AP BIO Midterm
Which of the following best describes the numbered areas? 1 and 3 water around phospho heads, 2 just tails A Areas 1 and 3 are polar, since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules. B Area 2 is polar, since water has been excluded from this area of the membrane. C Areas 1 and 3 are hydrophilic, since membrane molecules formed covalent bonds with water. D Area 2 is nonpolar, since hydrogen bonds between the adjacent lipids hold the membrane together.
A
A student analyzed a viral genome and found that the genome had the following nucleotide composition. • 28% adenine • 20% thymine • 35% cytosine • 17% guanine Which of the following best describes the structure of the viral genome? A Double-stranded DNA B Single-stranded DNA C Double-stranded RNA D Single-stranded RNA
B
Figure 1 represents a nucleic acid fragment that is made up of four nucleotides linked together in a chain. Figure 1. Nucleic acid fragment (PIC) Which of the following characteristics of Figure 1 best shows that the fragment is RNA and not DNA? A The 5′5′ to 3′3′ orientation of the nucleotide chain B The identity of each nitrogenous base C The charges on the phosphate groups D The type of bond linking the nucleotides together
B
A prokaryotic cell has which of the following? A Centrioles B Lysosomes C Plasma membrane D Mitochondria E Endoplasmic reticulum
C
The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct? A ATP B Oxygen C Carbon dioxide D Urea E Water
E
Which of the following correctly illustrates a dipeptide and an amino acid in the optimal position to form a tripeptide? Config bt H and OH/O
H and O/OH
A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific (innate) immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response? Bacteria attached to? Ribosome Antibodies Lysosome Mitochondrion
Lysosome
A common laboratory investigation involves putting a solution of starch and glucose into a dialysis bag and suspending the bag in a beaker of water, as shown in the figure below. The investigation is aimed at understanding how molecular size affects movement through a membrane. Which of the following best represents the amount of starch, water, and glucose in the dialysis bag over the course of the investigation?
startch same, water inc, gluco dec
The following questions refer to the following diagram. For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all for each group. Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP tiny mito chloro membrane lysosome ER
tiny mito
Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells? A Nucleus B Golgi apparatus C Cytoskeleton D Plasma membrane
B
Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell tiny mito chloro membrane lysosome ER
ER
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands. Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. (The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 X S2, and the formula for the volume of a cube is S3, where S = the length of a side of the cube.) Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion? 10cm 20cm 30cm
10cm
A small protein is composed of 110 amino acids linked together in a chain. As shown in Figure 1, the first and last five amino acids in the chain are hydrophobic (have nonpolar and uncharged R-groups), whereas the remaining 100 amino acids are hydrophilic (have charged or polar R-groups). The nature of the R-group determines if the amino acid is hydrophobic or hydrophilic. A mutation results in the production of a version of the small protein that is only 105 amino acids long, as shown in Figure 2. Five of the hydrophobic amino acids are missing from one end of the chain. Which of the following best depicts the tertiary structures of the two proteins in water? The diagrams in the options are not drawn to the same scale as those in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
2 messy yarn balls
A model of the plasma membrane showing several biological molecules, including a transmembrane protein, is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Phospholipid bilayer with transmembrane protein Which statement best explains why correct protein folding is critical in the transmembrane protein shown above? A Interactions of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids help to anchor the protein in the membrane. B Interactions of the peptide bonds of the protein with the membrane will affect the rate at which substances can cross the membrane. C Interactions of the protein and phospholipids increase membrane fluidity. D Interactions of the quaternary structure of the protein will increase hydrogen bonding in the membrane and make the membrane less fluid.
A
A team of biologists develop a new drug, and one team member hypothesizes that the drug is incapable of freely passing across the plasma membrane and requires the help of membrane proteins to enter cells. Alternatively, another biologist on the team hypothesizes that the drug can diffuse passively across the plasma membrane like O2 and CO2 can. Which of the following, if true about the drug, best supports the alternative hypothesis that the new drug will exhibit simple diffusion across plasma membranes? A The drug is a small nonpolar molecule. B The drug is a small charged molecule. C The drug is a large polar molecule. D The drug is a large charged molecule.
