AP Biology Exam Review ;)

Which statement is the most accurate description of the reaction shown in figure 1?

It represents a polypeptide chain that is broken down through a hydrolysis reaction.

Which of the following types of bond is most likely responsible for the unusual base pairing shown in figure through the results in the formation of a triplex DNA structure?

Hydrogen

If 30% of the nucleotides in a single stranded RNA molecule are adenine, then what percent are expected to be thymine?

0%

Dialysis tubing is permeable to water molecules but not to sucrose. Four dialysis tubes are half filled with 5 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, and 40 percent sucrose solutions, respectively, and two dialysis tubes are half filled with distilled water. The dialysis tubes are all sealed at both ends, and the initial masses are determined. Five dialysis tubes are placed into beakers containing distilled water, and the sixth dialysis tube, containing distilled water, is placed into a 40 percent sucrose solution. The masses of the dialysis tubes are recorded at 30-minute intervals for 90 minutes, as shown in the table below. To model a plant cell, a permeable, nonflexible case is placed around each piece of dialysis tubing. The greatest pressure potential will develop within dialysis tube number

4- increases the most over time

Dialysis tubing is permeable to water molecules but not to sucrose. Four dialysis tubes are half filled with 5 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, and 40 percent sucrose solutions, respectively, and two dialysis tubes are half filled with distilled water. The dialysis tubes are all sealed at both ends, and the initial masses are determined. Five dialysis tubes are placed into beakers containing distilled water, and the sixth dialysis tube, containing distilled water, is placed into a 40 percent sucrose solution. The masses of the dialysis tubes are recorded at 30-minute intervals for 90 minutes, as shown in the table below. The contents of which dialysis tube are initially isotonic to the distilled water in the beaker?

5- where mass stayed the same

Dialysis tubing is permeable to water molecules but not to sucrose. Four dialysis tubes are half filled with 5 percent, 10 percent, 20 percent, and 40 percent sucrose solutions, respectively, and two dialysis tubes are half filled with distilled water. The dialysis tubes are all sealed at both ends, and the initial masses are determined. Five dialysis tubes are placed into beakers containing distilled water, and the sixth dialysis tube, containing distilled water, is placed into a 40 percent sucrose solution. The masses of the dialysis tubes are recorded at 30-minute intervals for 90 minutes, as shown in the table below. A net movement of water into the beaker occurs in which of the following dialysis tubes?

6- decreases in mass

Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?

A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation

Which of the following best describes the formation of the bond shown in figure one?

A covalent bond is formed between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom along with the formation of H2O.

During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?

A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas

Process in which sugar is oxidized to pyruvic acid

A- glycolysis

Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP

A- mitochondria

Which of the following best depicts the tertiary structure of the two proteins and water?

A- original protein in a ball

The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?

ATP and NADPH

Figure 1 shows a model of how a channel protein influences the movement of a particle across a cell's plasma membrane. Figure 1. A section of a cell's plasma membrane, showing a channel protein and a concentration gradient across the membrane An investigator wants to understand whether a newly found membrane protein is involved in membrane transport of a certain particle. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?

Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.

Amylase is an enzyme that converts carbohydrate polymers into monomers. Glycogen synthase is one of the enzymes involved in converting carbohydrate monomers into polymers. Which of the following best explains the reactions of these enzymes?

Amylase aids in the addition of a water molecule to can you do a late break covalent bonds whereas glycogen synthase aids in the removal of water to form covenant bonds.

Site of glucose synthesis

B- chloroplasts

Bromelain works by breaking the enzymes that cause browning into smaller molecules. Explain how the reaction of breaks up the enzyme occurs.

Bromelain separates the amino acids in the enzymes that cause browning by breaking the peptide bonds.

Process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules

C- Calvin cycle

Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell

C- Golgi apparatus

Aquaporins are channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membrane. One group of researchers hypothesizes that without functional aquaporins, no water will be able to enter the cell. A different group proposes an alternative hypothesis, stating that even with nonfunctional aquaporins, a small amount of water will still cross the cell membrane. An experiment is set up in which plant cells with mutated (nonfunctional) aquaporins and plant cells with normally functioning aquaporins are both placed in distilled water. Which of the following data would support the alternative hypothesis?

Cells with mutated aquaporins exhibit moderate turgor pressure and are hypertonic.

