AP #3 - Cardiovascular: Vascular System Mastering ?s
A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? A) an increase in heart contractility B) a decrease in heart rate C) a decrease in cardiac output D) vasodilation of arterioles
A
A defect in the bicuspid valve would directly affect __________. A) left ventricular filling B) movement of blood from the ventricle to the atrium C) movement of blood into pulmonary circulation D) right ventricular filling
A
A patient has atherosclerosis in systemic arteries, which is causing congestive heart failure. Which of the following would you expect? A) Increased workload in the left ventricle and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary circulation, leading to pulmonary edema B) Increased workload in the right ventricle and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in the systemic circulation, leading to pulmonary edema C) Increased workload in the left ventricle and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in the systemic circulation, leading to edema in the legs D) Increased workload in the right ventricle and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure in the systemic circulation, leading to edema in the legs
A
All of the following increase stroke volume EXCEPT __________. A) the expiratory phase of respiration B) skeletal muscle activity during exercise C) constriction of veins due to sympathetic activity D) an increase in contractile fiber length
A
Although the lab results from Walter's blood work will take an hour, the ER physician is certain that Walter has had a myocardial infarction. How did he reach this diagnosis without knowing the results of the blood work? A) The ECG of Walter's heart showed the signs of a myocardial infarction. B) Walter had a bluish tint to his skin when he came in to the ER. C) Walter was very clammy, pale, and incoherent. D) Walter expressed pain and tightness in his chest.
A
Arteries are most accurately defined as blood vessels that carry __________. A) blood away from the heart B) deoxygenated blood C) blood toward the heart D) highly oxygenated blood
A
Hours after a surgery, a patient is taken for a walk around the hospital floor. What effect would an increase in venous return have on mean arterial pressure? A) It would increase it, by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries. B) It would increase it, by increasing total peripheral resistance. C) It would decrease it, by keeping blood in the veins. D) The veins do not have any effect on MAP.
A
In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. A) blood pressure B) proteins in the blood
A
Mr. Cortez takes his blood pressure for two weeks and gets an average of 160/100. A normal blood pressure should be slightly lower than 120/80 what is the term used to describe Mr. Cortez's condition? A) hypertension B) hypotension C) highertensive D) lowertensive
A
Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? A) venous B) arterial
A
The Frank-Starling law states that __________. A) Stroke volume increases as end-diastolic volume increases. B) End-diastolic volume is normally determined by venous return. C) Skeletal muscle pumps push blood toward the heart. D) Contractility is controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems.
A
The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. A) capillary; interstitial fluid B) interstitial fluid; capillary
A
What is the mechanism behind myogenic autoregulation in vascular smooth muscle? A) When cells stretch, mechanically gated cation channels open, depolarizing the cell, resulting in contraction. B) Stretch causes depolarization of local neurons, which in turn depolarize the smooth muscle cells in the area. C) Increased blood flow stimulates the release of paracrine factors that vasodilate local vessels. D) Increased blood flow through an arteriole delivers more oxygen and glucose, making the smooth muscle cells more likely to contract.
A
What occurs when a blood vessel's diameter increases, and the pressure gradient remains unchanged? A) Resistance decreases, and the rate of flow increases. B) Resistance decreases, and the rate of flow decreases. C) Resistance increases, and the rate of flow increases. D) Resistance increases, and the rate of flow decreases.
A
What would a balloon angioplasty do to the resistance in Walter's affected coronary vessel and how would this improve his condition? A) decrease; increased blood flow to the myocardium B) decrease; decreased blood flow to the myocardium C) increase; increased blood flow to the myocardium D) increase; decreased blood flow to the myocardium
A
Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? A) carotid sinus and aortic arch B) The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems C) cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata
A
Which blood vessels allow blood to move directly from the arterial to the venous circulation? A) Metarterioles B) Precapillary sphincters C) Collateral arteries D) Venules
A
Which is a similarity between diffusion and transcytosis at capillaries? A) They both allow substances to be exchanged between the blood and cells within tissues. B) They both transport large molecules. C) They both use mass movement of fluid. D) They are both examples of paracellular pathways.
