AP Biology Chapters 40-42
Chapter 40
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Chapter 41 Community Ecology Quiz
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Chapter 42 Ecosystems and Energy Quiz
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Review figure 41.3 on Chapter 41. questions 18-20
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review climograph questions. Chapter 40 questions 20-24
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review figure 40.2 questions. Chapter 40 questions 25-27
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review figure 42.1. Chapter 42. Questions 18-20
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review figure 42.2. Chapter 42. Questions 28-29
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review question 28 on chapter 40
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review question 29 on chapter 40
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What interactions exist between a bee and a flower? A- +/+ B- +/o C- +/- D- o/o E- -/-
A- +/+
What interactions exist between cellulose-digesting organisms in the gut of a termite and the termite? A- +/+ B- +/o C- +/- D- o/o E- -/-
A- +/+
What interactions exist between the cattle egret (bird) and grazing cattle? A- +/o B- o/o C- o/- D- +/- E- -/-
A- +/o
approximately how many kg of carnivore biomass can be supported by a field plot containing 1000 kg of plant material? A- 10 B- 1 C- 10,000 D- 1,000 E- 100
A- 10
Which marine zone has the lowest rates of primary productivity (photosynthesis)? A- Abyssal B- Neritic C- Intertidal D- Continental shelf E- Pelagic
A- Abyssal
An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? A- Density B- Cohorts C- Carrying Capacity D- Dispersion E- Range
A- Density
Which of the following sets of measurements would best describe a population's physical structure and vital statistics? A- Density, dispersion, and demographics B- Annual precipitation averages and mean annual temperatures C- Ratio of predators and the number of immigrants and emigrants D- Gene frequency over time and the ratio of reproductive to nonreproductive individuals E- Minimum and maximum amounts of precipitation and annual temperature extremes
A- Density, dispersion, and demographics
Elephants are not the most dominant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered Woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grassland converts to Forest or shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in the scenario? A- Elephant exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance B- Elephants are the biggest herbivore in this community C- Elephants help other populations Survive by keeping out many of the large African predators D- Grazing animals depend upon the elephants to convert Forests to Grasslands E- Elephants prevent drought in African grasslands
A- Elephant exhibit a disproportionate influence on the structure of the community relative to their abundance
Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others? A- Heterotrophs B- Primary consumers C- herbivores D- secondary consumers E- carnivores
A- Heterotrophs
Why are food chains relatively short? A- Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient B- There are only so many organisms that are adapted to feed on other types of organisms C- Top-level feeders tend to be more numerous than lower trophic level species D- Food chain length is ultimately determined by the photosynthetic efficiency of producers E- Top level feeders tend to be small but are capable of conserving more energy
A- Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient
Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity? A- The energy used by autotrophs in respiration B- The energy fixed by photosynthesis C- The energy used by heterotrophs in respiration D- All solar energy E- The energy contained in the standing crop
A- The energy used by autotrophs in respiration
Trophic efficiency is A- The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next B- The ratio of net secondary production To assimilation of primary production C- About 90% in most ecosystems D- Usually greater than production efficiencies E- A measure of how nutrients are cycled from one trophic level to the next
A- The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next
Photosynthetic organisms are unique to most ecosystems because they A- Use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic compounds B- Synthesize organic compounds they obtained from decaying heterotrophs C- Convert light energy into matter D- Synthesize inorganic compounds from organic compounds E- Use chemical energy to synthesize organic compounds
A- Use light energy to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic compounds
In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to 8 after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n) A- keystone species B- herbivore C- mutualistic organism D- pathogen E- resource partitioner
A- keystone species
Which of the following is a characteristic of K-selected populations? A- offspring with good chances of survival B- early parental reproduction C- small offspring D- a high intrinsic rate of increase E- many offspring per reproductive episode
A- offspring with good chances of survival
Which of these ecosystems accounts for the largest amount of Earth's net primary productivity? A- open ocean B- salt marsh C- tundra D- savanna E- tropical rain forest
A- open ocean
Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration? A- colors of an insect-pollinated flower's petals B- A walking stick insect that resembles a twig C- Bands on a coral snake D- Brown or gray color of tree bark E- Markings of a viceroy butterfly's wings
