AP COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT- QUESTIONS 46-55 KEY, :AP Comparative Unit 3
Which of the following describes civil society in Russia and Iran?
Civil society groups in Russia and Iran are either prohibited or severely limited
Followers of both socialism and communism are most likely to favor which of the following policy programs?
The reduction of economic inequality
an increase in the median age
Which of the following has been an important consequence of the one-child family policy for Chinese society
it has given some latitude to ethnic minorities in such matters as population control and language
Which of the following is a true statement about the Chinese government's approach to ethnic minorities?
In the 20th century, the greatest social cleavage manifested in British politics was
class
Cleavages that split a society into different groups with regard to different issues are referred to as
crosscutting
The UK has used a referendum in the past 10 years to
decide whether to leave the European Union
Which of the following statements best characterizes the state of civil society in Russia?
it is weak in comparison with civil society in European democracies
The two largest ethnic groups in Mexico are
mestizo and indigenous
The process by which basic political attitudes and beliefs are developed is known as
political socialization
Emphasizing values such as gender equality and environmental protection rather than concern with traditional economic priorities is known as
postmaterialism
Political culture is best defined as the
prevailing attitudes in a society toward government, authority, and participation
The most persistent political challenge facing Nigeria since independence has been
regional and ethno-religious cleavages
Developing countries with multiple political parties most often divide along which of the following lines of cleavage?
religion and ethnicity
the political culture of a nation is best defined as the
underlying attitudes and predispositions of citizens toward the political system
Which of the following is an important cleavage common to both Mexico and China?
urban and rural populations
Civil societies require which of the following?
voluntary associations
Which of the following is an accurate description of a hybrid regime?
it holds regular elections for public offices
In the twentieth century, the greatest social cleavage manifested in British politics was (a) class (b) gender (c) religion (d) urban versus rural (e) native versus immigrant
(a) class
Which of the following statements accurately describes the effects of political cleavages in two AP course countries? (a) The United Kingdom and Iran, both being upitary states, do not have substantial political cleavages (b) Nigerian and Russian governments both grapple with a Christian-Muslim cleavage that has led to acts of political violence in both countries (c) Mexico and the United Kingdom both have substantial and violent east-west cleavages that warrant immediate political solutions (d) Russia and Iran, both being ethnically and religiously homogeneous, do not suffer from any notable political cleavages
(b) Nigerian and Russian governments both grapple with a Christian-Muslim cleavage that has led to acts of political violence in both countries
A pluralist interest group system is best characterized by (a) high levels of control by business elites in policymaking (b) competition among multiple associational groups (c) negotiations among groups with government support (d) a system wherein only the interests of the government are considered (e) the inclusion of only a few corporations during the public policymaking process
(b) competition among multiple associational groups
In which of the following pairs of countries does the press enjoy the greatest freedom? (a) China and GB (b) China and Iran (c) GB and Nigeria (d) Iran and Nigeria
(c) Gb and Nigeria
One of the chief criticisms of corporatism is that it (a) encourages labor unrest (b) creates too many groups (c) often limits representative processes (d) involves too little government participation (e) involves too little interest group participation
(c) often limits representative processes
Which of the following is a core principle of the present-day Islamist regime in Iran? (a) Promotion of social justice through class struggle (b) Violent conflict with the West to promote religious conversions (c) Closer connection of Islam with its pre-Islamic Persian identity (d) Accommodation of Islam to a constitutional framework (e) Nonmembership in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) because of non-Muslim OPEC members
(d) Accommodation of Islam to a constitutional framework
Which of the following is NOT a common form of corruption in China? (a) Tax evasion (b) Bribing police (c) Illegal profiteering (d) Ballot-counting fraud in national elections (e) Fee extortion by Communist Party officials
(d) Ballot-counting fraud in national elections
Which of the following groups of countries all have code-law systems? (a) Great Britain, Nigeria, Iran (b) Great Britain, Russia, Nigeria (c) China, Mexico, Iran (d) China, Russia, Mexico (e) Russia, Mexico, Great Britain
(d) China, Russia, Mexico
Which of the following concepts most accurately characterizes Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)? (a) Pluralist (b) Socialist (c) Capitalist (d) Corporatist (e) Internationalist
(d) Corporatist
