AP BIO unit 8 Exam review

What is the death rate (D) per year for a rabbit population that saw 40 rabbits die in four years? _______

10 per a year

Let's say this graph shows the relationship between snakes (predator) and mice (prey). Describe what would happen to the mouse and snake population in each scenario, and briefly explain why. Connect the dots for all your answers to the energy availability for all three populations in this ecosystem when applicable. (each scenario is separate, not sequential)

An invasive species of snake arrives to the area that also eats mice. A drought occurs. The deer population of the area increases, who eat the same foods as the mice. Humans move into the area and kill every snake they see. Another population of mice enters the area.

What plant hormone is responsible for phototropism? Indicate on your drawing where this hormone would accumulate to initiate the response.

Auxin

Name five examples of each. Include and circle three limiting factors that are caused (or influenced by) humans.

Density dependent: competition for food, water, territory, mates Density independent: pollution, tornado, hurricane, volcano eruption, earthquake

TOPIC 8.2 Energy Flow Through Ecosystems

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING ENE-1 The highly complex organization of living systems requires constant input of energy and the exchange of macromolecules. LEARNING OBJECTIVE ENE-1.M Describe the strategies organisms use to acquire and use energy. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE-1.M.1 Organisms use energy to maintain organization, grow, and reproduce— a. Organisms use different strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism. Endotherms use thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures. Ectotherms lack efficient internal mechanisms for maintaining body temperature, though they may regulate their temperature behaviorally by moving into the sun or shade or by aggregating with other individuals. b. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability. c. There is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms—generally, the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate. d. A net gain in energy results in energy storage or the growth of an organism. e. A net loss of energy results in loss of mass and, ultimately, the death of an organism. LEARNING OBJECTIVE ENE-1.N Explain how changes in energy availability affect populations and ecosystems ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE-1.N.1 Changes in energy availability can result in changes in population size. ENE.1.N.2 Changes in energy availability can result in disruptions to an ecosystem— a. A change in energy resources such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. b. A change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES § Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants § Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause) § Food chains/webs § Trophic pyramids/ diagrams LEARNING OBJECTIVE ENE-1.O Explain how the activities of autotrophs and heterotrophs enable the flow of energy within an ecosystem. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE-1.O.1 Autotrophs capture energy from physical or chemical sources in the environment— a. Photosynthetic organisms capture energy present in sunlight. b. Chemosynthetic organisms capture energy from small inorganic molecules present in their environment, and this process can occur in the absence of oxygen. ENE-1. O.2 Heterotrophs capture energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms. a. Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as sources of energy by hydrolysis.

TOPIC 8.1 Responses to the Environment

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING ENE-3 Timing and coordination of biological mechanisms involved in growth, reproduction, and homeostasis depend on organisms responding to environmental cues. LEARNING OBJECTIVE ENE-3.D Explain how the behavioral and/or physiological response of an organism is related to changes in internal or external environment. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE-3.D.1 Organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. X No specific behavioral or physiological mechanism is required for teaching this concept. ENE-3.D.2 Organisms exchange information with one another in response to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ENE-3.D.1 § Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants § Taxis and kinesis in animals § Nocturnal and diurnal activity § Fight-or-flight response § Predator warnings § Plant responses to herbivory ENDURING UNDERSTANDING IST-5 Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems. LEARNING OBJECTIVE IST-5.A Explain how the behavioral responses of organisms affect their overall fitness and may contribute to the success of the population. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE IST-5.A.1 Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. IST-5.A.2 Communication occurs through various mechanisms— a. Organisms have a variety of signaling behaviors that produce changes in the behavior of other organisms and can result in differential reproductive success. b. Animals use visual, audible, tactile, electrical, and chemical signals to indicate dominance, find food, establish territory, and ensure reproductive success. IST-5.A.3 Responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection and evolution— a. Natural selection favors innate and learned behaviors that increase survival and reproductive fitness. b. Cooperative behavior tends to increase the fitness of the individual and the survival of the population X —The details of the various communications and community behavioral systems are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES IST-5.A.2.a § Territorial marking in mammals § Coloration in flowers IST-5.A.2.b § Bird songs § Pack behavior in animals § Predator warnings § Coloration IST-5.A.3.a § Parent and offspring interactions § Courtship and mating behaviors § Foraging in bees and other animals IST-5.A.3.b § Pack behavior in animals § Herd, flock, and schooling behavior in animals § Predator warning § Colony and swarming behavior in insects § Kin selection

