AP Bio Midterm Study Guide

Which of the following groups of cellular components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?

An endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a nucleus

Which of the following observations best helps justify the researcher's claim?

As light energy is converted to chemical energy by metabolic processes, some of the energy is lost as heat.

The expression of this trait is most likely due to which of the following?

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Site of glucose synthesis

B

Which of the following describes the initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?

Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor stimulates production of the second messenger, cAMP

The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

Golgi complex

Based on the data shown, changes in the light intensity resulted in changes in the rate of which of the following processes?

Photosynthesis

An explanation of how plant cells communicate across cell walls will most likely refer to the diffusion through plasmodesmata of which of the following?

Small, water-soluble molecules

What can be deduced from graph I?

The maximal flow of water through the stem lags behind the maximal rate of transpiration.

How would the extra chromosome affect the male offspring produced by the gamete?

There would be no change to the phenotypes of the possible offspring, because the extra X chromosome would not be active.

The cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-poor environment is approximately what percent of the cell cycle of yeast cells grown in the nutrient-rich environment?

168

Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?

Butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature.

Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity?

Fewer lysosomes will be available to break down macromolecules to provide the necessary nutrients for cellular respiration.

Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?

In involves enzymes activating other enzymes.

Which of the following patterns is shown by the data?

In mutant 3 cells, more time is spent in prophase/prometaphase than in the later stages of mitosis.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data?

In pea seeds an increase in temperature results in an increase in oxygen consumption.

Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes?

The Golgi apparatus

Which of the following statements about glucose, galactose, and fructose is most likely true?

The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Which of the following statements best helps explain how cell surface proteins, such as MHC proteins and T cell receptors, mediate cell communication over short distances?

The proteins interact directly with proteins on the surfaces of other cells.

Which of the following is a valid interpretation of the experimental results that explains how individuals with type 2 diabetes differ from individuals without diabetes?

The relatively low levels of glucose uptake in individuals with type 2 diabetes indicate that mobilization of GLUT4 to the cell surface is reduced in muscle cells of those individuals.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the results?

The two genes are linked on an autosome.

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of the cell cycle arrest on proliferating yeast cells?

The yeast cells will replicate their chromosomes but will fail to complete cytokinesis.

Which of the following is a correct analysis of this data set?

There is an increase in the mean number of mutations for the two age groups of 9.2 mutations per 106 base pairs. This is more critical in female mammals since mitochondria are maternally inherited.

Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and the Calvin (light-independent) cycle?

They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle matrix.

Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tubes 3 and 7 in the experiment?

They will show whether the isolated cellular contents have enzymatic activity.

Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows work together?

To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell

Which of the following best represents the amount of starch, water, and glucose in the dialysis bag over the course of the investigation?

Water goes up, glucose goes down.

Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?

Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?

If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell in early M phase would most likely result in the

condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells

Based on the information presented, which of the following genetic changes in an individual without diabetes is most likely to result in a disrupted cellular response to insulin signaling similar to that of an individual with type 2 diabetes?

A deletion in the gene encoding the insulin receptor that removes only the cytoplasmic domain of the protein

Which of the following best explains the differences in flower color of the African violets in the greenhouse?

An enzyme responsible for flower color does not fold correctly in cooler temperatures, and the greenhouse is warmest in the center.

Which of the following is the best explanation for the pattern of change in mass of the organisms over time?

Cellular respiration

Which of the following presents a correct interpretation of the changes in chromosome number depicted in Figure 1 ?

Chromosomes enter metaphase containing two chromatids attached by a centromere. During anaphase, the chromatids are separated, each becoming a chromosome. Cytokinesis distributes the chromosomes into two separate cells.

Of the following stages of meiosis illustrated for a typical cell, which contributes most to diversity among the warblers?

Crossing over

Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?

DNA

Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?

Smallest

Which of the following best describes how the amount of DNA in the cell changes during M phase?

The amount of DNA is halved as the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from the irreversible binding of to the G protein?

The intracellular concentration of glycogen will increase.