In which of the following groups of countries has Islam served as a key symbol for regional political movements? (a) Great Britain, China, Nigeria (b) Mexico, Russia, Iran (c) Nigeria, Great Britain, Iran (d) Nigeria, Russia, China (e) Russia, Mexico, China
(d) Nigeria, Russia, China
The most persistent political challenge facing Nigeria since independence has been (a) the border disagreements (b) the weakness of its military (c) ideologically driven insurgencies (d) regional and ethno- religious cleavages
(d) regional and ethno- religious cleavages
The most persistent political challenge facing Nigeria since independence has been (a) border disagreements (b) the weakness of its military (c) ideologically driven insurgencies (d) regional and ethno-religious cleavages (e) its lack of resources and foreign exchange
(d) regional and ethno-religious cleavages
Cleavages that split a society into different groups with regard to different issues are referred to as (a) stabilizing (b) coinciding (c) corporatist (d) subordinate (e) crosscutting
(e) crosscutting
Which of the following statements best characterizes Nigerian society? (a) religious homogeneity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity (b) religious homogeneity, ethnic homogeneity, linguistic homogeneity (c) religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity (d) religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic homogeneity
.(c) religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity
An illiberal democracy is also known as which of the following?
A competitive authoritarian regime
Which of the following best explains why regional identities have led to independence movements in the UK but not in Mexico
A history of the regions' existence as separate states in the UK
Which of the following indicates a major difference in how political culture affects institutions? A) In Iran, the 1979 revolution led to a theocratic system, whereas in the United Kingdom, a history of limited government has led to a democratic system. B) In Russia, a high level of political trust has led to a dominant party system, whereas in Mexico, educated voters are more likely to have high levels of political efficacy. C) In Nigeria, religious cleavages have impeded democracy, whereas in China, economic development has been aided by a communist past. D) In Mexico, charismatic rulers have obtained power through religious tradition, whereas in Nigeria, a history of wars with neighboring countries has led to military dictatorship.
A) In Iran, the 1979 revolution led to a theocratic system, whereas in the United Kingdom, a history of limited government has led to a democratic system.
Which of the following statements accurately describes politically relevant cleavages in two countries? A) In Mexico, there are ethnic divisions between the Amerindian population and whites and mestizos, while in Russia there are divisions between the ethnic Russian population and minority groups such as the Chechens in the Caucasus region. B) In China, the majority of the population is ethnically Uighur, while in the United Kingdom ethnic differences exist between the English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish. C) In Iran, religious differences exist between the majority Sunni and minority Shia, while in Nigeria regional differences between the East and the West exist. D) In Iran, ethnic cleavages exist between Kurds and Azerbaijanis and the majority Persians, while in China, the eastern region is predominantly Muslim while the northern region is predominantly Buddhist.
A) In Mexico, there are ethnic divisions between the Amerindian population and whites and mestizos, while in Russia there are divisions between the ethnic Russian population and minority groups such as the Chechens in the Caucasus region.
Which of the following best explains why Nigeria's turnout is much lower than that of the other countries? A) In addition to logistical issues, Nigerians lack faith in the political system and are not encouraged to vote. B) Nigerians have high levels of efficacy and do not believe it is necessary to vote in presidential elections. C) International oil and gas companies paid millions of dollars to Nigerians so they would not vote in elections. D) Nigeria's Boko Haram insurgency prevented many Nigerians from voting in the 2015 election, especially in large cities.
A) In addition to logistical issues, Nigerians lack faith in the political system and are not encouraged to vote.
government restrictions on the development of civil society
Although Russia is no longer a communist state, one feature it shares which communist China is:
Which of the following accurately compares neoliberalism and communism? A) Neoliberalism is the belief that free enterprise is the best solution for economic growth, and communism is the belief that private property should be abolished. B) Neoliberalism is the belief that subsidies are beneficial for state economies, and communism is in part the belief in the nationalization of major private industries. C) Neoliberalism is the belief of individual civil liberties over government restrictions, and communism is the belief that supports the interests of common people over those of the elites. D) Neoliberalism is the belief that privatization is best for the economy, and communism is the belief that major economic disparities are vital to a thriving economic system.
