AP Biology Unit 2 Chapter 19

The beak length of G. fortis ranges from approximately ___ to ___ mm.

8, 12

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?

A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

After his journey on the HMS Beagle, Darwin made this now-famous sketch in his notebook. Which ideas does it represent? Select all that apply

-Species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents. -All species are connected to one another in a "family tree." -All species are linked to one another by common ancestry.

Identify the four postulates of natural selection. Select all that apply.

-Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. -Some trait differences are heritable. -Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. -Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess.

Which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's?

Wallace

joint

arthr-

with or together with

co-

A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that __________.

embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other

same

homo- (or homeo-)

During the same time period, the wing length of cliff swallows killed on the roads generally_____.

increased

In most years where data was collected, the wings of cliff swallows killed on the roads were ____ than the wings of swallows found in the population at large.

longer

A bird with a very long, shallow beak (like a hummingbird) would appear on the graph in the ____.

lower right quadrant

Which of the following is an example of the pattern of evolution?

the fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?

Adaptation

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

Based on beak dimensions, ____ likely eat the largest, hardest seeds.

G. magnirostris

Shorter wings are a(n) ____ in this population. Alleles for shorter wings were ____ in the general population.

adaptation, already present

other

allo-

both, double, two

amphi-

father

pater- (or patr-)

From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos Islands, Darwin reasoned that __________.

organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species

equal

equi-

In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer?

The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers.

Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment?

The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences?

The first and fourth answers are correct.

The data suggest that, over time, ____ resulted in the evolution of shorter wings in the cliff swallow population.

natural selection

foot

pod-

many

poly-

behind

post- (or postero-)

first

prim-

Charles Darwin __________.

proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

first

proto-

Shorter wings allow cliff swallows to take off from the ground more vertically, enabling them to better avoid oncoming cars. As a result, cliff swallows in populations near highways with ____ wings have a survival advantage.

shorter

same

sym-

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?

Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.

chromosomes

-ploid

The mean beak depth of G. magnirostris is about ___ mm

18

During the rainy season, and just as the dry season starts, food is abundant for all finches. However, as the dry season wears on, the seeds they eat become harder to find and competition becomes an important factor in survival. When a serious drought lasting 2.5 years hit Daphne, the only finches that survived were the ones that could find enough food; seeds that they could not split open did not contribute to survival. Heavy mortality in a population means there is strong selection for heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce. For example, G. magnirostris eat large seeds, and G. magnirostris can outcompete all other finches. The Big Birds and G. fortis fight over smaller seeds and water holes, but the Big Birds are dominant to G. fortis because they are almost twice the size of G. fortis. Given what you know about G. fortis, G. magnirostris, and the Big Bird lineage, what do you predict will happen as the drought continues?

(Down from G. fortis to Big Bird) Immediate Effects: -Individuals with large beaks die -Most individuals thrive -Many individuals outcompete smaller birds for large seeds Long-Term Effects: -Beaks become smaller in the population -Beaks remain large in the population -Beaks remain the same size, and the population fills a larger niche, eating a greater variety of seeds

Daphne can be a hard place to live. Because the island is small, resources can be limited. Shifts in population numbers and morphology occurred when G. magnirostris colonized the island, and again when the Big Bird colonized Daphne and bred. Watch the video to see what changes came about after G. magnirostris colonized the island. What would happen if another species came to the island? Given what you know about the birds on Daphne, predict what would happen to the native species with each type of colonizing finch. Assume that the colonizing bird is superior to the native birds at foraging.

(Down from G. fortis to G. scandens) Immediate Consequences: -Native birds with genes for larger beaks starve -Native birds starve Native Population Responds by...: -Getting larger over generations -Getting smaller over generations Long-Term Outcome: -The native species begin to overlap somewhat with Big Birds in morphological space -The native species goes extinct on the island

Each finch species has a distinct beak morphology (shape); that is, they have a distinct length and depth. Together, these two beak dimensions can determine what foods the birds will be able to eat. All finches eat seeds (among other things), but during the dry season, seeds are encased in dry, hard shells. The bigger, stronger muscles associated with larger beaks mean that large-beaked birds can crack open much harder shells to get to the nutritious seeds. The Grants collected the data represented in the graph. Each oval shows the distribution of bird beaks they measured in the population. F represents G. fortis, BB represents the Big Bird lineage, and M represents G. magnirostris. Use the graph to answer the following questions.

(Look at graph)

This graph compares the wing length data collected from cliff swallows that were killed on the roads (blue bars) and from cliff swallows in the general population (maroon bars).Analyze the data in the graph and use it to complete the sentences below. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

(Look at graph)

Which of the following is(are) homologous to the bones in this image? (Look at picture)

(One that is a foot)

The distinct beaks and the musculature that each of the finch species has determines what food they are able to eat. Small-beaked birds eat smaller seeds, and larger-beaked birds eat larger seeds. Is this a product of evolution? Watch the video on feeding in Daphne finches. Based on the video and what you know about natural selection, which of the following must be true if evolution is the explanation for what the Grants have observed over time on Daphne? Select all that apply.