A
The sequences for two short fragments of DNA are shown above. Which of the following is one way in which these two segments would differ? A Segment 1 would not code for mRNA because both strands have T, a base not found in RNA. B Segment 1 would be more soluble in water than segment 2 because it has more phosphate groups. C Segment 1 would become denatured at a lower temperature than would segment 2 because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds whereas G-C base pairs have three. D Segment 1 must be from a prokaryote because it has predominantly A-T base pairs.
C
For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. In the first step of an experiment, rat liver cells were exposed for 5 minutes to amino acids labeled with a radioactive isotope. The cells were then washed to stop any further incorporation of radioactive amino acids. The cells were sampled periodically thereafter, and the radioactivity of a certain protein (protein X) was measured in various cell components, as shown below. The same procedure was repeated with a second protein (protein Y). If the function of Y is protein processing and packaging, the most radioactivity would be found in the A Golgi apparatus B Nucleus C Mitochondria D Lysosomes E Cytoplasm
A
A student formulated a hypothesis that water-soluble pollutants damage living organisms by increasing the permeability of cellular membranes. To test the hypothesis, the student investigated the effect of isopropanol and acetone on beet root cells. The vacuoles of beet root cells contain large amounts of betacyanin, a water-soluble pigment that is released into the extracellular environment as a result of increased membrane permeability. The student prepared identical samples of beet root tissue and incubated each sample for 15 minutes in the specific solution for that group. At the end of the incubation period, the student measured the absorbance of 460 nm light for each sample. A greater concentration of betacyanin in the solution surrounding the beet root cells results in a greater absorbance of 460 nm light. The results of the experiment are shown in the table above. Based on the data from the investigation, which of the following is the best scientific question about organisms living in water that is polluted with organic solvents? A Do organisms without pigments have a selective advantage in polluted environments? B Will organisms living in polluted environments exhibit detrimental effects from an increased permeability of their cellular membranes? C Will organic solvents from the environment become incorporated into the cell membranes of organisms living in polluted environments? D Should governments place more stringent restrictions on the release of organic solvents into aquatic ecosystems?
B
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that can store biological information based on the sequence of their nucleotide monomers. Figure 1 shows a short segment of each of the two types of nucleic acids. (PIC) Which of the following best describes a structural difference between DNA and RNA? A DNADNA contains four types of nitrogenous bases, whereas RNARNA contains only two types of nitrogenous bases. B The backbone of DNADNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNARNA contains ribose. C A DNADNA molecule is composed of two parallel strands with the same 5′5′ to 3′3′ directionality, whereas an RNARNA molecule is composed of only one 5′5′ to 3′3′ strand. D Phosphate groups provide rigidity to DNADNA, but RNARNA is flexible and contains no phosphate groups.
B
Mutations in DNA are usually caused by chemical or radiation damage to DNA molecules, followed by imperfect repair of the damage. Immediately after this kind of imperfect repair, there may be a mismatched base pair in the DNA. The illustration below shows an example of a mismatch, with the relevant pair bases in bold. GC becomes AC Which of the following best represents the DNA of the two daughter cells produced when a bacterial cell with this particular mismatch replicates its DNA and divides? A GC and GC B AT and GC C AT and AT D AC and AC
B
Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data? rate of contraction dec as osmolarity inc A At higher osmolarity, lower rates of contraction are required because more salt diffuses into the paramecia. B The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases. C The contractile vacuole is less efficient in solutions of high osmolarity because of the reduced amount of ATP produced from cellular respiration. D In an isosmotic salt solution, there is no diffusion of water into or out of the paramecia, so the contraction rate is zero.