A) Neoliberalism is the belief that free enterprise is the best solution for economic growth, and communism is the belief that private property should be abolished.
Which of the following best explains the large difference between positive assessments of personal living conditions and positive assessments of the economy as shown by the data? A) People may sense that their personal economic and living conditions are improving but still see corruption, lack of infrastructure, and income inequality as major national issues. B) People believe that the economy has improved much more than their personal living conditions have but hope that individual conditions quickly match improved national economic conditions. C) Positive economic growth has improved assessments of both personal living conditions and the country's economy, and now a majority of people have positive economic assessments of the country. D) The elimination of corruption among government officials and judges has had a positive impact on people's assessments of their personal living conditions and the country's economy.
A) People may sense that their personal economic and living conditions are improving but still see corruption, lack of infrastructure, and income inequality as major national issues.
Which of the following accurately compares populism and fascism? A) Populism is the belief in the rights of the common people over those of the elites, while fascism is the belief in the rights of the ethnic majority over those of ethnic minorities. B) Populism is a nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule, while fascism is an ideology that supports the reduction of income disparities. C) Populism is in part the belief in the abolition of private property, while fascism is in part the belief in privatization to encourage economic growth. D) Populism supports the rights and interests of individuals, while fascism supports the rights of political parties and the political opposition.
A) Populism is the belief in the rights of the common people over those of the elites, while fascism is the belief in the rights of the ethnic majority over those of ethnic minorities.
Which of the following best explains why Russia puts limits on civil society organizations with foreign sponsorship? A) Russian leaders are concerned that a vibrant civil society would promote democratization and liberalism by promoting organization and participation. B) Russian leaders are concerned that foreign powers might use civil society organizations as large-scale tools of espionage. C) Russian leaders are concerned that foreign corporations might slow the economic growth of Russia and weaken domestic productivity. D) Russian leaders are concerned that contact with foreigners may accelerate Russia's "brain drain."
A) Russian leaders are concerned that a vibrant civil society would promote democratization and liberalism by promoting organization and participation.
Which of the following best describes the author's perspective? A) The Russian media lacks the independence it needs to hold President Putin accountable. B) International organizations are influential in setting the Russian news agenda. C) Russian television stations are privately controlled and mostly anti-Putin. D) Oligarchs still own more media outlets than the government.
A) The Russian media lacks the independence it needs to hold President Putin accountable.
Which of the following best explains why, despite the intervention of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), there are still problems with strengthening civil society in Nigeria? A) The country is large, and there are multiple societal cleavages and divisions. B) Most NGOs are funded by oil money, and resources have diminished since 2000. C) The media, which is controlled by the government, discourages people from joining organizations. D) Joining nongovernmental organizations goes against the culture of Nigerians, especially in the south.
A) The country is large, and there are multiple societal cleavages and divisions.
Which of the following is an implication of the data in the map? A) When the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, Scotland may decide to hold a referendum to leave the United Kingdom because many Scottish people are pro-European Union. B) Since all Scottish people wish to remain in the European Union, Scottish members of parliament will automatically reject any bills that promote the United Kingdom leaving the European Union. C) Scotland will remain in the European Union after the United Kingdom leaves, which will be complicated by issues surrounding the flow of goods across borders. D) Many Scottish people who wish to leave the European Union may decide to move to England, while those people who prefer to remain in the European Union will stay in Scotland.
A) When the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, Scotland may decide to hold a referendum to leave the United Kingdom because many Scottish people are pro-European Union.
National People's Congress
According to the Chinese constitution, formal power of governing rests with the:
(graph) Which of the following best explains the level of turnout in an AP Comparative Government and Politics course country?
Although turnout in Russian presidential elections is relatively high, documented cases of voter fraud make the numbers suspect
Which of the following accurately compares civil liberties in authoritarian and democratic regimes?