B- A walking stick insect that resembles a twig
Species richness increases A- On Islands as distance from the mainland increases B- As we travel Southward from the North Pole to the equator C- As Community size decreases D- As we increase in altitude in Equatorial mountains E- As depth increases and Aquatic communities
B- As we travel Southward from the North Pole to the equator
A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I. Inhabiting the same general area II. Belonging to the same species III. possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion A- III only B- I and II only C- I,II, and III D-II and III only E- I only
B- I and II only
Aquatic primary productivity is most limited by which of the following? A- Predation by primary consumers B- Light and nutrition availability C- Increase pressure with depth D- pollution E- temperature
B- Light and nutrition availability
Trees are not usually found in the tundra biome because of A- Overbrowsing by musk ox and caribou B- Permafrost C- Insufficient annual precipitation D- Acidic Soils E- Extreme winter temperatures
B- Permafrost
The major role of detritivores in ecosystems is to A- Prevent the buildup of the organic remains of organisms, feces, and so on B- Recycle chemical nutrients to a form capable of being used by autotrophs C- Return energy lost to the ecosystem by other organisms D- Provide a nutritional resource for heterotrophs
B- Recycle chemical nutrients to a form capable of being used by autotrophs
Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? A- removal of predators B- competition for resources C- increased birth rate D- favorable climate conditions E- decreased death rate
B- competition for resources
According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same A- range B- niche C- biome D- habitat E- territory
B- niche
A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n) A- autotroph B- primary consumer C- producer D- secondary consumer E- decomposer
B- primary consumer
What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog? A- +/+ B- +/o C- +/- D- o/o E- -/-
C- +/-
Considered a food chain grass, grasshopper, mouth, snake, Hawk. How much of the chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis of the grass (100%) Is available to the hawk? A-60% B- 10% C- 0.0 1% D- 1% E- 0.1 %
C- 0.01%
In July 2008, the United States had a population of approximately 302,000,000 people. How many Americans were there in July 2009, if the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88%? A- 2,700,000 B- 2,710,800,000 C- 304,700,000 D- 5,500,000 E- 303,000,000
C- 304,700,000
Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem? A- The intricate interactions of the various plant and animal species on a savannah during a drought B- The plants, animals, and decomposers that inhabit an Alpine Meadow C- All of the organisms and their physical environment in a tropical rainforest D- All of the brook trout in a 500 square hectare river drainage system E- A pond and all of the plant and animal species that live in it
C- All of the organisms and their physical environment in a tropical rainforest
Which of the following examples would most accurately measure the density of the population being studied? A- Counting the number of times a 1-kilometer transect is intersected by tracks of red squirrels after a snowfall B- Counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations C- Counting the number of moss plants in 1-m^2 quadrats D- Counting the number of coyote droppings per hectare E- Counting the number of prairie dog burrows per hectare
C- Counting the number of moss plants in 1-m^2 quadrats
Which statement describes how climate might change if Earth was 75% land and 25% water? A- Summers would be longer and winter shorter at mid-latitude locations B- Earth would experience an unprecedented global warming C- Earth's daytime temperatures would be higher and nighttime temperatures lower D- Terrestrial ecosystems would likely experience more precipitation E- More terrestrial microclimates would be created because of daily fluctuations in temperature
C- Earth's daytime temperatures would be higher and nighttime temperatures lower
Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? A- Influence of temperature on competition among plants B- Limitation of plant biomass by rainfall amount C- Effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity D- Influence of soil nutrients on the abundance of grasses versus wildflowers E- Effect of humidity on plant growth rates
C- Effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity
The growing season would generally be shortest in which of the following biomes? A- Temperate grassland B- Savanna C- Northern coniferous forest D- Temperate broadleaf forest E-Tropical rain forest
C- Northern coniferous forest
How does phosphorus normally enter ecosystems? A- Photosynthesis B- Cellular respiration C- Rock weathering D- vulcanism E-Atmospheric phosphorus gas
C- Rock weathering
The three basic variables that make up the life history of an organism are A- number of reproductive females in the population, age structure of the population, and life expectancy. B- life expectancy, birth rate, and death rate C- age when reproduction begins, how often reproduction occurs, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode. D- How often reproduction occurs, life expectancy of females in the population, and number of offspring per reproductive episode E- the number of reproductive females in the population, how often reproduction occurs, and death rate
C- age when reproduction begins, how often reproduction occurs, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode.