B
Researchers compared similar proteins from related organisms in different habitats. They found that the proteins from organisms living in harsh environments had a greater number of cysteine amino acids than did proteins from organisms not living in harsh environments. The structure of cysteine is shown. Bonds can form between the sulfur atom of different cysteine amino acids (S-S bonds). Figure 1. Chemical structure of cysteine (PIC) Which of the following best describes the effect of a greater number of cysteine amino acids on the stability of the proteins? A The change has no effect on the stability of the protein because only one type of amino acid is involved. B The change leads to increased protein stability because of an increased number of S-SS-S bonds in the tertiary structure of the proteins. C The change leads to decreased protein stability because of an increased number of S-SS-S bonds in the tertiary structure of the proteins. D The change leads to increased protein stability only when the added cysteine amino acids are next to other cysteine amino acids in the primary structure.
B
The figure shows a process by which a cell might absorb food from its surrounding environment and break it down for use as a source of energy and matter. The process involves lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. Activation of the hydrolytic enzymes requires an acidic pH, and lysosomes maintain an internal acidic pH by using ion pumps. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a loss of ion pump function in the cell's lysosomes? A The internal pHpH of the lysosomes will decrease, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food. B The internal pHpH of the lysosomes will increase, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food. C The internal pHpH of the lysosomes will decrease, which will activate hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the intracellular digestion of food. D The internal pHpH of the lysosomes will increase, which will activate hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the intracellular digestion of food.
B
The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen? A Ribosome B Mitochondrion C Nucleus D Centriole E Golgi apparatus
B
The model below shows the structure of a portion of a plasma membrane in an animal cell. Which statement best explains the orientation of the phospholipid molecules in this model? A The nonpolar portions of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the internal and external environments. B The hydrophilic phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environments. C The embedded proteins attract the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids, so the tails point away from the internal and external aqueous environments. D The fatty acid tails of the phospholipid molecules are hydrophilic and are repelled by the internal and external aqueous environments.
B
Two groups of students attempted to re-create the primitive atmospheric conditions of early Earth using the apparatus represented below. Each group ran the experiment with different gas mixtures in the apparatus. Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life? A The carbon dioxide gas and water vapor in experiment 1 could react spontaneously to produce the phospholipids required by the first life-forms. B The nitrogen gas and ammonia gas in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids. C The sulfur dioxide gas in experiment 2 could donate the excited electrons required to drive the process of photosynthesis. D The methane gas in experiment 2 could act as the electron acceptor required to complete the process of cellular respiration
B
Water and ammonia interact to form hydrogen bonds, as represented in the figure. (PIC) Which statement best helps explain the formation of the hydrogen bond represented in the figure? A The oxygen has a partial positive charge, and the nitrogen has a partial negative charge. B The nitrogen has a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge. C The hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial negative charge, and the nitrogen also has a partial negative charge. D The nitrogen has a partial positive charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen also has a partial positive charge.
B
Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein? A The number of amino acids determines the tertiary structure of the protein. B The interactions of the different RR-groups with other RR-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of the protein. C The RR-group of the last amino acid that is added to a growing polypeptide chain determines the next amino acid that is added to the chain. D The sequence of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain determines the protein's primary structure but has no effect on its tertiary structure.
B
Which of the following best describes the structures of carbohydrates? A They only occur as disaccharides. B They occur as monomers, chains of monomers, and branched structures. C They only occur as long and branched structures. D They occur as chains of monomers that hydrogen bond with complementary chains of monomers.
B
Which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building biological molecules? (PIC) A Rabbits eat plants and use energy absorbed from the plants to make carbon atoms from electrons, protons, and neutrons in the air. B Rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obtain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules. C Rabbits eat plants and use water absorbed from the plants to hydrolyze CO2CO2, which the rabbits breathe in from the air and use as a carbon source. D Rabbits eat plants and make carbon-containing molecules by using carbon atoms that the plants absorbed from the soil and stored in the cells of their leaves.
B
Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport? A Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that requires metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that does not require energy. B Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires energy. C Passive transport is the net movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. D Passive transport is the net movement of substances up a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances down a concentration gradient that requires energy.
B
Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in the figure ceases to function? A Water molecules will no longer be able to move across the cell membrane. B Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate. C Water molecules will only be able to enter the cell by active transport. D Water molecules will move across the cell membrane at a faster rate without the aquaporin regulating their flow.