Authoritarian regimes limit citizen control of the media, while in democratic regimes media is largely in the hands of private citizens
Which of the following best explains the level of turnout in an AP Comparative Government and Politics course country? A) Turnout in Iranian presidential elections is generally low because it is an authoritarian regime. B) Although turnout in Russian presidential elections is relatively high, documented cases of voter fraud make the numbers suspect. C) Turnout in Nigerian presidential elections has increased significantly due to a campaign to stop corruption. D) Turnout in Mexican presidential elections has been significantly increasing over time because the government has a high level of legitimacy.
B) Although turnout in Russian presidential elections is relatively high, documented cases of voter fraud make the numbers suspect.
Which of the following best describes civil society? A) Bureaucrats implementing their policy objectives B) Individuals organizing and expressing their interests C) Individuals making their interests known through voting D) Legislators meeting in small groups and discussing specific policy objectives E) The head of state appointing a group of individuals to investigate policy outcomes
B) Individuals organizing and expressing their interests
Which of the following accurately compares political ideologies? A) Communism is a nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the right of an ethnic majority to rule over a nation-state. B) Neoliberalism is the belief in limited governmental intervention in the economy and society, supports privatization, free trade and deregulation. C) Individualism is the philosophy that supports the voice of the common people over that of elites. D) Populism is the belief in the abolition of private property in order to achieve an elimination of economic classes in society.
B) Neoliberalism is the belief in limited governmental intervention in the economy and society, supports privatization, free trade and deregulation.
Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from the data about personal living conditions in Nigeria? A) Nigerians' perceptions of improvement in their personal living conditions were caused by the elimination of corruption among government officials. B) Nigerians' perceptions of improvement in their personal living conditions were caused by actual improvements due in part to the democratization process. C) Nigerians' perceptions of improvement in their personal living conditions were caused by the reinstatement of a military government that brought stability and order. D) Nigerians' perceptions of improvement in their personal living conditions were caused by the major reduction of income inequality among poorer citizens.
B) Nigerians' perceptions of improvement in their personal living conditions were caused by actual improvements due in part to the democratization process.
Which of the following explains how corruption influences the media in Nigeria? A) The Nigerian government only allows international organizations to cover stories that the government deems appropriate. B) Some journalists are paid to write positive stories about government officials or to stop negatives stories from being published. C) There is only one state newspaper, and people have to bribe the editors to get stories published in it. D) The Nigerian government heavily censors the Internet and removes all negative stories about the president.
B) Some journalists are paid to write positive stories about government officials or to stop negatives stories from being published.
According to the passage, which of the following describes a way that the Putin government influences independent outlets? A) The Russian government often supports independent outlets by giving them cable services and access to print shops. B) The Russian government imposes fines and penalties for not covering controversial subjects correctly. C) The Russian government removes restrictive laws so that independent outlets have more local authority to report news. D) The Russian government strategizes with independent television media sources to create mutually beneficial news stories.
B) The Russian government imposes fines and penalties for not covering controversial subjects correctly.
emphasize investment in heavy industry
Before the 1980s, China used five-year economic plans primarily to:
deploying troops to quell demonstrations and protests for greater ethnic autonomy
Both Russia and China have responded to ethnic political movements that seemed to threaten national integration by:
Which of the following do Great Britain and Nigeria have in common?
Both countries have ethnic diversity and strong regional identities
Which of the following is an accurate description of why Great Britain's conflict in Northern Ireland has diminished since 1998?
Britain supported a power-sharing agreement between Protestants and Roman Catholic leaders in Norther Ireland.
Which of the following accurately compares the nature of social cleavages in both Nigeria and Mexico? A) Both countries have a Christian majority and a significant Muslim minority. B) Both countries have a homogeneous population with few ethnic minorities. C) Both countries feature regional differences divided along socioeconomic lines. D) Both countries have Zoroastrians as a religious minority.
C) Both countries feature regional differences divided along socioeconomic lines.