Students in a class measured the mass of various living organisms. They then kept the organisms in the dark for 24 hours before remeasuring them. None of the organisms were provided with nutrients during the 24-hour period. The data are as follows. Which of the following is the best explanation for the pattern of change in mass of the organisms over time?

Cellular respiration

Process in which O2 is released as a by-product of oxidation-reduction reactions

D- Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Which of the following best describes the structure of the virtual genome?

Double-stranded DNA

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins

Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation?

Glycolysis

The illustration shows the active transport of hydrogen ions through a membrane protein. Which of the following best predicts the effect of not having ATP available to supply energy to this process?

H+ ions will stop moving through the protein.

The O2 released during photosynthesis comes from

H2O

Which of the following best explains why a cell's plasma membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids rather than just a single layer?

Having two oppositely oriented layers of phospholipids allows only the hydrophilic heads to interact with water inside and outside of the cell.

Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle?

How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates?

Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, while fungal cell walls are composed of chitin. A group of scientists hypothesize that this difference means the cell wall has largely different functions in plant cells and fungal cells. Alternatively, another group of scientists hypothesize that despite their biochemical differences, plant and fungal cell walls serve similar functions. Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis described above?

In both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell membrane.

Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation of the mechanism of ATP synthase?

Is the phosphorylation of ADP by ATP synthase dependent on the formation of a proton gradient?

The CFTR protein is made up of 1480 animo acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTR protein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the animo acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the animo acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein?

It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTR

Which part of the amino acid most likely contributes to the hydrophobic behavior of this region of the polypeptide?

Methyl (CH3) group

Based on the molecular structure shown in the figure, Which molecules likely to be solid at room temperature?

Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together.

Which of the following conclusions as most clearly supported by the representations of nucleic acid #1 and nucleic acid #2?

Nucleic acid #1 contains adenine-thymine base Paris, whereas nucleic acid #2 does not.

Describe the structure and function of TWO eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles other than the nucleus.

One structure of a eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle is the mitochondria. The mitochondria is contained in the cytoplasm of a cell and is formed of an outer membrane, an inter membrane, and a matrix. The function of the mitochondria is to create energy, through the Krebs cycle, for the organism in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Another structure of a eukaryotic membrane-bound organelle is vesicles. Vesicles are a sac which is used in transporting materials, such as proteins, to and from one part of a cell to another--like the cell membrane or Golgi apparatus.

Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?

Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires energy.

What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph above?

Photosynthesis produces more oxygen than is consumed by respiration during the day.

Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?

Protein

Researchers have proposed a model of the process by which a newly synthesized protein is transported to the plasma membrane and secreted into the extracellular space. The model is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A model of the intracellular transport of a newly synthesized secreted protein Based on the model, the newly synthesized protein is transported directly from the endoplasmic reticulum to which of the following?

The Golgi complex

The active transport pump used to move sodium ions across the membranes of gill cells in a freshwater fish has each of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

The active transport pump used to move sodium ions across the membranes of gill cells in a freshwater fish has each of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

The pH of a solution determines the charge of certain R groups. The pH of pineapple fruit ranges from 3.5 to 5.2. Predict the effects on the activity of brown lane as it is used in a product with a pH of 11.

The activity of bromelain will decrease. The stems and fruits of pineapple plants, with a pH ranging from 3.5 to 5.3, contain bromelain.

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that can store a biological information based on the sequence of their nucleotide monomers.Figure one shows a short segment of each of the two types of nucleic acids. Which of the following best describes the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

The backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

A spherical bacterial cell has a radius of 3μm. The human egg cell has a radius of 100μm. Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation?

The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio.

Which of the following best describes the effect of a greater number of cysteine amino acids on the stability of the proteins?

The change leads to increased protein stability because of an increased number of S-S bonds in the tertiary structure of the proteins.

The model below shows the structure of a portion of a plasma membrane in an animal cell. Which statement best explains the orientation of the phospholipid molecules in this model?

The hydrophilic phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environments.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in figure 1?

The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction.

Which of the following characteristics of figure one best shows the fragment in RNA and not DNA?

The identity of each nitrogenous base

The figure above shows an organelle typically found in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following best describes the function of the double membrane system of this organelle?

