ap cogo mexico
How many people work for the federal bureaucracy?
1.5 million
_______ senators total
128
Independence was gained in _______ but what happened as a result?
1821, 36 people had power over years, disorganized, lost half of territory
_______ are elected by proportional representation
200
Chamber of Deputies are elected for ______ years.
3
____ senators from the Federal District
3
_________senators from each state
3
_______ are elected by simple majority vote
300
_________ senators elected nationally by _________
32, proportional representation
The Porfiriato dictatorship lasted _______ years.
34
_______ members of Chamber of Deputies
500
The president, governors, and senators are elected for ______ years, referred to as the _____________.
6, sexenio
What challenges did President Fox face?
9/11 increasing border security, losing domestic and international policy priorities
Workers/unions:
Cardenas encouraged workers to form unions
What was the bargain he offered?
Contenders for power accommodate interests in expectation that without political violence, ensuring nonviolent conflict
In 1929, Plutarco Elias Calles brought together many of the most powerful contenders for leadership to create a political party. What is the name of that party? ___________________________________
Institutional Revolutionary Party
How does Mexico's modern history compare to Russia and China's modern history?
It is becoming more and more democratic while moving away from being a corporatist state.
What will Pena Nieto's reform allow?
Less reliance on oil prices, more robust economy
How have smaller political parties been hampered from competing in elections?
Mexican law requires 2.5 perfect of the vote to compete in future elections
What happened when international petroleum prices fell?
Mexico couldn't pay for interest on foreign debt
Briefly summarize Mexico's current status and challenges.
Mexico is unique among developing countries in that it has managed to institutionalize and maintain civilian political authority for a long time. Challenges: inequalities in wealth distribution, drug cartels, poverty, integration w/North American neighbors
What happened for the first time in modern Mexican history... in 1997?
PRI lost majority in Chamber of Deputies
Describe the difference between policymaking until 1997 and since then.
PRI majority, so rubber stamp. Now, active and block, force negotiation
Until the 1990's, who did the incumbent president always select?
PRI's next presidential candidate
Which institution's power was severely limited? _______________________
Roman Catholic Church
Which country ruled Mexico for three centuries?
Spain
There are both federal and state courts in Mexico. The federal system is composed of the __________________
Supreme Court
Summarize the environmental challenges...
There are a lot of air pollution, chemical pollution, and deforestation issues.
"El Chapo" has since escaped...How might this affect the citizens' view of the Mexican government?
They probably view the Mexican gov't as ineffective and weak
define caudillos
a military/political leader in a spanish-speaking region
The Mexican Constitution of 1917 was forged out of the diverse and often conflicting interests of the various factions that arose during the 1910 Revolution. Identify key social and economic rights
agrarian reform, social security, right to organize in unions, minimum wage, eight-hour workday, profit sharing, universal secular education, adult male suffrage
The circuit courts take cases on ______________ and district courts, where cases _________________________
appeal, enter the system
What happened to the PRI's presidential candidate in March of 1994?
assassinated
What are maquiladoras and what effect have they had on Mexico's migration pattern?
assembly industries, migration issues with people flocking to north.
What role did each of the following play in the 1910 Revolution? Francisco Madero:
beat diaz in the promised open election
Once elected, the president moves quickly to name a _____________________.
cabinet
Why is a career in government attractive to young professionals?
challenge of dealing with important problems everyday
Describe the reforms made by President Calderon (PAN).
changed how political campaigns were financed, raised corporate taxes
Pancho Villa:
combined military with banditry, looting, warlordism
Define NAFTA
committed Mexico, US, and Canada to eliminate trade barriers between them
Describe the parastatal sector in Mexico and give examples.
consists of the semiautonomous and autonomous gov't agencies Examples: PEMEX - state owned petroleum company NAFIN - state investment corporation CONASUPO - importation and purchase of country's basic food supplies
Summarize the implications of the economic crisis that followed.
convinced believers that import substitution created inefficiencies in productions, power of privileged interest groups declined
Why were the economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s considered a turning point for Mexico?
country's future development would be tied to international economic conditions
What changes were made as a result?
deregulation. NAFTA put in place
How has President Enrique Pena Nieto differed from his PRI predecessors who were president?
directed global attention to Mexico's economic potential rather than its issues w/drug cartels, asserted federal control over law enforcement operations in Michoacan
In terms of subnational government, how is Mexico quite different from what is described in the constitution?
each state has constitution, executive, unicameral legislature, and judiciary,municipalitites governed by elected mayors and councils
Define clientelism
exchange relationships that became the cement building loyalty to PRI and political syste,
in 2000?
first non-PRI president in seven decades
Describe each of the following political parties. The PRI:
founders said preferable to work out conflicts with compromise and not violence. generate support for gov, organize electorate to vote, distribute jobs and resources in return for loyalty
What impact has Mexico's involvement in GATT/WTO and NAFTA had on its economy and government?
gov effort to be more outward-oriented, gradual implementation of exports, access to US market. econ more vulnerable to US's
Explain how ISI eventually limited the potential for further growth and created new problems - give specific examples.
government protected products through high tariffs or special licensing requirement, limiting imports of competing goods.