Which of the following statements most accurately explains socialization in two course countries? A) In China, the independent media has a strong impact on citizens' socialization, which has resulted in a one-party system, while in Nigeria, the media has had less of an impact on citizens' socialization, which has resulted in a democratic system. B) In Mexico, the Catholic Church has fostered democratic attitudes among citizens, which has led to a multiparty system, while in Russia the Orthodox Church has supported authoritarian attitudes, which has led to a dominant-party system. C) In Iran, Islam plays an important role in citizens' socialization, which has led to the election of conservative candidates, while in the United Kingdom the Anglican Church plays little role in citizens' socialization and choice of political candidates. D) In Russia, nongovernmental organizations have shaped citizens' political attitudes, which has led to an increase in liberal candidates, while in Nigeria nongovernmental organizations have played an active role in citizen socialization, which has led to an increase in military dictators.
C) In Iran, Islam plays an important role in citizens' socialization, which has led to the election of conservative candidates, while in the United Kingdom the Anglican Church plays little role in citizens' socialization and choice of political candidates.
Which of the following best describes the author's claim in the passage? A) The editors-in-chief of the major media outlets meet frequently with one another to decide what stories to cover. B) The Russian media frequently manipulate documents and news stories that Putin officials submit to them. C) Members of the Putin administration decide what foreign and domestic policies will be covered by the media. D) Putin learned from the mistakes of Yeltsin and allowed the media to be owned by oligarchs rather than the government.
C) Members of the Putin administration decide what foreign and domestic policies will be covered by the media.
Which of the following is an implication of the data in the map? A) Scotland will likely see a big boom in tourism after the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, because European tourists will travel to Scotland rather than England. B) Scotland has already formed several bilateral trade agreements with most European countries that are separate from the United Kingdom in an effort to promote independent trade. C) Most Scottish people prefer to remain in the European Union, and the government will most likely work to maintain the free movement of goods and services to Europe. D) Scotland will become completely sovereign when the United Kingdom leaves the European Union and must develop several new institutions.
C) Most Scottish people prefer to remain in the European Union, and the government will most likely work to maintain the free movement of goods and services to Europe.
Which of the following refers to a vote by the public on a particular policy issue? A) Suffrage B) Straw poll C) Referendum D) Representation E) Vote of no confidence
C) Referendum
Which of the following describes politically relevant cleavages in two AP Comparative Government and Politics course countries? A) China has a Uighur ethnic majority and several ethnic minorities, and Iran has a Sunni Muslim majority and several ethnic minorities. B) Mexico has a Catholic majority with a large Protestant minority, and Nigeria has a large Christian majority with very few other religious minorities. C) Russia has an ethnic cleavage consisting of a majority of ethnic Russians and a non-Russian population, and the United Kingdom has ethnic differences between people in different regions. D) China has regional differences such as Tibetans in the southwest, and Mexico has regional differences between the east and west.
C) Russia has an ethnic cleavage consisting of a majority of ethnic Russians and a non-Russian population, and the United Kingdom has ethnic differences between people in different regions.
Civil societies require which of the following? A) The existence of a written constitution B) Elections on a set cycle C) Voluntary associations D) Civilian control of the military E) Agrarian reform
C) Voluntary associations
Although Russia is no longer a communist state, one feature it shares with communist China is A) continued opposition to the growth of capitalism B) an unwillingness to become involved with international organizations like the World Trade Organization C) government restrictions on the development of civil society D) a lack of political parties E) a majority of the economy is devoted to heavy industry
C) government restrictions on the development of civil society
Many consider the existence of an active civil society to be supportive of and even necessary for democratization because A) groups within civil society promote the rights of the majority B) groups in civil society tend to avoid political positions C) within civil society people learn to express interests and negotiate with others to achieve common goals D) civil society tends to create conditions of alienation, atomization, and opposition to authority E) organizations in civil society tend to be revolutionary and thus will undermine an undemocratic regime
C) within civil society people learn to express interests and negotiate with others to achieve common goals
49. Health care, pensions, unemployment insurance, and direct economic assistance to those in need are (A) impossible to study comparatively because of international diversity (B) basic values of new social movements (C) examples of provision of public policies (D) common features of unofficial patron-client networks (E) widely seen as being absent under the Soviet style of socialism
C. examples of provision of public policies
Which of the following practices is more common in authoritarian political systems than in democratic political systems?
Censorship of citizens' use of the internet and social media
In which of the following pairs of countries does the government exercise significant state control of the media?
China and Russia
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the treatment of ethnic minorities in China?