-Beak depth and length must be heritable. -Beak depth and length must affect survival and/or reproduction of birds. -Beak depth and length must show variation among individuals of a single species.

Darwin and Wallace made independent observations in different parts of the world. Which statements are true? Select all that apply.

-Both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time. -Both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties. -Both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species.

Darwin and Wallace independently arrived at the same conclusion that species change over time. Which observations supported their conclusions? Select all that apply.

-The bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon. -Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. -Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. -Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. -Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island. -The fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths Darwin encountered.

Which observations led Darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals?

-The bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils. -The fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live.

Some monkey flowers (Mimulus guttatus) living near the sites of copper mines can grow in soil containing high concentrations of copper, which is toxic to most plants. Copper tolerance is a heritable trait. The map below shows the area near an old copper mine, which contaminated the nearby soil with copper. A stream flows past the mine toward the lake at the bottom right of the map. Use the map to determine which of the statements below are true. Select the three statements that are true.

-The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants. -If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake, you would expect nearly 100% of them to be copper tolerant. -Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant.

A group of researchers gathered data on the number of cliff swallow road kills they observed while driving between nest sites in Nebraska. The data cover a period of about 30 years and date back to the time when cliff swallows first started to nest under highway overpasses. As the graph shows, the number of road kills observed declined sharply over time. The data led the researchers to ask themselves this question: What caused this decline? Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply.

-Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. -The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. -Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.

A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought?

A and E

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.

The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because __________.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Scientific evidence documents the pattern of evolution. The evidence exists in a variety of categories, including direct observation of evolutionary change, the fossil record, homology, and biogeography. Sort the following examples into the correct categories. Drag each phrase to the appropriate bin.

Direct observation of evolutionary change: -development of drug resistance in bacteria fossil record: -discovery of shells of extinct species -discovery of transitional forms of horses homology: -similarities in mammalian forelimbs -vestigial pelvis in right whales -same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants biogeography: -the high concentration of marsupial species in Australia -similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species

Big Birds likely eat seeds that are larger than the seeds that ____ eat and smaller than the seeds that ____ eat.

G. fortis, G. magnirostris

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?

Heritability

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection?

Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection?

Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits.

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?

Large hen, large rooster

What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand?

Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals.

When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species?

Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time.

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype?

No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.

A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population?

The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.

Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin __________.

The second and fourth answers are correct

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.

As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution?

The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other.

True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.

True

An adaptation is __________.

a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

The island fox, Urocyon littoralis, is endemic to the Channel Islands, which are located off the coast of southern California. Six of the eight Channel Islands support fox populations, and each of these islands is home to a distinct subspecies, as shown in the table below. (Look at table) The island fox shares a common ancestor with the gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, which is found on the mainland. Both species have similar coloration and a diploid chromosome number of 66. One structural difference between the two species is the reduced size of the island fox, a feature known as dwarfism. The various island subspecies also differ from each other in size, number of tail vertebrae, and other characteristics. The phylogenetic tree below shows the evolutionary relationships between the island fox subspecies and the gray fox. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the tree. First, drag the blue labels onto the blue targets to identify the common ancestors at the branch points. Next, drag one white label onto the white target to identify the homologous characteristic. Then, drag one pink label onto the pink target to identify the relationship between the two species.

a) Ancestor of gray foxes and island foxes b) Ancestor of Santa Rosa and San Miguel foxes c) Dwarfism d) Ancestor of northern Channel Island foxes e) Most closely related f) Ancestor of southern Channel Island foxes g) Ancestor of island foxes h) Ancestor of Santa Catalina and San Clemente foxes

To test their hypotheses, the researchers examined the data they collected during the period of study.Using the information available to them, they assessed whether the population sizes of cliff swallows and potential scavengers living near highways had changed over time.They determined how traffic patterns on these roads had changed over time.They also measured the bodies of cliff swallows that had been killed on the roads and compared their features to the features of cliff swallows in the general population.The table below summarizes the researchers' findings. Drag the blue labels onto the table to identify the data that is relevant to each hypothesis. Then use the pink labels to indicate whether each hypothesis is supported or not supported by the data.

a) The wing shapes of swallows killed on roads differ from those of the general population b) Yes (Additional data may be needed) c) The total number of cliff swallow nests near roads increased during this time d) No (Probably not a factor) e) Avian scavengers did not increase during this time, and terrestrial scavengers probably did not increase f) No (Probably not a factor) g) Car traffic stayed the same or increased during this time h) No (Probably not a factor)

From 1984 to 2012, the wing length of cliff swallows in the general population generally ____.

decreased

In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?

encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development

true, good

eu-

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.

flipper