B
Students investigated the effect of light on the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems by performing the controlled experiment summarized below. The students placed equal amounts of water (pH 7.0) from a large aquarium in glass beakers. The students transferred aquatic plants from the aquarium to several of the beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of the beakers in the light or the dark. Similarly, the students transferred goldfish from the same aquarium to other beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of those beakers in the light or dark ( After exposing the samples to light or dark for one hour, the students recorded the pH to monitor changes in the amount of carbon dioxide in the water. For each treatment group, the students calculated the mean pH and standard error, as documented in the table below. Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table? Pie Bar Line Dot
Bar
(A) Proteins(B) Carbohydrates(C) Nucleic acids(D) Lipids(E) Steroids Used to carry the genetic code A Proteins B Carbohydrates C Nucleic acids D Lipids E Steroids
C
A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of A ionizing chemical groups B electrons C carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other D oxygen E hydrogen bonds
C
Which of the following best describes the formation of the bond shown in Figure 1 ? A An ionic bond is formed between a carbon atom of one amino acid and the nitrogen atom of the other amino acid. B An ionic bond is formed when the negative charge of an OHOH group is balanced by the positive charge of a hydrogen ion. C A covalent bond is formed between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom along with the formation of H2OH2O . D A covalent bond is formed that replaces the hydrogen bond between the OHOH group and the HH atom.
C
A sample of human blood was placed in a test tube containing a physiological saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride). This type of solution is often used intravenously to quickly rehydrate patients. A drop of the blood from the test tube was placed on a slide and red blood cells (RBCs) were observed under a microscope. Three possible outcomes are diagrammed below. 1. shrunk 2. normal 3. bloated Which of the following best predicts which diagrammed microscope view the laboratory worker would see and best explains why? A View 1 because RBC membranes are freely permeable to water B View 2 because the RBCs use energy to allow sodium entry and to pump water out C View 2 because the rate of water movement into the RBCs equals the rate of water movement out of the cells D View 3 because the sodium-potassium pumps in the RBC membranes use energy to keep the sodium out but allow water to freely flow into the cells
C
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. In an experiment, bacteriophages were labeled with either radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur. The labeled bacteriophages were incubated with bacteria for a brief amount of time and then removed. The infected bacteria cells were found to contain significant amounts of radioactive phosphorus but not radioactive sulfur. Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells? A Simple carbohydrate B Amino acid C DNA D Polypeptide
C
Figure 1 shows a model of how a channel protein influences the movement of a particle across a cell's plasma membrane. Figure 1. A section of a cell's plasma membrane, showing a channel protein and a concentration gradient across the membrane An investigator wants to understand whether a newly found membrane protein is involved in membrane transport of a certain particle. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport? A Add small nonpolar molecules to the extracellular space and measure the direction of particle movement of the molecules. B Measure the rate of extracellular fluid movement into the intracellular space. C Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement. D Remove ATPATP from the intracellular space and measure the rate of the particle movement into the intracellular space.
C
In an experiment, cells were isolated from an aquatic plant and suspended in pond water, a sucrose sugar solution, or distilled water. All of the cells were then viewed under a microscope. Compared with the cell in the pond water, the cell in the sugar solution appeared shriveled, and the cell in the distilled water appeared inflated. The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. The results of an experiment using aquatic plant cells Which of the following statements best explains the observations represented in Figure 1 ? A There was a net movement of sucrose out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of sucrose into the cell suspended in the distilled water. B There was a net movement of sucrose into the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of sucrose out of the cell suspended in the distilled water. C There was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water. D There was a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the distilled water.
C
Intravenous (IV) solutions administered to patients are normally isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient? A The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will shrink as a result of salt moving into the blood. B The liver will secrete additional bile salts into the blood to raise the tonicity of the administered fluid. C The cells that are exposed to hypotonic solutions will expand as water moves osmotically into the cells from the blood. D The patient's respiration rate will slow to compensate for the higher levels of circulating blood.