China officially protects the use of minority languages by approved minority groups.
mixed, authoritarian
China's current economic and political systems can best be described as which of the following
the importance of secrecy in the Chinese Communist Party
China's management of public policy crises is best characterized by:
representatives to the local People's Congress
Chinese citizens participate in politics by voting in elections for:
was more coherent and pragmatic in dealing with economic issues
Chinese modernization has been relatively more stable than that of Russia, because the Chinese leadership
Which of the following best describes the role of civil society organizations in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course countries?
Civil society organizations vary in their ability to expose government corruptions
Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from the data about economic conditions in Nigeria? A) There has been much positive growth in perceptions of economic conditions in Nigeria due to nationalization of the oil industry. B) There has been much positive growth in perceptions of economic conditions in Nigeria due to new redistribution policies that give oil money back to the people. C) There has been some positive growth in perceptions of economic conditions in Nigeria due to a new governmental policy of jobs for all. D) A majority of people do not see economic conditions as very good, partly because corruption is still rampant and economic growth is weak.
D) A majority of people do not see economic conditions as very good, partly because corruption is still rampant and economic growth is weak.
Which of the following is an implication of the data in the map? A) Policy makers in Northern Ireland and Scotland have begun working together to establish a trade agreement with the European Union that is independent of British trade agreements. B) After leaving the European Union, the United Kingdom will renegotiate most devolution arrangements with Scotland, including education policies. C) Government officials will need to figure out how to regain sovereignty after the United Kingdom leaves the European Union and will have to reestablish several governmental institutions. D) As the idea of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union becomes a reality, Scottish lawmakers must figure out how to keep their constituents happy while also being part of the United Kingdom.
D) As the idea of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union becomes a reality, Scottish lawmakers must figure out how to keep their constituents happy while also being part of the United Kingdom.
Which of the following correctly compares agents of socialization within China and Iran? A) Both regimes are led by charismatic religious leaders, who use religion to socialize citizens, resulting in an increase in citizens' support of government. B) Both countries have free and independent media, which officials use to bolster support and influence citizens' beliefs and behaviors. C) Both countries have extensive civic organizations, which have led to increased citizen involvement in policy making at the national level. D) Both regimes apply pressure to socialize their citizens around conforming beliefs, which results in legitimization of their rule.
D) Both regimes apply pressure to socialize their citizens around conforming beliefs, which results in legitimization of their rule.
Which of the following statements best demonstrates that a healthy civil society exists in the United Kingdom? A) Groups promoting hate speech or intolerance have been permanently banned. B) The House of Commons often passes laws that protect various minority groups. C) The history of gradualism in the United Kingdom permits changes to the class structure to occur very slowly. D) Freedom of assembly allows groups to express their discontent with the government by protesting.
D) Freedom of assembly allows groups to express their discontent with the government by protesting.
Political participation in authoritarian regimes differs from that in democratic regimes in which of the following ways? A) Voluntary political participation does not occur in authoritarian regimes and does occur in democratic regimes. B) There are no avenues for political participation in authoritarian regimes and there are in democratic regimes. C) Authoritarian regimes do not respond to citizen participation while democratic regimes do respond. D) State organized participation is more likely to occur in authoritarian regimes than in democratic regimes. E) Grassroots political participation does not occur in authoritarian regimes but does occur in democratic regimes.
D) State organized participation is more likely to occur in authoritarian regimes than in democratic regimes.
