ap bio final 2016
The cladogram shown below depicts an accepted model of the evolutionary relationships among selected species. (horse, gorilla, human, chimpanzee)
argine to leucine at position X on the cladogram
which of the follwing is the most likely mechanism by which the S. pyogenes acquired the ability to produce the exotoxins?
bacteriophage DNA became integrated in the bacterial chromosome
The average brood size per mated individual upon reintroduction of food following 30 days of ARD is closest to which of the following.
50
which of the following represents a cross between a white eyed female and a red eyed male
Rr X^tX^t x Rr X^TY
based in the model, which of the following best explains why a bright green fluorescences was observed following stimulation of a presynaptic neuron?
GRP* contained in synaptic vesicles moved into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
based on the model, which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which CDK5 regulates neurotrasmitter release?
CDK5 alters the activity of other proteins involved in the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane
Transmission of an action potential across a synapse involves the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neuron. Which of the following representations of the movement of calcium, sodium, and potassium ion best shows how an action potential is transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron?
Ca++ --> <-- Na+ --> K+
The hydrolytic enzymes are mosty likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?
Golgi complex
to investigate whether an organism in the study is capable of both phototsynthesis and respiration, a comparison of which treatment groups is most appropriate?
I and II
the results for treatment groups V and VI could suggest which of the following questions about the design of the experiment?
IV and VI
in a separate investigation, individual mice from two populations that in nature are geographically isolated from each other are mated in the laboratory. The hybrid offspring were then mated with individuals from either of the original populations. Only the female hybrid offspring were fertile. The experimental results are most consistent. The experimental results are most consistent with which of the stages that are depicted in the model?
Intermediate stage (figure 2)
If the two finch popultations are each in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium and are isolated from each other, then which of the following graphs correctly displays the relative genotype frequencies?
LL (0.2) Ll (0.5) ll (0.3)
Which of the following best describes the reproductive ability of C elegans following the ARD induced in the first experiment?
Mating with a well fed male consistently produced more offspring than did reproduction via self fertilization
if a dam is built downstream and prevents salmon migration to the test sites, which of the following most accurately predicts the impact of nitrogen influx?
Nitrogen influx will decrease because there will be less bear-salmon interaction
In a species of cactus, the number of spines on a plant is genetically determined. The graph above shows frequency distributions for populations of the cactus species growing in the presence or absence of two herbivores: peccaries (a New World pig) and wasp larvae. Which of the following best accounts for the different frequency distributions in the graph?
Peccaries eat cacti with a smaller number of spines, and wasp larvae eat cacti with a greater number of spines
Within the same population, some individual butterflies fly most effectively at 29 degrees C, while others fly most effectively at 40 degrees C, Still other can be equally active at bother temperatures. Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?
butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature
based on the information above, which of the following mutations is the most likely cause of sickle cell anemia?
a single base pair substitution in the gene encoding the beta subunit
which of the following best explains why GFP* might exhibit a bright green fluorescence in alkalin conditions but not in acidic conditions?
addition of an H+ to GFP* at acidic pH changes the shape of the protein, preventing fluorescence
Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?
an ancestrial cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells
Using the model of speciation and applying it to a different population, which of the following outcomes is most consistent for a different species in which the males are homogametic and the females arre heterogametic
behavioral isolation would occur sooner in species exhibiting nonrandom mating
previous experiments indicate that CDK5 is active only when attached to a protein called p35. Which of the following best predics how p35 might play a role in regulating neuron function?
degradation of p35 results in increased synaptic activity
based on the model, which of the following best explains how regulation of neurotransmitter release might increase the range of response to a stimulus in the nervous system?
different neurons in the same neural network can release different amounts of neurotransmitter
epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. which of the following describes the initials steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?
epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor; the activated receptor stimulates production of the second messengers, cAMP
the table shows the change in allele frequencies of a specific gene in two populations of randomly mating small mammals after 30 years. The populations in habit adjacent equatorial islands that have similar topography and climate. Which of the following is the most reliable conclusion that can be drawn from analysis of the data above?
genetic drift has occurred in population 1
DIVIDING CELL AND CONTACT INHIBITION - which of the following statements accurately uses the information presented to support the hypothesis that interruption of M function in a single body cell can result in cancer
growth factor signaling can trigger mitosis in cells that are in direct contact with other cells
Based on the model of speciation presented, which of the following describes the most likely consequence to the populations over time?
hybrid individuals are less likely to pass their genetic information on to subsequent generations
Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzymes are evolutionarily conserved among species?
if a proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubated with a presursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur?