The inner membrane has specialized proteins that create a hydrogen ion concentration gradient between the intermembrane space and the matrix.

Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of approaching?

The interactions of the different R-groups with other R-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of the protein.

Which of the following is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH; the light-independent reactions use energy stored in ATP and NADPH.

According to the data, the mice at 10o C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25o C. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements?

The mice at 10o C had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25oC.

Researchers claimed that a particular organelle originated from a free-living prokaryotic cell that was engulfed by a larger cell, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. A model showing a cell engulfing a smaller cell Which of the following provides evidence to best support the researchers' claim?

The organelle has a double membrane.

Two nutrient solutions are maintained at the same pH. Actively respiring mitochondria are isolated and placed into each of the two solutions. Oxygen gas is bubbled into one solution. The other solution is depleted of available oxygen. Which of the following best explains why ATP production is greater in the tube with oxygen than in the tube without oxygen?

The rate of proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane is lower in the sample without oxygen.

Discuss the role of green plants in transforming the Sun's energy into a form that can ultimately be used by heterotrophs.

The role of green green plants transforms the Sun's energy into a form that can ultimately be used by heterotrophs. This transformation occurs through photosynthesis in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy. This "green" in the plant comes from the chlorophyll. The chlorophyll absorbs the light and breaks down water to produce electrons. In photosystem 2 these electrons get excited and activate the electrons in photosystem 1. Finally, these electrons activate NAD+ which accepts the electrons and goes into the electron transport chain. At the end of these dependent light reactions ATP and NADPH are produced and then undergo the light independent reaction of the Calvin Cycle which fixes CO2 and creates PGAL and glucose with the use of ATP and NADPH. Heterotrophs ultimately eat these plants and gain energy in the form of glucose.

Provide reason to justify your prediction.

The stems and fruits of pineapple plants, with a pH ranging from 3.5 to 5.3, contain bromelain. Since bromelain functions in this acidic environment, the activity of bromelain would decrease in a very basic environment.

Which of the following best describes the structures of carbohydrates?

They occur as monomers, chains of monomers, and branched structures.

Ultraviolet radiation can damage DNA by breaking weak bonds. which of the following best explains how this occurs?

UV radiation disrupts the double helix structure by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs.

The synthesis of a protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct?

Water

Water potential in potato cells was determined in the following manner. The initial masses of six groups of potato cores were measured. The potato cores were placed in sucrose solutions of various molarities. The masses of the cores were measured again after 24 hours. Percent changes in mass were calculated. The results are shown below. Predict what would happen to typical animal cells placed in 0.0 M and 1.0M sucrose solutions, and explain your prediction.

With 0.0 M the typical animal cell would swell. This 0.0 M would put the cell in a sucrose solution which is hypotonic to the cell. The water potential is greater in this 0.0 M solution and would cause the cell to want to move towards equilibrium. The water would diffuse into the cell in order to reach equilibrium causing the cell to swell and increase in mass. The cell in the 1.0 M sucrose solution would shrink. This 1.0 M would put the cell in a sucrose solution which is hypertonic to the cell. The water potential is greater inside the animal sell and would cause the cell to want to move towards equilibrium. The water would diffuse out of the cell in order to reach equilibrium causing the cell to shrink and decrease in mass.

Identify the type of monomer of which this enzyme is composed.

amino acids

The carbon 'that makes up organic molecules in plants is derived directly from

carbon fixed in photosynthesis

The reactions of glycolysis occur in the

cytosol

According to the chemiosmotic theory (chemiosmotic coupling), the energy required to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against a concentration gradient comes most directly from

electrons flowing along the electron transport chain

When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as

facilitated diffusion

What is used to carry the genetic code?

nucleic acids

Proteins- large complex molecules- our major building blocks of all living organisms. Discussed the following in relation to proteins. The chemical composition and levels of structure of proteins.

primary- the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain secondary- local folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms of the backbone (alpha and beta sheets) tertiary- overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide (structure is primarily due to interactions between the R groups of the amino acids that make up the protein) quaternary structure- when subunits (multiple polypeptide chains) come together

During respiration, most ATP is formed as a direct result of the net movement of

protons down a concentration gradient

Which of the following best describes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates?

the addition of a water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers.

When hydrogen ions are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the space between the inner and outer membranes, the result is

the creation of a proton gradient