ap bio cell failingbruh
osmosis transport
passive transport
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
theory that eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts from ancient free living prokaryotes invaded primitive eukaryotic cells
hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial cells. Other conditions being equal, which artificial cell is predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion? A The cuboidal cell B The tetrahedral cell C The cylindrical cell D The spherical cell
A
The following questions refer to an experiment in which a dialysis-tubing bag is filled with a mixture of 3% starch and 3% glucose and placed in a beaker of distilled water, as shown below. After 3 hours, glucose can be detected in the water outside the dialysis-tubing bag, but starch cannot. If, instead of the bag, a potato slice were placed in the beaker of distilled water, which of the following would be true of the potato slice? A It would gain mass. B It would neither gain nor lose mass.
A
Which of the following describes the most likely location of cholesterol in an animal cell? A Embedded in the plasma membrane B Dissolved in the cytosol C Suspended in the stroma of the chloroplast D Bound to free ribosomes
A Embedded in the plasma membrane
All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex? A Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins B Synthesis of cytosolic proteins based on the nucleotide sequences of mRNAs C Degradation of proteins by hydrolytic enzymes contained within the complex D Synthesis of various types of lipids
A Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins
Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. This group of questions refers to the following groups of biological compounds. (A) Proteins(B) Carbohydrates(C) Nucleic acids(D) Lipids(E) Steroids Synthesized at the ribosome A Proteins B Carbohydrates C Nucleic acids D Lipids E St
A Proteins
Carbon dioxide most likely enters a cell through which of the following processes? A Simple diffusion through the membrane B Facilitated diffusion through membrane proteins C Active transport through membrane proteins D Active transport through aquaporins
A Simple diffusion through the membrane
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from the irreversible binding of GDP to the G protein? A The intracellular conce
A The intracellular concentration of glycogen will increase.
Which of the following best explains how the phospholipid bilayer of a transport vesicle contributes to cellular functions? A The phospholipid bilayer allows the vesicle to fuse with the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane, allowing the exocytosis of proteins. B The phospholipid bilayer physically connects the nuclear envelope to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, thus increasing the rate of transcription and translation. C The phospholipid bilayer of a transport vesicle contains chemicals tha
A The phospholipid bilayer allows the vesicle to fuse with the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane, allowing the exocytosis of proteins.
When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as A facilitated diffusion B osmosis C active transport D pinocytosis E the work of an ion pump
A facilitated diffusion
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction middle of cytoplasm
Endocytosis
A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell.are located within the cytoplasm (i.e., gel-like fluid held in the cell membrane) in all eukaryotic cells (i.e., complex cells). It can typically be found adjacent to the nucleus and rough endoplasmic reticulum (an organelle involved in protein synthesis).
hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution
Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like cells? A Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA. B Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar nuclei. C Glycolysis occurs in both mitochondria and bacteria. D Both mitochondria and bacteria have microtubules. E Neither mitochondria nor bacteria possess chloroplasts.
A-Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA.
Mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. mitochondria are located in the cytoplasm of cells along with other organelles of the cell.
The following questions refer to an experiment in which a dialysis-tubing bag is filled with a mixture of 3% starch and 3% glucose and placed in a beaker of distilled water, as shown below. After 3 hours, glucose can be detected in the water outside the dialysis-tubing bag, but starch cannot. From the initial conditions and results described, which of the following is a logical conclusion? A The initial concentration of glucose in the bag is higher than the initial concentration of starch in
B
Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes? A The chloroplast B The Golgi apparatus C The nucleus D The nucleolus E The mitochondrion
B
Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, while fungal cell walls are composed of chitin. A group of scientists hypothesize that this difference means the cell wall has largely different functions in plant cells and fungal cells. Alternatively, another group of scientists hypothesize that despite their biochemical differences, plant and fungal cell walls serve similar functions. Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis described above? A Plant cell wal
B In both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell membrane.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway? A It involves the opening and clo
B In involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport? A Phospholipid B Protein C Lipid D Phosphate E Cholesterol
B Protein
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that control cellular responses through several different signaling pathways. One of the signaling pathways involves the glucocorticoid receptor, an intracellular protein that is activated by binding to a glucocorticoid molecule. A simplified model of the glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A simplified model of the glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway Which of the following statements best predicts the effect
B The glucocorticoid receptor will remain associated with the accessory proteins.
A scientist designed an experiment to test an artificial membrane that mimics the phospholipid bilayer of a cell. The scientist built a tube that was divided by an artificial membrane and filled with distilled water. The scientist put a known amount of a protein into the water on one side of the membrane. After some time, the scientist measured the concentration of the protein on either side of the membrane but found that there had been no change. Which of the following experimental changes woul
B Use a small, nonpolar solute instead of a protein
Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in the figure ceases to function? A Water molecules will no longer be able to move across the cell membrane. B Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate. C Water molecules will only be able to enter the cell by active transport. D Water molecules will move across the cell membrane at a faster rate without the aquaporin regulating their flow.
B Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate.
All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT A DNA B ribosomes C cell membrane D nuclear envelope E enzymes
D
A student peeled the skins from grapes, exposing cells with membranes that are only permeable to water and small diffusible solutes. The student measured the mass of the peeled grapes. The student then placed each peeled grape into one of five solutions. After 24 hours, the student removed the peeled grapes from the solutions, measured their final mass, and calculated the percent change in mass (Table 1). TABLE 1. PERCENT CHANGE IN MASS OF PEELED GRAPES IN SOLUTIONS SolutionConcentration of Solu
C
Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling? A Cell signaling uses the highest molecular weight molecules found in living cells. B Cell signaling has largely been replaced by other cell functions in higher mammals. C Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes. D Cell signaling functions mainly during early developmental stages.
C
Directions: Each group of questions below concerns an experimental or laboratory situation or data. In each case, first study the description of the situation or data. Then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Dialysis tubing is permeable to water molecules but not to sucrose. Four dialysis tubes are half filled with 5 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, and 40 percent sucrose solutions, respectively, and two dialysis tub
C
Intravenous (IV) solutions administered to patients are normally isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient? A The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will shrink as a result of salt moving into the blood. B The liver will secrete additional bile salts into the blood to raise the tonicity of the administered fluid. C The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from
C
The following questions refer to an experiment in which a dialysis-tubing bag is filled with a mixture of 3% starch and 3% glucose and placed in a beaker of distilled water, as shown below. After 3 hours, glucose can be detected in the water outside the dialysis-tubing bag, but starch cannot. Which of the following best describes the condition expected after 24 hours? A The bag will contain more water than it did in the original condition. B The contents of the bag will have the same osmotic
C
Figure 1 shows a model of how a channel protein influences the movement of a particle across a cell's plasma membrane. Figure 1. A section of a cell's plasma membrane, showing a channel protein and a concentration gradient across the membrane An investigator wants to understand whether a newly found membrane protein is involved in membrane transport of a certain particle. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane trans
C Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.
Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria and chloroplasts that supports the endosymbiotic theory? A Both have bacteria-like polysaccharide cell walls. B Both can reproduce on their own outside of the cell. C Both contain DNA molecules. D Both contain endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies. E Both contain ribosomes that are identical to ribosomes of the eukaryotic cytoplasm.
C Both contain DNA molecules.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells Which of the following statements best describes the role of adenylyl cyclase in the epinephrine signaling pathway? A It converts a pol
C It accelerates the production of a second messenger.
f ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited? A Movement of oxygen into a cell B Movement of water through aquaporins C Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient D Facilitated diffusion of a permeable substance
C Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient
Researchers claimed that a particular organelle originated from a free-living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cell, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. A model showing a cell engulfing a smaller cell Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers' claim? A The organelle has a phospholipid membrane. B The organelle has protein in the membrane. C The organelle has a double membrane. D The organelle has an internal aqueous environment that is similar to the cy
C The organelle has a double membrane.
Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above? A Is ATP required for the transportation of sugars across the outer mitochondrial membrane? B Do the types of phospholipids in a membrane affect the rate at which molecules enter a cell by passive diffusion? C Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane? D How does temperature affect the movement of molecules into lysosomes?
C Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?
The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria? A The organism is surrounded by a cell wall. B The organism contains ribosomes. C The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material. D The organism is not capable of making or providing itself with ATP.
C- The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.
Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Vacuoles are typically located in the central area of a cell. They vary in size depending on the type of cell. Plant cell vacuoles are typically very large, as they serve to store large amounts of water for the plant cell. This large central vacuole also helps the plant maintain its firm shape.
A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures? A Nucleus B Mitochondrion C Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D Golgi complex
D
Aquaporins are channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membrane. One group of researchers hypothesizes that without functional aquaporins, no water will be able to enter the cell. A different group proposes an alternative hypothesis, stating that even with nonfunctional aquaporins, a small amount of water will still cross the cell membrane. An experiment is set up in which plant cells with mutated (nonfunctional) aquaporins and plant cells with normally functionin
D
Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells? A The cytoplasm of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes is surrounded by a plasma membrane. B Eukaryotes and prokaryotes both contain ribosomes, but the ribosomes of eukaryotes are more complex in structure than those of prokaryotes. C Eukaryotes exchange segments of internal membranes between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, but prokaryot
D
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells A researcher claims that the epinephrine signaling pathway controls a catabolic process in muscle cells. Which of the following statemen
D Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate.
The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place? A Glucose is transported into the cell by active transport. B Na+ is transported into the cell by active transport. C The movement of glucose through the membrane requires ATP hydrolysis. D Na+ transport out
D Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis.