Describe the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN).
guerrilla movement
Describe the rule of Porfirio Diaz, including the role of the cientificos.
highly authoritarian system to create political order and econ progress, relying on cientificos to adopt tech. group monopolized political power and opportunities closed off for new generations.
Emilio Zapata:
his manifesto, Plan de Ayala became cornerstone of reform part of Constitution of 1917
How did presidents Madrid and Salinas respond to Mexico's economic crisis?
implementing new policies to limit government role in economy and reduce barriers to international trade
What are the powers of the Mexican president? Formal?
initiate legislation, lead foreign policy, create gov agencies, make policy by decree or thru admin regulations and procedures, appoint range of public officials
How has the military been used by the government in the past and in recent years? Give examples.
institutional representation with PRI ended, subordinate to civilian control. increased involvement in efforts to combat drug trafficking and resolve domestic conflicts. managed Mexico City Police in 1997
Define Corporatist State:
interest groups institutionalized part of state structure rather than independent source of advocacy.
How did Calles and Cardenas lay the groundwork for civilian rule of the military?
introduced rotating regional military commands
Why was it welcomed by many?
it brought sustained stability to the country
What did they demand?
land, democracy, indigenous rights, repeal of NAFTA
Describe each of the following in regard to the rule of Lazaro Cardenas: Ejidos/peasants:
lands distributed to peasants in ejidos after revolution
Describe Mexico's civil society:
local community organizations, religious activities, unions, public interest groups
Under the PRI, presidents were always ____________ and almost always members of the president's _____________________________________.
male, cabinet
Informal?
manages filling positions in gov and initiate legislation and policies
Define the following and identify the % break-down of the population. Mestizo
mixed white, indigenous, and sometimes African descent, 60%
Compare the Mexican system to the United States. How are they similar? Different?
more amendable, guarantees wide range of human rights, more centralized.
In what ways has representation in Congress become more diverse since the end of the 1980's?
more parties represented, women
How does the Mexican economy compare to many of its Latin American neighbors?
more vulnerable
What type of party system does Mexico have? (it's not mentioned in the reading, you have to figure it out)
multiparty
What has been the biggest change in regard to the relationship between the executive and the legislature?
no longer rubber stamp, must negotiate with executive
Describe the differences between the northern areas and the southern/central areas.
north better off than south and central. north has large farms with modern tech, industrial cities, maquiladoras. south and central have dense population, poor land, more ejidatarios
By the 1970's _______________ was discovered in the Gulf of Mexico.
oil
Between 1978 and 1982, Mexico became a major _________________________.
oil exporter
Identify key natural resources:
oil, silver
What requirement limited the power of foreign investors?
only Mexicans could own land or rights to water and other resources
Identify the electoral reforms that made it easier for opposition parties to contest elections and win seats in the legislature.
opposition parties contest elections and win seats in legislature
Gradually, the PRI developed a huge ________________________________ characterized by what?
patronage machine, extensive chains of personal relationships based on exchange of favors
Organizations added to PRI party:
peasants, workers, middle class, and military added to official party
Indigenous Groups
people of amerindian heritage, 6%
What happened to petroleum prices in the early 1980's and what effect did it have on Mexico?
plunged, Mexico in economic crisis
The PRD:
populist, nationalist, leftist alternative to PRI.
How did ISI have initial success?
produced simple products and consumer durables, intermediate goods, capital goods
Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI):
promote development of industries to supply domestic market by encouraging domestic and international investment
Describe the major changes made to the judiciary in 2008.
public trials with oral testimony, presumption of innocence
Describe the role of the Mexican state in each of the following: State capitalism:
relied heavily on government actions to encourage private investment and reduce risks for private entrepreneurs
The PAN:
represents interests opposed to centralization and anticlericalism, founders believed country needed more than one strong political party, endorsed autonomy, less gov intervention with Catholic Church
In the early 1970s, Mexico faced the threat of social crisis brought on by which factors?
rural poverty, chaotic urbanization, high population on growth, and questioning of political legitimacy
What did they do in January of 1994?
seized four towns in Chiapas
Congress is composed of the ________________ and the ______________________________.
senate, chamber of deputies
Define Civil Society:
space occupied by voluntary associations outside the state
What is the constitutional norm that Mexican presidents must abide by?
step down at end of 6 year term and remove selves from political limelight
The Constitution did not provide ________________ for women.
suffrage
What did the arrest of Joaquin Guzman symbolize?
the reign of the Mexican cartels may finally be coming to an end
Petroleum Industry:
under government control
How did it affect Mexico?
uninterrupted rule of Institutional Rev Party in national politics
Summarize the time period in Mexico between 1833 and 1855.
very volatile, 36 presidential administrations in total. Mex-Amer War in 1848 gave land in treaty.
How did the PRI build legitimacy and maintain control for so many years?
was essential channel that goods, jobs, land distribution, and allocation of projects flowed
Define amparo
writ of protection if rights violated by government actions or laws
Oil accounted for almost ________ of the country's exports, causing the economy to be extremely _________________ to changes in oil prices.
⅘, vulnerable