High blood cholesterol a man with high cholesterol levels is about to marry a woman whose total cholesterol levels are also higher than average. A physician has suggested they get tested for the HC allele. Which of the following ia a valid ethic question concerning the test?
if both have the allele for HC, should an insurance company raise their rates because of the results of the test?
which of the following modifications to the experimental design design will best help reduce the standard errors of the means?
increasing the sample size of each treatment group
which of the following obsercations best supports the hypothesis that CDK5 negatively regulates neurotransmitter release?
inhibition of CDK5 activity in neurons increases the movemnet of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane in response to a specific stimulus.
The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a dominant allele of a gene in a family over several generations. The pedigree suggests that the gene is on a nuclear chromosome, and not on mitochondrial DNA because
maternal mitochondrial mutations are inherited by all of a mother's offspring
based on the universal genetic code, which of the following represents the correct polypeptide that will result from translation of the mRNA molecule shown, beginning with the first available start codon
met-val-thr-lys-phe-gly-his
The p53 protein regulates a cellular response to DNA damage. Based on the diagram above, which of the following best describes the role of p53 in the response to DNA damage?
phosphorylated p53 stimulates transcription of p21, and the resulting p21 protein supresses cell division until the DNA damage is repaired
Signaling diagram for steroid hormones - based on the information presented, which of the following will also occur in response to steroid signaling?
production of a specific mRNA will increase as a result of the binding of the hormone receptor complex to the DNA
which of the following best describes the reason for excluding hybrid males when calculation the allele frequencies for two interbreeding populations at the intermediate stage of speciation (figure 2)?
sterile individuals make no genetic contribution to the next generation
Based on the experimental results, which of the following is the best ecolutionary explanation for the occurrence of ARD in C. elegans
the ability to enter ARD provides a strong selective advantage because reproduction can occur despite periods of food scarcity
The data above represents the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?
the allele for blue is an X linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2
a scientist is caluating a proposal for raising large numbers of fish in ocean pes for human consumption. which of the following is the most appropriate factor to use as the dependent variable in the experimental investigation.
the amount of metabolic wastes in the water where the fish are being raised
which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?
the bar graph
The students concluded that pea plants grew better in compost than did melon plants. Which of the following best addresses the balidity of the conclusion made by the students?
the conclusion is invalid because other variables in the experiment (both biotic and abiotic) affected the results
which of the following pieces of additional data would help further investigate the relationship between bears, salmon, and influx of nitrogen into the local environment
the experiment should remove the remains of salmon carcasses immediately after the salmon are eaten by the bears and determine the nitrogen content of the carcases
as depicted in the diagram, honeybees communicate the location of flower patches to members of their hives with waggle dances that give information about the direction and distance to the flowers. Which of the following statements about how honeybees communicate the position of flower pathces is most consistent with the model?
the father the target flowers from the hive, the longer the waggle phase
In drosophila melanogaster the allele for wild type tan body color (B) is dominant to the recessive allele for black body color (b). Similarly, the allele for wild type wing shape (V) is dominant to the recessive allele for vestigial wing phenotype (v). In the cross diagrammed above, the exp[ected and observed results are shown. Which of the follwoing best explains the observed results of the cross?
the genes for body color and wing shape eare located close to each other on the same chromosome
the table below provides a comparison of nitrogenous waste production in selected organisms . WHich of the followingstatements is most consistent with the data in the table?
the kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is need to excrete uric acid
which of the following observations provides the best evidence that photosynthesis occurred in treatment group 1?
the mean pH of the samples increase after one hour
which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the moecular building blocks essential for life?
the nitrogen (N2) gas and ammonia (NH3) gas in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids.
which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the data shown in Figure 2?
the number of days an animal spends in ARD does not significantly affect its time of survival after reintroduction of food
Pacific Salmon and black bears - which of the following statements is best supported by the data?
the presence of black bears and salmon correlates with a significat increase in nitrogen influx
which of the following is the best prediction of how the new disease will affect the two populations?
the smaller population will be more affected than will the larger population, because the smaller population is has less genetic variation than the larger population has
the graph above represents the number of individuals in a population of wolves and in a population of moose observed in the same isolated geographic area over a 40 year period, from 1955 through 1995. Which of the following statements about the two populations is best supported by the information presented in the graph?
the wolves were predators of the moose, which were otherwise reproductively successful
which of the following most likely describes how the interaction between bears and salmon influences nitrogen dynamics in the environment
when bears sonsume salmon, the leave parts of the carcasses on the ground, which decompose, releasing nitrogen into the environment
which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above? Cytosol and Extracellular Fluid
which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?
Which of the following best predicts the consequence of the introduction of C. taifolia to the California coast?
without natural herbivores or competitors, C. taxifolia will grow rapidly and crowd out native species of producers