AP Bio test 3

Which type of process is usually the last stage in a cell's development, when its pattern of gene activity differs from any other cell?

cell differentiation

A chromosome library is a collection of all DNA:

contained in one chromosome

Refer to the accompanying figure. The use of antibiotic medium at the end of this process:

selects for bacteria containing plasmids

What is an advantage of obtaining a protein drug from milk?

The protein drug can be produced in large quantities.

If a physician wanted to collect spinal fluid for analysis s/he would want to place a needle between the:

arachnoid and pia mater.

Totipotent nuclei are capable of:

directing normal development of an organism

Which of the following is missing in the cell walls of archaea but not bacteria?

Peptidoglycan

Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the production of _____ from ____.

single-stranded cDNA; single-stranded mRNA

A ____ is required to transfer genes from one organism to another.

vector

Bacteriophages are:

viruses that infect bacteria

What process or enzyme was used for Step 1 in the accompanying figure?

a restriction enzyme

The concept of nuclear equivalence states that:

all of the somatic cells in an adult organism have the same genes.

The right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by the:

corpus callosum

Someone who suffers from Parkinson's disease shows symptoms of poor muscle coordination, and impaired walking and balance. This is the result of the decrease of what type of neurotransmitter in the cerebrum?

dopamine

The method of choice for constructing a DNA profile on DNA-containing forensic evidence that is old or has been damaged is:

mitochondrial DNA sequencing

The limbic system plays a role in:

motivation

To cause disease which of the following must be true? A pathogen must _____ a certain cell type, multiply, and produce toxic substances to cause a disease in its host.

A pathogen must adhere to a certain cell type.

What type of cells are potential sources for cell transplantation into patients with serious degenerative conditions?

Stem cells

What type of neurons transmits information to the central nervous system?

afferent neurons

During the preparation of a human genomic library, plasmids containing human DNA fragments are inserted into:

antibiotic-sensitive E. coli cells that become antibiotic-resistant if transformed

Cells become progressively organized into recognizable structures through a process known as:

morphogenesis

In the accompanying figure, the purpose of growing the donor cells in nutrient-limited media is to:

force the donor cell nucleus into the G0 cell stage

The FBI currently determines an individual's DNA profile using:

13 STR markers

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure integrates incoming signals?

2

What is one reason many scientists do not classify viruses as living organisms?

They are not made up of cells.

Which of the following statements about the speed of impulse conduction in a neuron is true?

Unmyelinated axons with larger diameters transmit impulses faster than ones with small diameters.

A large number of copies of any DNA segment can be obtained by:

introducing foreign DNA into a microorganism so that it can be replicated

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

their capsule or slime layer.

Which of the following statements characterizes PCR?

PCR replicates specific DNA sequences.

A detectable variation in the genomes of different individuals of a population is known as:

a polymorphism

Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:

antibiotic resistance.

What part of our brain helps us categorize the information we receive so that we can commit it to long-term memory?

hippocampus

Which statement about bacteria is TRUE?

Bacteria are cellular and are sometimes classified as life forms.

What system in bacteria is activated if a bacteriophage attempts to invade the cell?

CRISPR/Cas9 system

Which type of process is usually the last stage in a cell's development, when its pattern of gene activity differs from any other cell?

Cell differentiation

Which of the following are typically short, highly branched processes specialized to receive stimuli and send signals to the nerve cell body?

Dendrites

ADHD is a disorder associated with excessive amounts of which of the following substances?

Dopamine

____ is a technique that can be used to separate DNA molecules based on their size.

Electrophoresis

Which cell type generates descendants that undergo meiosis and give rise to a new generation?

Germ line cells

What is the process that some prokaryotes use to convert ammonia to nitrite, which can then be used by plants and fungi?

Nitrification

Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria?

Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane.

What type of virus infects bacteria, are easy to culture, and are the most complex of viruses?

Phage

How are cyanobacteria classified (based on their mode of nutrition)?

Photoautotrophs

What is the result of a host cell that is invaded by a virus in a lysogenic reproductive cycle?

The cell is replicated.

Which of the following is true for exotoxins?

The effect on the host is similar for all.

What did Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley conclude from their squid axon experiments?

The passage of Na+ ions into a neuron and K+ ions out of a neuron results in an action potential.

Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the function of the structure labeled as 4?

To release neurotransmitters

The use of organisms to develop useful products is called:

biotechnology

Refer to the accompanying figure. The absence of structures represented by label 6 would result in:

decreased speed of impulse transmission.