TOPIC 8.5 Community Ecology

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING ENE-4 Communities and ecosystems change on the basis of interactions among populations and disruptions to the environment. LEARNING OBJECTIVE ENE-4.A Describe the structure of a community according to its species composition and diversity ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE-4.A.1 The structure of a community is measured and described in terms of species composition and species diversity. ** see the Diversity Index equation on the formula sheet LEARNING OBJECTIVE ENE-4.B Explain how interactions within and among populations influence community structure. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE-4.B.1 Communities change over time depending on interactions between populations. ENE-4.B.2 Interactions among populations determine how they access energy and matter within a community. ENE-4.B.3 Relationships among interacting populations can be characterized by positive and negative effects and can be modeled. Examples include predator/prey interactions, trophic cascades, and niche partitioning. ENE-4.B.4 Competition, predation, and symbioses, including parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism, can drive population dynamics. LEARNING OBJECTIVE ENE-4.C Explain how community structure is related to energy availability in the environment. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ENE-4.C.1 Cooperation or coordination between organisms, populations, and species can result in enhanced movement of, or access to, matter and energy

TOPIC 8.7 Disruptions to Ecosystems

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING EVO-1 Evolution is characterized by change in the genetic make-up of a population over time and is supported by multiple lines of evidence. LEARNING OBJECTIVE EVO-1.O Explain the interaction between the environment and random or preexisting variations in populations. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE EVO-1.O.1 An adaptation is a genetic variation that is favored by selection and is manifested as a trait that provides an advantage to an organism in a particular environment. EVO-1.O.2 Mutations are random and are not directed by specific environmental pressures. ENDURING UNDERSTANDING SYI-2 Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems. LEARNING OBJECTIVE SYI-2.A Explain how invasive species affect ecosystem dynamics. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI-2.A.1 The intentional or unintentional introduction of an invasive species can allow the species to exploit a new niche free of predators or competitors or to outcompete other organisms for resources. SYI-2.A.2 The availability of resources can result in uncontrolled population growth and ecological changes. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES § Kudzu § Zebra mussels LEARNING OBJECTIVE SYI-2.B Describe human activities that lead to changes in ecosystem structure and/ or dynamics. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI-2.B.1 The distribution of local and global ecosystems changes over time. SYI-2.B.2 Human impact accelerates change at local and global levels— a. The introduction of new diseases can devastate native species. b. Habitat change can occur because of human activity. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES § Dutch elm disease § Potato blight § Smallpox § Global climate change § Logging § Urbanization § Mono-cropping LEARNING OBJECTIVE SYI-2.C Explain how geological and meteorological activity leads to changes in ecosystem structure and/or dynamics. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI-2.C.1 Geological and meteorological events affect habitat change and ecosystem distribution. Biogeographical studies illustrate these changes. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES § El Niño § Continental drift § Meteor impact on dinosaurs

TOPIC 8.3 Population Ecology

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING SYI-1 Living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural levels that interact. LEARNING OBJECTIVE SYI-1.G Describe factors that influence growth dynamics of populations. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI-1.G.1 Populations comprise individual organisms that interact with one another and with the environment in complex ways. SYI-1.G.2 Many adaptations in organisms are related to obtaining and using energy and matter in a particular environment— a.Population growth dynamics depend on a number of factors. Reproduction without constraints results in the exponential growth of a population. ** See the Population Growth and Exponential Growth equations in the formula sheet