Water is constantly diffusing into the cytosol of freshwater single-celled organisms. In order to maintain the proper solute concentrations in the cytosol, contractile vacuoles pump out the excess water. An experimenter placed single-celled organisms into various saline concentrations and recorded the ATP used by the contractile vacuole. The data are shown in the graph. Of the following, which additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution? A Decreas
D- Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum
isotonic
Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
Directions: Each group of questions below concerns an experimental or laboratory situation or data. In each case, first study the description of the situation or data. Then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Dialysis tubing is permeable to water molecules but not to sucrose. Four dialysis tubes are half filled with 5 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, and 40 percent sucrose solutions, respectively, and two dialysis tub
E
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
characteristics of a phospholipids
Phospholipids consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group that is modified by an alcohol. The phosphate group is the negatively-charged polar head, which is hydrophilic. The fatty acid chains are the uncharged, nonpolar tails, which are hydrophobic. Since the tails are hydrophobic, they face the inside, away from the water and meet in the inner region of the membrane. Since the heads are hydrophilic, they face outward and are attracted to the intracellular and extracellular fluid. If phospholipids are placed in water, they form into micelles, which are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions.
plant vs. animal cell how plants maintain their shape
Plant cells have a cell wall, as well as a cell membrane. In plants, the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane. This gives the plant cell its unique rectangular shape. Animal cells simply have a cell membrane, but no cell wall.
Differences and similarities of Eukaryote and Prokaryote
Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms. Additionally, eukaryotic cells are more than 100 to 10,000 times larger than prokaryotic cells and are much more complex. The DNA in eukaryotes is stored within the nucleus, while DNA is stored in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes.Like a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes, but a eukaryotic cell is typically larger than a prokaryotic cell, has a true nucleus (meaning its DNA is surrounded by a membrane), and has other membrane-bound organelles that allow for compartmentalization of functions.
What organelles can be found in one but not the other?
Prokaryotic cells are simple cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei and complex organelles. Endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, and the Golgi apparatus are unique to eukaryotic cells, and will not be found in prokaryotes.
What organelles are found in both eukaryote and Prokaryote
Prokaryotic cells lack true nucleus as well as membrane bound organelles. Nucleus and membrane bound organelles are present only in eukaryotic cells. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, microbodies and vacuoles, etc. are membrane bound organelles which are present in eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes are non-membrane bound organelles found in both eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic cells.
diffusion transport
Random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion mostly occurs with small molecules. a. Rates of Diffusion - Depend on steepness (size of droplet) of concentration gradient = Bigger steepness, bigger rate. b. Temperature - Higher temp. higher rate. c. Distance - decrease the rate d. Mass - Decrease rate e. Surface Area - Increase rate
ribosomes
Ribosomes are found 'free' in the cell cytoplasm and also attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes receive information from the cell nucleus and construction materials from the cytoplasm. Ribosomes translate information encoded in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA).
Describe the structure and function of TWO eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles other than the nucleus.
Ribosomes are organelles made up of two different subunits that use amino acids to produce proteins for the cell.Lysosomes, which digest excess or worn out cell parts, are spheres made of a lipid bilayer.
Endoplasmic Reticulum, both smooth and rough
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum does not have ribosomes on its membrane. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum possesses ribosomes attached to its membrane.a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm (
Hydrophobic vs hydrophilic
Something defined as hydrophilic is actually attracted to water, while something that is hydrophobic resists water. This means when hydrophobic items come in contact with liquids, water is encouraged to bead up and roll off the surface- almost pushing it away like a magnet pushes away metal objects.
Characterisitcs of the fluid mosaic model
The fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane describes the structure of the cell membrane as a dynamic, flexible structure made up of different components. The two main components of the cell membrane are phospholipids and proteins. Cholesterol is also embedded in the membrane, which helps regulate membrane fluidity
Centrioles
a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.A centriole is a barrel-shaped organelle which lives normally within the centrosome. The centrosome is the area of the cytoplasm. It's next to the nucleus and within the centrosome.
Exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Lysosomes
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell.The lysosomes are located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
what organelles support the Endosymbiotic theory?
the organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts are supposedly the early prokaryotic endosymbionts that had been taken in.
Cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement. cytoskeleton, a system of filaments or fibres that is present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (cells containing a nucleus).Oct 14, 2023
Two main membrane-bound organelles
nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplast are double membrane-bound organelles present only in a eukaryotic cell.
Chloropast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy Chloroplasts are commonly found in guard cells located in plant leaves, roughly 1-2 μm thick and 5-7 μm in diameter. Chloroplasts are oval-shaped and have two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Between the outer and inner membrane is the intermembrane space approximately 10-20 nm wide.