In which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of K-selected individuals? A- a shifting sand dune community of south Lake Michigan B- a recently abandoned agricultural field in Ohio C- an old-growth forest D- a newly emergent volcanic island E- South Florida after a hurricane
C- an old-growth forest
Which of the following is most likely to contribute to density-dependent regulation of populations? A- earthquakes B- the removal of toxic waste by decomposers C- intraspecific competition for nutrients D- fires E- floods
C- intraspecific competition for nutrients
which of the following lists of organisms is ranked in correct order from lowest to highest percent in production efficiency? A- insects, mammals, fish B- mammals, insects, fish C- mammals, fish, insects D- fish, insects, mammals E- insects, fish, mammals
C- mammals, fish, insects
Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt= A- rN (K-N)/K B- rN (N-K)/K C- r max N D- rN/K E- rN (K+N)
C- r max N
owls eat rats, mice, shrews, and small birds. Assume that, over a period of time, an owl consumes 5000 J of animal material. the owl loses 2300 J in feces and owl pellets and uses 2600 J for cellular respiration. What is the production efficiency of this owl? A- 0.02% B- 10% C- 40% D- 4% E- 1%
D- 4%
A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year. A- 400 individuals added B- 120 individuals added C- 20 individuals lost D- 40 individuals added E- 20 individuals added
D- 40 individuals added
Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? A- An insect that resembles a twig B- A snapping turtle that uses its tongue to mimic a worm, thus attracting fish C- A fawn with fur coloring that camouflages it in the forest environment D- A non-venomous snake that looks like a venomous snake E- A butterfly that resembles a leaf
D- A non-venomous snake that looks like a venomous snake
Which of the following locations is the main reservoir for nitrogen in Earth's nitrogen cycle? A- Fossilized plant and animal remains (Coal, oil, and natural gas) B- Plant and animal biomass C- Soil D- Atmosphere E- Sedimentary bedrock
D- Atmosphere
Which Statement most accurately describes how matter and energy are used in ecosystems? A- Matter can be converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into matter B- Matter flows through ecosystems; energy Cycles within ecosystems C- Matter is used in ecosystems; energy is not D- Energy flows through ecosystems; matter cycles within and through ecosystems E- Energy can be converted into matter; Matter cannot be converted into energy
D- Energy flows through ecosystems; matter cycles within and through ecosystems
Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat? A- Pathogens evolve more efficient forms of Reproduction in new environments B- More pathogens tend to immigrate into newer habitats C- New environments are almost always smaller in area, so that transmission of pathogens is easily accomplished between hosts D- Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection E- Intermediate host species are more motile and transport pathogens to new areas
D- Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection
Zoonotic disease A- Can only be transferred from animals to humans by means of an intermediate host B- Can only be spread from animals to humans through direct contact C- Is to specific to study at the community level, and studies of zoonotic pathogens are relegated To organismal biology D- Is caused by pathogens that are transferred from animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector E- Is caused by suborganismal Pathogens such as viruses, viroids, and prions only
D- Is caused by pathogens that are transferred from animals to humans by direct contact or by means of a vector
Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, dN/dt = rN (K-N) / K which of the factors accounts for the effect on the moose population? A- r B- dt C- rN D- K E- N
D- K
Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities? A- Nutrient availability, soil pH B- Light intensity, seasonality C- Precipitation, wind D- Predation, competition E- Temperature, water
D- Predation, competition
Carrying capacity is A- Determined by density and dispersion data B- Seldom reached by marine producers and consumers because of the vast resources of the ocean C- the term used to describe the stress a population undergoes due to limited resources D- The maximum population size that a particular environment can support E- Fixed for most species over most of their range most of the time
D- The maximum population size that a particular environment can support
Which of these ecosystems has the highest net primary productivity per square mile annually? A- boreal forest B- temperate forest C- open ocean D- Tropical rainforest E- Savanna
D- Tropical rainforest
Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction? A- competition B- commensalism C- predation D- mutualism E- parasitism
D- mutualism
Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees? A- commensalism B- mutualism C- competition D- parasitism E- facilitation
D- parasitism
In ecosystems, why is the term cycling used to describe material transfer whereas the term flow is used for energy Exchange? A- Both material and energy flow in a never-ending stream within an ecosystem B- Both material and energy are recycled and are then transferred to other ecosystems as in a flow C- None of the choices are correct D- Materials are repeatedly used, but energy flows through and out of ecosystems E- Materials are cycled into ecosystems from other ecosystems, but energy constantly flows within the ecosystem
D-Materials are repeatedly used, but energy flows through and out of ecosystems
What interactions exist between a lion pride and a hyena pack? A- +/+ B- +/o C- +/- D- o/o E- -/-
E- -/-
Which of the following locations is the reservoir for carbon in the carbon cycle? A- Atmosphere B- Fossilized plant and animal remains (Call, oil, Natural Gas) C- Plant and animal biomass D- Sediments and sedimentary rocks E- All of the above
E- All of the above
Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity? A- The incoming energy decreases in populations experiencing a high rate of increase B- Hormonal changes promote higher death rates in crowded populations C- density-independent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality D- Individuals voluntarily stop mating so that overcrowding does not occur E- Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality
E- Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality
Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? A- Community, ecosystem, individual, population B- Individual, population, community, ecosystem C-Population, ecosystem, individual, community D- Individual, community, population, ecosystem E- Ecosystem, community, population, individual
E- Ecosystem, community, population, individual
Why is net primary product (NPP) A more useful measurement to an ecosystem ecologist than gross primary production (GPP)? A- NPP can be expressed in terms of carbon fixed by photosynthesis for an entire ecosystem B- NPP shows the rate at which standing crop is utilized by consumers C- NPP is the same as the standing crop D- NPP it can be expressed in energy/ unit of area/unit of time E- NPP represents the stored chemical energy that will be available to consumers in the ecosystem
E- NPP represents the stored chemical energy that will be available to consumers in the ecosystem
Which of the following is a correct statement about the MacArthur/Wilson Island equilibrium model? A- Competitive exclusion is less likely on an island that has large numbers of species B- The more species that inhabit an Island, the lower the extinction rateC- Islands closer to the mainland have higher Extinction rates D- As the number of species on an island increases, the emigration rate decreases E- Small Islands receive few new immigrant species
E- Small Islands receive few new immigrant species
Which trophic level is most vulnerable to Extinction? A- Producer level B- Secondary consumer level C-Primary consumer level D- Decomposer level E- Tertiary consumer level
E- Tertiary consumer level
How did Eugene Odum describe an ecological niche? A- An entity that is Synonymous with an organism's specific trophic level B- The interactions of the organism with other members of the community C- The organism's role and recycling nutrients in its habitat D- The address of an organism E- The organism's profession in the community
E- The organism's profession in the community
In models of logistic population growth, A- New individuals are added to the population most rapidly at the beginning of the population's growth B- Carrying capacity is never reached C- Only density-dependent factors affect the rate of population growth D- New individuals are added to the population as N approaches K E- The population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K
E- The population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K
Why do tropical communities tend to have greater species diversity than temperate or polar communities? A- There Are fewer parasites to negatively affect the health of tropical communities B- More competitive dominant species have evolved in temperate and polar communities C- They are less likely to be affected by human disturbance D- Tropical communities are low in altitude, whereas temperate and polar communities are high in altitude E- Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities
E- Tropical communities are generally older than temperate and polar communities
in the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that replenish the atmosphere with N2 are A- nitrifying bacteria B- rhizobium bacteria C- methanogenic protozoans D- nitrogen fixing bacteria E- dentrifying bacteria
E- dentrifying bacteria
Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting human population growth? A- plagues B- Pollution C- Social pressure for birth control D- Famines E- Earthquakes
E- earthquakes
Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between A- producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization B- the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide C- increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode with a corresponding decrease in parental care D- choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live E- high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
E- high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
Which of the following best describes resource partitioning? A- differentia resource utilization that results in a decrease in community species diversity B- two species that can coevolve to share identical niches C- a climax community that is reached when no new niches are available D- competitive exclusion that results in the success of the superior species E- slight variations in a species' niche that allow similar species to coexist
E- slight variations in a species' niche that allow similar species to coexist
Which of the following is an example of aposematic coloration? A- a katydid whose wings look like a dead leaf B- green color of a plant C- colors of an insect-pollinated flower D- eye color in humans E- the brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs
E- the brightly colored patterns of poison dart frogs
which of the following ecosystems would likely have a larger net primary productivity/hectare, and why? A- Open ocean because of the total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs B- Tundra because of the incredibly rapid period Of growth during the summer season C- a temperate grassland because of the small standing crop biomass that results from consumption by herbivores and Rapid decomposition D- cave due to the lack of photosynthetic autotrophs E- tropical rainforest because of the high species diversity
E- tropical rainforest because of the high species diversity
Which of the following organisms is incorrectly paired with its trophic level? A- Grasshopper - primary consumer B- fungus- detritivore C- cyanobacterium- primary producer D- eagle - tertiary consumer E- zooplankton- primary producer
E- zooplankton- primary producer