The pedigree suggests that the gene is on a nuclear chromosome, and not on mitochondrial DNA because

maternal mitochondrial mutations are inherited by all of a mother's offspring

If the probability of allele A in a gamete is 1/2 and the probability of allele B in a gamete is 1/2, then the probability that both A and B are in the same gamete is

1/2 x ½

The mechanism of action of many common medications involves interfering with the normal pathways that cells use to respond to hormone signals. Which of the following best describes a drug interaction that directly interferes with a signal transduction pathway?

A medication enters the target cell and inhibits an enzyme that normally synthesizes a second messenger.

Based on the inheritance pattern shown in Figure 1, which of the following best predicts the nature of the original mutation?

A recessive mutation on a somatic chromosome

Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is most likely the primary cause of the pattern of frequency of trisomy 21 births in the selected maternal age-groups?

At older maternal ages, the incidence of errors in meiosis during egg production increases, which leads to an increase in nondisjunction.

Which of the following descriptions of cell type I and cell type II are most consistent with the data?

Cell Type I: Animal cell surrounded by a plasma membrane only.Cell Type II: Plant cell surrounded by a plasma membrane and a cell wall

Which of the following best predicts how GSK3β mutations can lead to the development of cancer?

Cells with inactive GSK3β fail to trigger apoptosis.

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the concentration of substrate (ethyl alcohol), while keeping the concentration of the inhibitor (methyl alcohol) constant?

Competitive inhibition will decrease because the proportion of the active sites occupied by substrate will increase.

Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram?

Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?

Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim by providing a relevant example?

E. coli bacteria reproduce in liquid media containing either glucose or galactose.

Which of the following correctly shows the order in which protein X moves through the cell?

Endoplasmic reticulum→Golgi apparatus→lysosomes

Which of the following statements best explains the data?

Flower color is an inherited trait, and the F1 and F2 phenotypes of the flowers arising from the pink and white cross can best be explained by another gene product that influences the phenotypic expression.

Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of hexokinase?

Glucose has the right shape and charge to cause hexokinase to undergo a structural change needed for catalysis, whereas water does not.

which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation?

Glycolysis

Which of the following best supports the claim that organisms of different domains share a common ancestor?

Glycolysis occurs in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

Which of the following is the benefit of regulating glycolysis by the concentration of ATP?

Glycolysis proceeds when the intracellular concentration of ATP is low, which provides ATP to drive cellular reactions.

Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?

H+ ions will stop moving through the protein.

Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water?

Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

Which of the following statements provides the most reasonable prediction to account for the deviation from the expected results?

In sweet pea plants, the gene for flower color and the gene for pollen grain shape are genetically linked.

Of the following, which additional investigation can be used to determine when the cells are in an isotonic solution?

Increasing the salinity of the environment a little at a time until the ATP usage reaches a minimum

Which of the following questions is most appropriately raised by this specific observation?

Is the level of genetic variation in the gametes related to the amount of DNA methylation observed?

Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic AMP in the signal transduction pathway?

It acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.

Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein?

It will affect the secondary and tertiary structures of the C F T R protein, but the primary structure will not be affected.

Which of the following statements best helps justify the inclusion of test tube 5 as a control in the experiment?

It will provide a measurement of product formation in the presence of a denatured enzyme.

Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tube V as a control in the experiment?

It will show the color change that occurs in the absence of enzyme activity.

Which of the following best supports the claim that ethylene initiates the signal transduction pathway that leads to ripening of fruit?

Loss-of-function mutations in ethylene receptors result in changes to the ripening process.

Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?

Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease.

Which of the following observations about inheritance in pea plants could be explained only after the discovery that genes may be linked on a chromosome?

Most offspring of a given cross have a combination of traits that is identical to that of either one parent or the other.

Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?

Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature?

Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together.

Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?

Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires energy.

Which of the following statements best describes how molecules released by the fish become nutrients for the plants?

The ammonia molecules released by the fish are converted by the bacteria to nitrates, which are used by the plants to make proteins and nucleic acids.