C
Researchers claimed that a particular organelle originated from a free-living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cell, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. A model showing a cell engulfing a smaller cell Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers' claim? A The organelle has a phospholipid membrane. B The organelle has protein in the membrane. C The organelle has a double membrane. D The organelle has an internal aqueous environment that is similar to the cytosol of the larger cell.
C
Students conducted a controlled experiment to investigate whether sawdust provides enough nutrients to support plant growth. The students separated ten nearly identical sunflower seedlings into two groups. They grew the seedlings in the first group in potting soil and the seedlings in the second group in sawdust composed mostly of cellulose. After twenty days, the students recorded observations about the seedlings in each group. The students' observations are presented in the table. The observed differences between the groups most likely resulted from differences in the ability of the seedlings to produce which of the following monomers? A Lipid and Carb B Protein C Protein and Nucleic D Nucleic and Lipid
C
The carbohydrates glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but different structural formulas, as represented in the figure. Which of the following statements about glucose, galactose, and fructose is most likely true? (PIC) A The carbohydrates have the same properties because they have the same number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. B The carbohydrates have the same properties because they each have a single carbon-oxygen double bond. C The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. D The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different numbers of carbon-carbon bonds.
C
The molecular structures of linoleic acid and palmitic acid, two naturally occurring substances, are shown in the figure. Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature? (PIC) A Linoleic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together. B Linoleic acid, because the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds prevents the molecules from packing closely together. C Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together. D Palmitic acid, because the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds prevents the molecules from packing closely together.
C
Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water? A Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of two adjacent water molecules B Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules C Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule D Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule E Hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other types of molecules
C
Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above? molecs with diff conc on both sides go across membrance A Is ATP required for the transportation of sugars across the outer mitochondrial membrane? B Do the types of phospholipids in a membrane affect the rate at which molecules enter a cell by passive diffusion? C Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane? D How does temperature affect the movement of molecules into lysosomes?
C
A human kidney filters about 200 liters of blood each day. Approximately two liters of liquid and nutrient waste are excreted as urine. The remaining fluid and dissolved substances are reabsorbed and continue to circulate throughout the body. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted in response to reduced plasma volume. ADH targets the collecting ducts in the kidney, stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into their plasma membranes and an increased reabsorption of water. If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result? A The number of aquaporins would increase in response to the inhibition of ADH. B The person would decrease oral water intake to compensate for the inhibition of ADH. C Blood filtration would increase to compensate for the lack of aquaporins. D The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.
D
Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them? A Rough ERER breaks down toxic substances, and smooth ERER only transports them out of the cell. B Rough ERER can synthesize and package lipids for export, and smooth ERER cannot. C Rough ERER can produce ATPATP, and smooth ERER cannot. D Rough ERER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ERER cannot.
D
Changing the shape or morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficiency of mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface? A Mitochondria will become more efficient because the inner mitochondrial membrane will become more permeable to ions. B Mitochondria will become more efficient because the total volume of the mitochondria will increase. C Mitochondria will become less efficient because the inner mitochondrial membrane will become less permeable to large molecules. D Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease.
D
Figure 1 is a diagram of water molecules at the air-water interface at the surface of a pond. Figure 1. Alignment of water molecules at air-water interface Based on Figure 1, which of the following best describes how the properties of water at an air-water interface enable an insect to walk on the water's surface? A Covalent bonds between water molecules and the air above provide cohesion, which causes tiny bubbles to form under the feet of the insect. B Ionic bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide an electric charge, which attracts the feet of the insect, keeping it on the surface. C Polar covalent bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide adhesion, which supports the weight of the insect. D Hydrogen bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide surface tension, which allows the water surface to deform but not break under the insect.
D
Polypeptides are continuously being formed and degraded. One of these processes is shown. Figure 1. Polypeptide reaction Which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in Figure 1? A It represents monomers linked by dehydration synthesis. B It represents a polypeptide chain that folds to form the tertiary structure. C It represents a polypeptide chain that is denatured into the primary structure. D It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction.
