AP BIO Flashcards Unit 1

What is a hydrogen bond?

the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge

What is hydrolysis?

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

What is the hydrolysis?

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

using the properties of water, describe how water can move up to a capillary tube to move from the roots to the leaves in the plant

Adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an upward force on the liquid at the edges and result in a meniscus which turns upward. ... Capillary action occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules.

what are the functional groups found in all amino acids

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

how does a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid differ

Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. Each double bond may be in a cis or trans configuration

what are the three functions of carbohydrates in living organisms

They are energy production, energy storage, building macromolecules, sparing protein, and assisting in lipid metabolism.

Specifically, where is this bond located?

This bondalso is formed by a condensation reaction between a hydroxyl group of two sugars and a phosphate group.

Provide an example of hydrolysis.

Dissolving a salt of a weak acid or base in water

Topic 1.3

Introduction to Biological Macromolecules

how did hydrogen bonding allow for each property

Water molecules are polar, so they form hydrogen bonds. This gives water unique properties, such as a relatively high boiling point, high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion and density.

using the properties of water, describe how a water strider can walk on water

Water striders are able to walk on top of water due to a combination of several factors. Water striders use the high surface tension of water and long, hydrophobic legs to help them stay above water. Water striders use this surface tension to their advantage through their highly adapted legs and distributed weight.

identify the components of the monomer.

a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called a side chain

what are parts found in all nucleotides

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

what is the monomer of a protein

amino acid

Where are hydrogen bonds found in water?

between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in adjacent water molecules

where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA?

between nitrogen bases

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

What are the elements found in a lipid?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what are the elements found in a carbohydrate

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what are the elements found is a protein

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Which macromolecule(s) contain sulfur?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What are the elements found in nucleic acid

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

what are the three functions of nucleic acids in living organisms

cell signaling, metabolism, and enzyme reactions

identify the components of the monomer.

consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNAare adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

identify the components of the monomer.

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules

what bond can be broken by animals

covalent bond

topic 1.2

elements of life

identify the components of a phospholipid

fatty acids, a platform to which the fatty acids are attached, a phosphate, and an alcohol attached to the phosphate

What type of bond is found in carbohydrates?

glycosidic bonds

what type of bond is found in starch

glycosidic bonds.

Specifically, where is this bond located?

hese glycosidic bonds are formed in a dehydration synthesis reaction.

What are three functions of lipids in living organisms?

hey serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules.

what are the three properties of water

high specific heat, cohesion, adhesion

what are the three functions of proteins in living organisms

hormonesMany hormones are protein in nature; hormones control growth and metabolic activities of the body. catalytic activitiesEnzymes are globular protein. Enzymes speed up the biochemical reactions and help in digestion. Transport of oxygenA protein called haemoglobin contain iron atom which temporarily links with oxygen and releases it throughout the body. Blood ClottingFibrinogen is a glycoprotein which helps in healing of wounds. Thus it prevents the blood loss and inhibits the passage of germs ImmunityAntibodies are proteins that bind to the pathogens and inhibit their activities. Muscles contractilitySome proteins are responsible for muscles contractility and movement.

what type of bond is found in cellulose

hydrogen-bond

What is dehydration?

insufficient amount of tissue fluid

What is the dehydration?

insufficient amount of tissue fluid

Which macromolecule(s) contain nitrogen?

nucleic acids and proteins

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

nucleotide

What type of bond is found between protein monomers?

peptide bonds.

What type of bond is found between nucleic acid monomers?

phosphodiester bond

Topic 1.1

structure of water and hydrogen bonding

what is the monomer of a carbohydrate

sugar

Which macromolecule(s) contain phosphorus?

ADP

what are the three options for the r group

(1) those with nonpolar R group, (2) those with uncharged polar R groups, and (3) those with charged polar R group. The table below shows us all 20 amino acids with their codes.

how many hydrogen bonds are found between each complementary base pairing

2 hydrogen bonds

Provide an example of dehydration.

For example; elimination of water molecule from alcohol forms alkene

Topic 1.4

Properties of Biological Macromolecules

describe why water is considered a polar molecule

Since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the electrons of the moleculetend to group closer to the oxygen than to the hydrogen atoms.

Topic 1.5

Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules

How does the R group affect the folding of the protein? (include polar and nonpolar R groups)

The R-groups stick out on the side of a polypeptide, freeing them to chemically interact with one another. Side chain interactions form each protein's specific structure, a structure uniquely capable of performing that protein's cellular function

Starch vs. Cellulose

The body can digest starch and not cellulose due to the difference in placement of the hydroxyl groups

how does the level of saturation affect the function of the lipid

The degree of saturation of each fatty acid in a fat or other lipidpolymer affects the structure and function of that biomolecule

How are the three different types of lipids different?

The three main types of lipids are triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides), phospholipids, and sterols. Triacylglycerols (also known as triglycerides) make up more than 95 percent of lipids in the diet and are commonly found in fried foods, vegetable oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, and some meats.