Based on the information presented, which of the following is the most likely explanation for a buildup of cholesterol molecules in the blood of an animal?

The animal's body cells are defective in endocytosis.

Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?

The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio.

Which of the following statements best completes the student's chi-square goodness-of-fit test?

The calculated chi-square value is 1.53, and the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.

Based on the model of eukaryotic cell cycle regulation shown in the figure, which of the following best describes the effect of a drug that blocks the production of the mitotic cyclin?

The cell would be prevented from entering mitosis, and the cell would stop dividing.

The student calculates a chi-square value of 0.36. Which of the following statements best completes the student's chi-square goodness-of-fit test?

The critical value is 3.84, and the student cannot reject the null hypothesis.

Which of the following statements concerning the karyotype in the diagram is true?

The diagram illustrates the results of nondisjunction during gamete formation.

Which of the following best depicts the tertiary structures of the two proteins in water?

The diagrams in the options are not drawn to the same scale as those in Figure 1 and Figure 2.Both are ball shaped

Which of the following conditions will most likely cause a normal body cell to become a cancer cell?

The environment contains mutagens that induce mutations that affect cell-cycle regulator proteins.

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that the difference in leaf color is genetically controlled?

The existence of yellow-leaved seedlings as well as green-leaved ones on day 14 in dish B

Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in Figure 1?

The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a mutation that results in a loss of the glucocorticoid receptor's ligand binding function?

The glucocorticoid receptor will remain associated with the accessory proteins.

Which of the following statements best describes how a growth factor stimulates cell division from outside a cell?

The growth factor binds to receptors on the cell surface, initiating a signal transduction pathway that activates specific target genes.

Which statement best explains the orientation of the phospholipid molecules in this model?

The hydrophilic phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environments.

Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?

The initial concentration of the substrate

Based on the model presented in Figure 1, which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a loss of protein X function?

The membrane potential will be disrupted by an increase in K+ concentration inside the cell.

Which of the following predictions is the most likely consequence of the mutation?

The molecule that normally binds to protein A will no longer attach, deactivating the cellular response.

In humans, red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a man and a woman produce a color-blind son, which of the following must be true?

The mother carries the allele for color blindness.

Which statement best helps explain the formation of the hydrogen bond represented in the figure?

The nitrogen has a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge.

The students calculate a chi-squared value of 92.86 and compare it with a critical value of 7.82. Which of the following best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?

The null hypothesis can be rejected, and the students should conclude that the data may have resulted from genetic linkage

Which of the following statements best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?

The null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value.

Which of the following pieces of experimental evidence best supports the claim that the synthesis of aconitase is controlled by a mechanism similar to ferritin regulation?

The relative amount of aconitase protein increases in the presence of high levels of iron.

Which statement best describes the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if the aquaporin in the figure ceases to function?

Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate.

It is most reasonable to hypothesize that, in the breakdown of glucose, substance X is

an inhibitor

DNA replication occurs

during the S phase of the cell cycle

All of the following changes would be likely to decrease the rate of transpiration at 8 A.M. EXCEPT

increasing the water potential of the soil

Which statement best explains why correct protein folding is critical in the transmembrane protein shown above?

interactions of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids help to anchor the protein in the membrane.

ATP serves as a common energy source for organisms because

its energy can be easily transferred to do cellular work

The fact that each line on the graph rises from left to right means that

larger fish consume more oxygen than smaller fish at all four temperatures

Which of the following best represents two different signaling pathways that share a second messenger?

the one with two pies leading to one circle

There are white-eyed females in the F2 generation because

these F2 females have two white alleles

In the F2 generation, the results are best explained by the fact that

these genes for eye color and wing shape are found on the same chromosome

If three children are born to Matthew and Jane, what are the chances that the first two children will not express the trait but that the third child will be an achondroplastic dwarf?

⅛

The contents of which dialysis tube are initially isotonic to the distilled water in the beaker?

5

If Individual 6 marries a woman with the disease, what is the probability that their first child will have the disease?

50%

Based on Figure 1, what percent of the time required to complete a full cycle do the cells typically spend in interphase?