D
The CFTR protein is made up of 1,480 amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTR protein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein? A It will have no observable effect on the structure of the CFTRCFTR protein. B It will affect the primary structure of the CFTRCFTR protein, but the other levels of protein structure will not be affected. C It will affect the secondary and tertiary structures of the CFTRCFTR protein, but the primary structure will not be affected. D It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTRCFTR protein.
D
The figure shows a model of the exchange of matter between the organisms that live together in an aquarium. The model includes matter exchange between plants, fish, and bacteria. The bacteria are represented as rod-shaped organisms living in the gravel at the bottom of the aquarium. (PIC) Which of the following statements best describes how molecules released by the fish become nutrients for the plants? A The carbon dioxide molecules released by the fish are converted by the bacteria to oxygen atoms, which are used by the plants to make water molecules. B The oxygen molecules released by the fish are converted by the bacteria to ammonia molecules, which are used by the plants to make lipids and fatty acids. C The nitrites released by the fish are converted by the bacteria to carbon dioxide molecules, which are used by the plants to make carbohydrates. D The ammonia molecules released by the fish are converted by the bacteria to nitrates, which are used by the plants to make proteins and nucleic acids.
D
The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place? A Glucose is transported into the cell by active transport. B Na+ is transported into the cell by active transport. C The movement of glucose through the membrane requires ATP hydrolysis. D Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis.
D
Water is constantly diffusing into the cytosol of freshwater single-celled organisms. In order to maintain the proper solute concentrations in the cytosol, contractile vacuoles pump out the excess water. An experimenter placed single-celled organisms into various saline concentrations and recorded the ATP used by the contractile vacuole. The data are shown in the graph. Of the following, which additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution? A Decreasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATPATP usage reaches a maximum B Decreasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until ATPATP usage reaches a minimum C Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until ATPATP usage reaches a maximum D Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATPATP usage reaches a minimum
D
Which of the following conclusions is most clearly supported by the representations of nucleic acid #1 and nucleic acid #2 ? A Nucleic acid #1#1 contains only purines, whereas nucleic acid #2#2 contains only pyrimidines. B Nucleic acid #1#1 contains the sugar ribose, whereas nucleic acid #2#2 contains the sugar deoxyribose. C Nucleic acid #1#1 contains positively charged phosphate groups, whereas nucleic acid #2#2 does not. D Nucleic acid #1#1 contains adenine-thymine base pairs, whereas nucleic acid #2#2 does not.
D
Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in Figure 1 ? A The linking of amino acids with an ionic bond as an initial step in the protein synthesis process B The formation of a more complex carbohydrate with the covalent bonding of two simple sugars C The hydrolysis of amino acids with the breaking of covalent bonds with the release of water D The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction
D
Which of the following is most directly responsible for water's unique properties? A It contains oxygen atoms. B It contains hydrogen atoms. C It is an ionic compound. D It forms hydrogen bonds. E It is nonpolar.
D
Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells? A The cytoplasm of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes is surrounded by a plasma membrane. B Eukaryotes and prokaryotes both contain ribosomes, but the ribosomes of eukaryotes are more complex in structure than those of prokaryotes. C Eukaryotes exchange segments of internal membranes between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, but prokaryotes have no such internal membranes. D Some organelles contain their own DNADNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNADNA in structure and function than to the eukaryotic DNADNA found in the cell's nucleus.
D
Site of glucose synthesis tiny mito chloro membrane lysosome ER
chloro
Dialysis tubing is permeable to water molecules but not to sucrose. Four dialysis tubes are half filled with 5 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, and 40 percent sucrose solutions, respectively, and two dialysis tubes are half filled with distilled water. The dialysis tubes are all sealed at both ends, and the initial masses are determined. Five dialysis tubes are placed into beakers containing distilled water, and the sixth dialysis tube, containing distilled water, is placed into a 40 percent sucrose solution. The masses of the dialysis tubes are recorded at 30-minute intervals for 90 minutes, as shown in the table below. A net movement of water into the beaker occurs in which of the following dialysis tubes? as time goes on... grams inc same dec
dec