The first cloned mammal, Dolly:

developed arthritis and a virus-induced lung cancer at a relatively young age

Researchers are addressing the environmental concern about transgenic Atlantic salmon escaping into the wild by _____.

developing only non-reproducing females

"Bt corn" are corn plants that contain a bacterial gene for the bacterial toxin, Bt. The production of this toxin kills insects that feed on the plant, thereby making the plants pest-resistant. This process is an example of:

genetic engineering

The total DNA in a cell is referred to as the:

genome

In the accompanying figure, the purpose of electrical shock at the stage of the process labeled as A is to:

initiate fusion of the two cells

The myelin sheath:

is a fatty covering only around axons.

Which enzyme is used to covalently link two DNA fragments to form a stable recombinant DNA molecule?

ligase

Which of the following structures is responsible for the control of the heartbeat and blood pressure?

medulla

Embryonic stem cells cannot develop into ____ cells.

placental

Which is a vector used in DNA recombinant technology?

plasmid

Transformation is a process whereby:

plasmids are transferred into bacterial cells.

Cells able to divide and form some types of cells in an organism are called:

pluripotent stem cells

Bacteria methylate their DNA to:

protect it from restriction enzymes

Splicing together DNA from two different organisms is known as:

recombinant DNA technology

A(n) ____ is produced by introducing a gene for a viral surface protein into a nonpathogenic vector.

recombinant vaccine

The function of the sodium-potassium pump is to actively move:

sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

Undifferentiated cells that can divide and specialize to form a variety of different cells are called:

stem cells

The columns in the accompanying figure represent F (for female), C (for children), and M (for male). The presence of the band marked with arrow #2, shows that:

this DNA sequence in the children is inherited from their mother.

What is a goal of human therapeutic cloning?

to create pluripotent stem cells using a patient's nucleus

Induced pluripotent stem cells are:

totipotent cells resulting from reprogramming of differentiated cells

Which limbic structure filters incoming sensory information and interprets it in the context of emotional needs and survival?

Amygdala

Which statement about biofilms is FALSE?

Biofilms are usually less than 2 μm thick.

Why is human blood clotting factor VIII produced by genetically engineered bacteria better to treat hemophilia type A than the clotting factor isolated from human or animal blood?

Clotting factor isolated from blood can transmit infectious agents present in the donated blood.

Retroviruses make ____ by the process of ____.

DNA copies of RNA; reverse transcription

Why is it unlikely that genetically engineered strains of bacteria would pose a threat to the environment?

Genetically engineered strains of bacteria are poor competitors of wild strains.

Which portion of the brain contains centers for control of body temperature, appetite, and fat metabolism?

Hypothalamus

Which neurons integrate information coming into and out of the central nervous system?

Interneurons

The gray matter of the spinal cord does NOT consist of which of the following?

Myelinated axons

What subviral agent is responsible for mad cow disease?

Prion

What is the most common gastroenteritis virus among humans worldwide, transmitted directly or indirectly by fecal contamination of food and water?

Norwalk virus

What is the concept that all differentiated somatic cells are genetically identical, but might have different metabolism?

Nuclear equivalence

PCR has many uses and advantages. What is one disadvantage of this technology?

PCR is easily contaminated with foreign DNA.

What are the small circles of DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome?

Plasmids

Why is insulin produced by genetically engineered E. coli cells superior to insulin obtained from animal sources?

Recombinantly produced insulin contains human rather than animal sequences, reducing the chances of an allergic response.

What purpose do restriction enzymes play in bacterial cells?

Restriction enzymes attack bacteriophage DNA when it enters the cell.

What do retroviruses need to transcribe their RNA into a DNA intermediate for integration into the DNA of a host cell?

Reverse transcriptase

What is the purpose of sex pili?

To transmit DNA between bacteria

Which statement about bioremediation is FALSE?

Very few species of bacteria are used to clean up various forms of pollution.

The most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the:

absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of archaea.

What part of a nerve cell conducts impulses away from the cell body to another neuron?

axon

The occurrence of human identical twins is evidence that:

cells in a two-cell human embryo are totipotent.

The only known source of human embryonic stem cells is:

early human embryos

One of the main obstacles to successful cloning of sheep, apparently overcome by Wilmut et al., was:

to synchronize the cell cycles of the donor cell and the egg cell.

The results of the experiment outlined in the accompanying figure clearly demonstrate:

totipotency