A
Which of the following is true regarding pulmonary circulation? A) Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. B) Pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. C) Pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. D) Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
A
Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow? Why? A) Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls B) Arterioles, because they are the only type of vessel with an adjustable diameter C) Arteries, because of the large amount of muscle in their walls D) Veins, because they are the lowest-pressure vessels and can thus develop greater pressure increases with regulation
A
Although we often just use the term blood pressure loosely, the specific variable controlled by the body is mean arterial blood pressure. While there are non-cardiovascular variables that can affect blood pressure (e.g., blood volume), the cardiovascular variables can be adjusted very quickly to respond to sudden changes in blood pressure. Which of the following cardiovascular control factors contribute to changes in blood pressure? Select all that apply. A) heart rate B) blood vessel diameter C) body temperature D) force of cardiac contraction E) volume of blood in body
A, B, D
Beta blockers and Ca++ channel blockers can both be prescribed to Mr. Cortez in order to help with his hypertension. What ONE parameter will both of these medicines have a common effect on? A) total peripheral resistance B) cardiac output C) blood volume D) None of the listed responses is correct.
B
During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170%% to meet the body's increased O2O2 demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40%%. What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn't reach dangerously high levels during exercise? A) Hematocrit decreases as more interstitial fluid enters the blood vessels. B) Vasodilation causes arterial diameter to increase in the exercising skeletal muscle. C) Blood volume decreases due to sweating. D) Blood vessels shorten in the contracting skeletal muscles.
B
How do pacemaker cells differ from contractile cells? A) Only pacemaker cells have sodium action potentials. B) Pacemakers control heart rate, whereas contractile cells generate force of contraction. C) Pacemakers are nerve cells, whereas contractile cells are cardiac muscle cells. D) Only pacemaker cells have calcium channels.
B
How does administration of nitroglycerine help someone that might be suffering from a myocardial infarction? A) Nitroglycerine will dilate the coronary vessels, which will decrease blood flow to the heart muscle. B) Nitroglycerine will dilate the coronary vessels, which will increase blood flow to the heart muscle. C) Nitroglycerine will constrict the coronary vessels, which will increase blood flow to the heart muscle. D) Nitroglycerine will constrict the coronary vessels, which will decrease blood flow to the heart muscle.
B
If increased blood pressure stimulated the baroreceptor reflex, which changes would occur? A) Decreased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output B) Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output C) Increased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and increased cardiac output D) Decreased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and decreased cardiac output
B
The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. A) blood pressure B) proteins in the blood
B
What is the mechanism by which bulk flow occurs at the capillaries? A) The mechanism for bulk flow at the capillary is either simple diffusion or vesicular transport. B) Relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the venous end C) Relatively higher colloid osmotic pressure on the arterial end of the capillary and relatively higher hydrostatic pressure on the venous end D) Colloid osmotic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary.
B
Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and resistance? A) Flow is inversely proportional to change in pressure and directly proportional to resistance. B) Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance. C) Flow is inversely proportional to change in both pressure and resistance. D) Flow is directly proportional to change in both pressure and resistance.
B
Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? A) net hydrostatic pressure B) net osmotic pressure
B
Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? A) decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system B) decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system C) increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system D) increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
B
Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter? A) Cardiac muscle B) Smooth muscle C) Epithelial tissue D) Neural tissue
B
In order for the target tissues of the cardiovascular system to respond to changes in blood pressure, the autonomic nervous system has to be able to deliver chemical signals to the target tissues, which must be equipped with the appropriate receptors so that a response can be carried out. Which of the following neurotransmitters will play a role in the regulation of blood pressure by creating a change in cardiovascular function? A) glutamate B) norepinephrine C) serotonin D) acetylcholine E) epinephrine F) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
B, D, E
A patient is vomiting and has diarrhea. Which would you expect? A) Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure B). Increased blood volume and decreased blood pressure C) Decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure D) Decreased blood volume and increased blood pressure
C
Electrical signaling in the heart begins in the SA node because __________. A) it is on the right side of the heart B) it has the slowest firing rate C) it depolarizes the fastest D) it has the most superior position in the heart
C
If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? A) decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity B) increased PNS and SNS activity C) increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
C
If there were a sudden increase in blood volume, what would the baroreceptors do, and what would be the effect of that reflex? A) Increase firing rate; increased myocardial contractility B) Decrease firing rate; decreased heart rate C) Increase firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility D) Decrease firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility
C
Using a sphygmomanometer, a nurse measures a patient's blood pressure as 134/86. What are the patient's pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure? A) PP = 1.56 mm Hg and MAP = 48 mm Hg B) PP = 24, but MAP cannot be determined from the information given C) PP = 48 mm Hg and MAP = 102 mm Hg D) PP = 86 mm Hg and MAP = 134 mm Hg
C
What maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is NOT contracting (ventricular diastole)? A) Constriction of the arterioles B) Stretching of the muscular arteries C) Recoil of the elastic arteries D) Closing of the semilunar valves
C
Which of the following is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system when blood pressure is too high? A) reduce blood volume B) decrease force of contraction of the heart C) decrease heart rate D) induce relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle
C
Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? A) 1 mm Hg B) 12 mm Hg C) 34 mm Hg
C
Why can tetanus NOT occur in myocardial contractile cells? A) K+ entry depolarizes the cell, which shortens the duration of the action potential. B) Na+ entry hyperpolarizes the cell, which shortens the duration of the action potential. C) Ca2+ entry lengthens the refractory period, which prevents the summation of the tension developed from repeated action potentials. D) Ca2+ entry shortens the duration of the action potential.
