a+p 7

sodium

An action potential is caused by an influx of these ions into the cell ________.

FALSE

A graded potential is also known as a nerve impulse.(t/f)

FALSE

A sensory neuron carries stimuli from the central nervous system to the effector. (t/f)

reticular activating system (RAS)

A special group of neurons in the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the ________.

frontal lobe

A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged?

Sympathetic nervous system

Decreases digestive system activities

TRUE

Depolarization of neurons results from the entry of sodium ions into the cell. (t/f)

FALSE

Difficulty in breathing may reflect damage to respiratory centers located in the cerebellum. (t/f)

sodium

During repolarization, ________ ions are pumped out of the cell.

polarized with more sodium ions outside the cell and more potassium ions inside the cell

During the resting state, a neuron is ________.

ramus

Each spinal nerve divides into a dorsal and a ventral ________.

TRUE

Ependymal cells beat their cilia to help circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (t/f)

somatic sensory

Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________.

cell bodies

Ganglia are collections of ________.

TRUE

Gray matter contains collections of unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the central nervous system. (t/f)

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

Hemiplegia and aphasia characterize those patients who have experienced a ________.

potassium

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid ________.

cerebellum

Loss of muscle coordination results from damage to the ________.

white; gray

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

saltatory conduction

Nerve impulse transmissions occurring along myelinated neurons are called ________.

the all-or-none response

Neurons either conduct action potentials along the length of their axons, or they remain at rest. This statement best describes ________.

multipolar

Neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), are structurally classified as ________.

hypothalamus

One of the last areas of the CNS to mature is the ________, which regulates body temperature.

breathing

One of the major functions of the pons is to control ________.

FALSE

One of the major functions of the pons is to produce releasing factors that control the function of the anterior pituitary.(t/f)

withdrawal reflex

Rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. This reflex is best known as a(n) ________.

Broca's area

Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to speak is the ________.

proprioceptors

Sensory receptors located in muscles and tendons are termed ________.

neuroglia

Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.

sympathetic

Sweat glands that produce perspiration when stimulated are innervated only by the ________ fibers

diencephalon

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

axon

The Schwann cell forms a myelin sheath around the ________.

parasympathetic

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest" division.

perineurium

The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.

motor

The cell bodies of the ________ neurons are always located within the CNS.

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________.

corpus callosum

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following EXCEPT ________.

TRUE

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and also in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. (t/f)

choroid plexuses

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as ________.

hypothalamus

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the ________.

oculomotor

Cranial nerve III is known as the ________ nerve.

arachnoid villus

Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into venous blood in the dural sinuses via the ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ________.

tight

The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain.

meninges

The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________.

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

The brain dysfunction where blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, is called ________.

FALSE

The central nervous system includes the spinal nerves and cranial nerves. (t/f)

is continually formed mostly by the choroid plexuses

The cerebrospinal fluid ________.

TRUE

The collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord is called the cauda equina. (t/f)

pia

The delicate innermost membrane, or meningeal layer, that clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is known as the ________ mater.

longitudinal fissure

The fissure in the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ________.

synaptic cleft

The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________.

nodes of Ranvier

The gaps between Schwann cells found at regular intervals in peripheral system neurons are called ________.

limbic system

The hypothalamus is the "emotional-visceral" center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ________.

pituitary gland

The hypothalamus regulates the ________.

corpus callosum

The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ________.

sacral

The largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve, belongs to the ________ nerve plexus.

connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways

The major role of the interneuron (association neuron) is to ________.

brain stem

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________.

central; peripheral

The nervous system is structurally subdivided into two systems: ________ nervous system and ________ nervous system.

dendrites

The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called ________.

two

The number of neurons involved in transmission of impulses in the autonomic nervous system is ________.

vagus

The only pair of cranial nerves to extend to the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the ________ nerves.

TRUE

The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. (t/f)

axon

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

thalamus

The portion of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling to the sensory cortex is the ________.

TRUE

The primary motor area allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles.(t/f)

parietal

The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the ________ lobe of the cerebrum.

parietal lobe

The sensory homunculus is located in the primary somatic sensory area in the ________.

L3

The spinal cord terminates around vertebra ________.

a neurotransmitter

The substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse is called ________.

found in the eye and nose

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

tracts; nerves

Bundles of nerve fibers (neuron processes) running through the CNS are called ________, whereas in the PNS they are called ________.

brain and spinal cord

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

FALSE

The thalamus plays a role in regulation of body temperature, metabolism, and water balance. (t/f)

dicephalon (interbrain)

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.

irritability and conductivity

The two major functional properties of neurons are ________.

TRUE

The usual cause of nervous system deterioration as we age is circulatory system problems. (t/f)

medulla oblongata

The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________.

12; 31

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves in the peripheral nervous system.

2, 1, 4, 3

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse?1. the membrane becomes depolarized2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell

myelinated

Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are ________.

TRUE

There is no possibility of damaging the spinal cord below the third lumbar vertebra.

gray matter

Unmyelinated nerve fibers are known as ________.

spina bifida

What congenital disorder results when the vertebrae fail to form completely around the spinal cord, typically in the lumbosacral region?

corpora quadrigemina

What part of the brain stem houses reflex centers for vision and hearing?

calcium

Which ion causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the axon's membrane during the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to the next?

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke?

decreased heart rate

Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

digestion

Which of the following is favored by the parasympathetic nervous system?

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?

oligodendrocytes

Which of these neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

Which one of the following is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from outermost to innermost layer?

cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Which one of the following represents the correct sequence from outermost to innermost layers of the meninges?

somatic

Which type of reflex involves skeletal muscles?

Schwann

________ cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS.

Interneurons (association neurons)

________ connect sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways and their cell bodies are typically located in the central nervous system.

Parkinson's

________ disease results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra.

Autonomic

________ reflexes include the secretion of saliva, changes in the size of our pupils, and digestion involve the activities of smooth muscles.