TOPIC 8.4 Effect of Density of Populations

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING SYI-1 Living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural levels that interact. LEARNING OBJECTIVE SYI-1.H Explain how the density of a population affects and is determined by resource availability in the environment. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI-1.H.1 A population can produce a density of individuals that exceeds the system's resource availability. SYI-1.H.2 As limits to growth due to density-dependent and density-independent factors are imposed, a logistic growth model generally ensues. ** See the Population Growth equations on the formula sheet

TOPIC 8.6 Biodiversity

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING SYI-3 Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment. LEARNING OBJECTIVE SYI-3.F Describe the relationship between ecosystem diversity and its resilience to changes in the environment. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI-3.F.1 Natural and artificial ecosystems with fewer component parts and with little diversity among the parts are often less resilient to changes in the environment. SYI-3.F.2 Keystone species, producers, and essential abiotic and biotic factors contribute to maintaining the diversity of an ecosystem. LEARNING OBJECTIVE SYI-3.G Explain how the addition or removal of any component of an ecosystem will affect its overall short-term and long term structure. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE SYI-3.G.1 The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the organization of the ecosystem. SYI-3.G.2 The effects of keystone species on the ecosystem are disproportionate relative to their abundance in the ecosystem, and when they are removed from the ecosystem, the ecosystem often collapses.

How will global climate change impact plants that strictly respond to their environment through photoperiodism? Explain!

In general, global climate change does not alter the availability of sun. This means that photoperiodism will not likely be disrupted

Describe how courtship behavior drives sexual selection. Use the peacock as an example.

Male peacocks have highly ornamented plumage. Males will call and dance to attract females. This is a form of intersexual selection. Highly ornamented plumage is generally selected for, resulting in the reproduction and continuation of their genes

Explain how photoperiodism is an adaptation for plants. What would happen to a plant with a mutation that prevented it from performing photoperiodism?

Photoperiodism enables key parts of a plant's life cycle to be synchronized with certain seasons of the year. It might enter into important life cycle functions in the wrong season

Natural variations exist in the population of Plant Species A. Circle the plants below with the traits that you believe will be favored as climate change continues. Justify your reasoning for choosing (or not choosing) each one.

Plant 1 has a mutation that leads to a lower stomatal density on the leaves. Plant 2 has a mutation that causes blooming to begin later in the spring. Plant 3 has a mutation that causes it to grow shorter than average. Plant 4 has a mutation that causes it to grow roots deeper into the soil. Plant 5 has a mutation that leads to increased seed production.

What is the difference between density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors?

The difference between Density Dependent and Density Independent is that Density Dependent regulates the population in proportion to its density whereas Density Independent regulates the population without considering its density.

Come up with TWO examples for each type of communication (try to use plants in at least two!) Visual Communication Chemical Communication (Hormones or Pheromones) Auditory Communication Tactile Communication

Visual Communication - gestures, facial expressions, body postures, and coloration. Chemical Communication (Hormones or Pheromones) - scent post to mark territory, pee to mark area, release pheromone to attracts mates Auditory Communication - sounds made, rattle of rattlesnake, warning communications, songs for mates Tactile Communication - touch, Mother tigers lick and nuzzle their babies, chimpanzees groom each other, and bear cubs wrestle with each other. Touch is used to comfort, to establish dominance and to establish bonds.

Define Ectotherms: Organism example: How do Ectotherms regulate body temperature through negative feedback? Complete the graph

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat (cold blooded) snake by moving into warmer areas or positioning themselves to reduce heat loss.

Define Endotherms: Organism example: How do Endotherms regulate body temperature through negative feedback?

an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat; a warm-blooded animal. ex: cat When ambient temperature is significantly below body temperature, some animals will shiver to increase heat production. When ambient temperature is significantly above body temperature, some animals will sweat to increase heat dissipation.