C
A patient has a hemorrhage and loses a large volume of the blood. Which compensatory mechanisms would you expect? A) Increased kidney fluid output in urine and increased parasympathetic activity B) Vasodilation and increased kidney fluid output in urine C) Vasodilation and increased release of epinephrine D) Vasoconstriction and decreased kidney fluid output in the urine
D
A patient takes a beta2 receptor antagonist. Which of the following would you expect? A) Vasodilation in blood vessels supplying the liver B) Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract C) Vasodilation in blood vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract D) Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the liver
D
Blood velocity is lowest in the __________. A) arterioles B) veins C) arteries D) capillaries
D
In a laboratory, students used a stimulus that decreased the distance between R waves on an ECG. This represents a _____. A) increased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate B) decreased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate C) increased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate D) decreased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate
D
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? A) a decrease in cardiac output B) vasodilation of arteries C) a decrease in blood pressure D) an increase in heart rate and contractility
D
The effect of parasympathetic input to the heart is to __________. A) promote calcium entry in pacemaker and contractile cells B) decrease force of ventricular contraction C) do nothing D) open additional potassium channels in pacemaker cells
D
The second heart sound occurs during which aspect of the ECG? A) QRS complex B) P-R segment C) P wave D) T wave
D
What causes active hyperemia? A) Occluded blood flow causes a dramatic drop in tissue O2 and high levels of CO2 and H+, causing endothelial cells to release NO. B) Blood loss causes skeletal muscle hypoxia, which leads to adenosine release and vasodilation. C) The production of NO and O2 by tissues causes vasoconstriction due to enhanced vascular smooth muscle contraction. D) Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2.
D
What does the P wave of the ECG represent? A) ventricular repolarization B) ventricular depolarization C) the period when the heart is electrically quiet D) atrial depolarization
D
What effect would an increase in blood volume have on the resistance to blood flow? A) Resistance would increase, because the increased volume would stretch the arteries to a greater degree. B) Resistance would decrease, since the greater volume would cause the veins to stretch more. C) Resistance would increase, because more blood would be harder to push through the vessels. D) There would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked.
D
Which is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system? A) transport nutrients absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to cells of the body B) transport oxygen absorbed in the lungs to cells of the body C) facilitate movement of materials from cell to cell D) remove wastes from the body
D
Which of the following is the correct description of a myocardial infarction and what it is caused by? A) A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of glucose supply. B) A region of muscle becomes inactive due to a lack of neuronal stimulation. C) A region of heart muscle becomes overly active. D) A region of heart muscle dies due to a lack of blood supply.
D
Which parameter associated with mean arterial blood pressure will angiotensin II directly affect? How will this parameter change? What will it do to MAP? A) cardiac output; increase; increase B) total peripheral resistance; increase; decrease C) cardiac output; decrease; increase D) total peripheral resistance; increase; increase
D
Why is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared with all other types of vessels? A) The capillaries have the lowest blood volume. B) The capillaries have a larger diameter than the arterioles that feed them. C) The capillaries have a relatively large amount of smooth muscle for their diameter. D) The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area.
D
Which of the following conditions can result from chronic hypertension? A) heart failure B) stroke C) kidney failure D) heart failure and stroke E) heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure
E
