **right kidney is inferior

The thick tangle of capillary loops found within the corpuscle is known as the

Glomerulus

If the filtration membrane were made more porous, how would you expect the glomerular filtration rate to change?

Increase

The hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes an ___ in GFR; sympathetic stimulation results in _____

Increase; decrease in GFR

The myogenic response that occurs within afferent arterioles of the kidneys is an _____ control of GFR

Intrinsic

What is the value of transitional epithelium in the urinary system?

It allows distension

What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

What is Juxtamedullary Apparatus? What are the two types of cells and their significance?

Regulating filtrate formation and blood pressure Macular Densa Cells: detect changes in NaCl concentration of fluid in DCT, and signal to granular cells via paracrine. Granular cells (modified smooth muscle cells): control afferent arteriole diameter; synthesize and release renin.

What is not a function of the Kidneys?

Regulation of lymphocyte production

Common Kidney annomalies

Renal Agenesis - failure of a kidney to develop. Often asymptomatic if unilateral; fatal if bilateral Pelvic Kidney - Developing Kidney fails to migrate from pelvic cavity Horseshoe Kidney - Inferior parts of left and right kidneys fused Supernumerary kidney - extra kidney develops; All 3 typically asymptomatic

What is the difference between juxtamedullary and cortical nephron?

The major difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons are the length of the loops of Henle. In cortical nephrons, the glomeruli, proximal and distal convoluting ducts, and loops of Henle stay limited to the cortex. In juxtamedullary nephrons, they extend into the medulla. Why is the glomerulus more

Individuals can voluntarily empty their bladder by contracting their abdominal muscles as part of the Valsalva Maneuver

True

T/F Macula Densa cells signal granular cells to release renin through paracrine stimulation

True

Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid

are completely reabsorbed

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of

blood in the glomerular capillaries.

Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered ________ controls.

extrinsic

The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of ________ capillaries.

fenestrated

The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of _________ capillaries.

fenestrated

In the process of urine formation, first

filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.

The main parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the

granular cells and macula densa

Generally, a very _______ percent of Na+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed, and the reabsorption takes place _________.

high; along the entire tube

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is _____ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of ____

higher; afferent

Dehydration results in ____ secretion of ADH and ____water reabsorption

increased; increased

Immediately before blood enters arterioles of the kidney, it travels through small arteries that project peripherally into the renal cortex. These arteries are the

interlobular arteries

diuretics

medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt

The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ________ and its ________ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule.

medulla; ascending

The nephron loops makes a hairpin turn within the ____ and its ____ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule

medulla; ascending

The basement membrane of the glomerulus is ____ charged, and it restricts the passage of ____

negatively; plasma proteins

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the

proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.

The renal corpuscle is located within the

renal cortex

Granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme

renin

Generally, negatively charged plasma proteins are

repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane

What type of organ are kidneys in respect to peritoneum?

retroperitoneal; i.e., they lie on the posterior abdominal wall and are covered by peritoneum only anteriorly.

Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule?

secretion and reabsorption only

Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of

sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule

Mesangial Cells

specialized cells in the glomerulus. They can phagocytize macromolecules that are caught within the basement membrane; can contract to decrease filtration.

Aldosterone is a hormone that _____ synthesis of Na+/K+ pumps and Na+ channels in principal cells of kidney tubules

stimulates

Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop is called

tubular fluid