Kin Selection - Ground squirrels will often give a warning call when they see a predator, altering the other ground squirrels to the danger. Calling behavior draws attention to the calling squirrel. This being the case, why would natural selection favor this altruistic behavior? Consider this - female squirrels are 70% more likely to make a warning call than male squirrels. Also consider, male squirrels leave the colony when they reach maturity, while female squirrels stay in the colony they are born in. Explain how natural selection is working here!

because it leads to more of the squirrels surviving at the expense of one. the female is more likly to call because of their motherly instincts.

Territoriality behaviors actually decrease competition between members of the same species. Explain why this is the case, and therefore how territoriality is favored by natural selection.

because they claim their own areas of land leading to less competition due to the fact that they have their own niches. This is favored in natural selection because it lead to the animals staying alive longer

In the formula above, 'K' stands for ______________ _____________. In your own words, what does this term mean?

carrying capacity the amount of organism the environment can sustain

The flow of energy moves from... Reliant energy → ________ energy (glucose) → _______ energy (movement) → _______energy (waste)

chemical, physical, heat

Why are most babies born in the Spring? Think in terms of energy.

days become longer and temperatures rise. With the warmer weather it is easier for the baby to survive. There is less chance of harsh weather. Just like humans, animals need to be protected from severe weather.

Initially, all population growth is: (linear or exponential?)

exponential

What happens to the metabolism during hibernation? How does this response to the environment aid in survival?

metabolism slows down reducing the total amount of energy used. This is an effective response for mammals during winter as the total amount of energy and food they burn through is slowed down allowing them to go into hibernation and not hunt for food not available.

____________ is a behavioral response to cold by just leaving a harsh environment.

migration

Describe phototropism and draw a picture of a plant demonstrating phototropism:

plant growth towards or away from light

Experiments show that plants can communicate with each other. Consider a plant put under drought conditions which is connected via the roots to a neighboring plant. The drought plant sends messages through the roots to its neighbor. Even though the neighbor plant has plenty of water, it will respond as if in drought conditions too. In what way will the plant respond? (think about it - what do plants do in order to conserve water?)

reduce leaf size

What happens to populations in a food web if there is a decrease in the amount of free energy available to the producer level of an ecosystem? Explain.

the entire food web will decrease in population and diversity because there will not be enough energy at the basic level to sustain the other ones.

Photoperiodism: when a plant responds to _____________ In order to flower, long day plants need: In order to flower, short day plants need:

the length of night or a dark period. long day plant: 12 hours of sunlight, or <12 hours of uninterrupted darkness, to produce a bloom or flower. A short-day plant requires <12 hours of sunlight, or >12 hours of uninterrupted darkness, to produce a bloom or flower.

As the level of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere increases, how will (is) primary productivity impact? How does this impact populations of primary consumers?

the primary producers would increase in productivity. this would allow the primary consumer to increase in population.

Who are the autotrophs making the food for?

themselves

Why do most food chains not go beyond the 4th or 5th trophic level?

there is not enough energy to sustain more levels

Complete the graph to show the general relationship between metabolism and size. Why do mice have such a high metabolism?

they have a larger volume to surface area ratio that leads to them releasing heat energy faster

How are bright tail feathers (or loud sounds, or the ability to fight off other suitors) a good indication of general fitness and health of a male sutor? How does this influence the next generation?

this shows that they are healthy enough to have a nourished body and good genes. this influences the next gen because the females are more drawn to these males causing them to reproduce more and their genes to spread.

What would happen to a plant that had a mutation preventing it from being able to perform phototropism? Compare to a plant with a mutation that allows it to do phototropism more quickly than other plants. Explain in terms of natural selection.

this would cause the plant to be at a disadvantage because it would not be able to get as much sunlight as compared to other plant that could move faster towards sunlight increasing their fitness

Explain how courtship behaviors increase reproductive success.

through the selection of mates. By mating with select males, females can insure that their offspring will have good genes.