95%

Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?

A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation

Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in the initiation of a cancerous tumor?

A defect in a cell-cycle checkpoint prevents a cell from entering the S phase.

Based on the model, which of the following mutations is most likely to result in a cell that will generate a cancerous tumor?

A mutation in the gene encoding G-PIP that results in a nonfunctional protein

Which of the following would be the most appropriate control for this experiment?

A test tube containing a piece of exposed camera film submerged in water

The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the permeability of the mitochondrial membranes to large molecules?

ATP production will decrease because of an increase in the occurrence of uncontrolled chemical reactions.

Which of the following predictions about the activity of platelets best describes a positive feedback mechanism?

Activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.

Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental data?

Bar Graph w/ ranges shown

Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table (effect of light on the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems)?

Bar graph

Which of the following pedigrees most accurately represents a family with a history of Tay-Sachs disease?

Blank circle and blank square

Which of the following represents the relative positions of these four genes on the chromosome?

CABD

Which of the following correctly illustrates a dipeptide and an amino acid in the optimal position to form a tripeptide?

COOH and NH2 on the inside facing each other

In cross II, the genotype of the dark, short-haired parent is

CcBb

The events listed below generally take place during meiosis. Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events?

III, I, II, IV

Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis described above?

In both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell membrane.

Which of the following provides the best reasoning to justify the researcher's claim?

In green light, more phycoerythrin molecules are produced, allowing more green light to be absorbed, thus increasing photosynthesis.

Which procedure should be done next to gather data needed to meet the scientist's objective?

Incubate samples containing 1.0μm/mL of ATP at four temperatures other than 25°C

Based on the data in Table I, which of the following best explains why there are no individuals with constricted pods in the F1 generation?

Inflated pod shape is dominant to constricted pod shape.

What testable question is generated regarding synapsis and genetic variability by Figure 1 ?

Is the distance between two gene loci related to crossover rate?

Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?

Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol.

These cells are the result of nondisjunction during which of the following phases?

Meiosis I

Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like cells?

Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA.

Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes?

Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes.

Which of the following observations best supports the model?

Mitochondria and some prokaryotes share similar metabolic reactions that produce ATP

Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?

Na+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis.

Which of the following is the most likely cause of one of the four gametes having two X chromosomes and one having neither an X nor a Y chromosome?

Nondisjunction of the X chromosome during meiosis II

Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?

Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.

Which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building biological molecules?

Rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obtain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules.

Which of the following best explains the observation?

Recombination between the leaf-shape and flower-color genes resulted in chromosomes carrying a dominant allele of both genes.

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?

Some organelles contain their own DNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNA in structure and function than to the eukaryotic DNA found in the cell's nucleus.

Which of the following provides correct information about cell signaling that supports the claim?

The SRY gene produces a protein that binds to specific regions of DNA in certain tissues, which affects the development of these tissues.

Which of the following best supports the claim that this species is better adapted to environmental changes than other photosynthetic species are?

The additional pigments allow the species containing them to harvest energy from wavelengths of light that the other photosynthetic species cannot use.

Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?

The allele for blue is an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2.

Which of the following best describes a structural difference between DNA and RNA?

The backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

Which of the following occurs during mitosis but not during meiosis I ?

The chromatids of each chromosome are separated.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the results of the breeding experiments?

The completely-plated phenotype is controlled by a dominant allele of a single gene.

Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?

The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases.

Other conditions being equal, which artificial cell is predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion?

The cuboidal cell

Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers' claim?

The organelle has a double membrane

Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?

The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.

If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?

The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.

Which of the following best predicts the effect of inserting this gene into the DNA of a bacterial cell?

The recombinant bacterium will produce human insulin using its own transcription and translation machinery.

Which of the following best describes the function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in eukaryotic cellular respiration?

They accept electrons during oxidation-reduction reactions

Which of the following best predicts which diagrammed microscope view the laboratory worker would see and best explains why?

View 2 because the rate of water movement into the RBCs equals the rate of water movement out of the cells