Citizens of nondemocratic regimes may be allowed to participate in elections in order to A) prepare the country for a transition to democracy B) allow voters a choice between candidates and/or parties C) assess the state of public opinion D) provide legitimacy to the ruling regime E) give opposition parties the opportunity to form
D) provide legitimacy to the ruling regime
47. The nature of the social and political cleavages in China and Russia are different because in China (A) there are 'no significant ethnic cleavages or conflicts, while in Russiaterm-9 ethnicity is a central cleavage (B) regional differences have not led to secessionist movements, while in Russia this is a major source of upheaval (C) the government-has managed to maintain the gap between rich and poor close to premarket reform levels, while in Russia inequality has grown enormously (D) the Communist Party is still one important and stable channel of upward mobility, while in Russia it is not (E) there is no system of public education after primary school, while in Russia education is free through the university level for anyone who can pass the tests
D. ) the Communist Party is still one important and stable channel of upward mobility, while in Russia it is not
51. Political participation in authoritarian regimes differs from that in democratic regimes in which of the following ways? (A) Voluntary political participation does not occur in authoritarian regimes and does occur in democratic regimes. (B) There are no avenues for political participation in authoritarian regimes and there are in democratic regimes. (C) Authoritarian regimes do not respond to citizen participation while democratic regimes do respond. (D) State organized participation is more likely to occur in authoritarian regimes than in democratic regimes. (E) Grassroots political participation does not occur in authoritarian regimes but does occur in democratic regimes.
D. State organized participation is more likely to occur in authoritarian regimes than in democratic regimes.
emphasized liberalizing the economy rather than the political system
During the years of the Soviet empire's disintegration, the Chinese leadership did which of the following?
In its effort to reduce the problem of ethnonationalism, the 1999 Nigerian Constitution
Establish the National Youth Service Corps
Which of the following best describes the difference between fascism and communism?
Fascism is the belief in a nationalistic ideology favoring authoritarian rule, and communism is the belief in the removal of private property and government control over the economy
Which of the following is an accurate description of the difference between fascism and individualism?
Fascism is the belief in an extreme nationalistic ideology, and individualism is the belief that preserving individual freedom is more important than collective goals.
correct party leadership depends on constant contact between the party and the public
In Chinese politics, the "mass line" refers to the principle that:
creation of an independent judiciary
In recent years, all of the following reforms have been instituted in China EXCEPT:
Which of the following principles did President Mohammad Khatami put at the center of his domestic agenda in his first term?
Increased freedom of the press
Which of the following accurately compares political ideologies?
Individualism is the belief in individual civil liberties and freedom over government restrictions, while populism is a political philosophy that supports the interest and rights of the common people over that of the elites
Which of the following best describes civil society?
Individuals organizing and expressing their interests
Which of the following two governments have most significantly limited citizens' media access to maintain political control?
Iran and Russia
Which of the following is a true statement about the Chinese government's approach to ethnic minorities?
It has given some latitude to ethnic minorities in such matters as population control and language.
Which of the following best describes Iranian political culture?
It values the community's welfare above individual rights
Mexican political culture differs from Nigeria political culture in which of the following ways?
Mexicans have a strong sense of national identity, while Nigerians identify more strongly with their individual ethnic group
In which of the following two countries do regional cleavages play a larger role than religious cleavages do in politics?
Mexico and the UK
Which best explains why Islam plays a larger role in the political culture of Iran than that of Nigeria, despite Muslims making up a majority of the population in both countries?
Muslims in Nigeria make up the majority in only some of the states of the country, so different regions have different religious influences upon political culture, unlike Iran where Shia muslims are a majority throughout the country
Which of the following statements accurately describes the efforts of political cleavages in two AP course countries?
Nigerian and Russian governments both grapple with a Christian-Muslim cleavage that has led to acts of political violence in both countries
the relatively small population and geographic isolation of China's ethnic minorities
One of the reasons that the effects of conflict in China have been limited is:
eliminate all opposition to the ideas of Mao Zedong
One primary aim of the Cultural Revolution in China between 1966 and 1976 was to:
Which of the following examples best illustrates a challenge to political socialization in the UK and Nigeria?
People are socialized in both countries partly through the media, and there are several news sources that print influential stories that are biased
Which of the following accurately compares political culture and political ideology
Political culture is composed of a set of broadly shared attitudes and values, whereas political ideology is a more specific set of beliefs or values about government and politics
Which of the following statements about political socialization is true?
Political socialization is a process that continues throughout an individual's life
Citizens of nondemocratic regimes may be allowed to participate in elections in order to
Provide legitimacy to the ruling regime
Which of the following refers to a vote by the public on a particular policy issue?
Referendum
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of cleavages in two course countries?
Regional cleavages have resulted in demands for greater autonomy and independence in the UK, whereas in Mexico, regional cleavages have only resulted in demands for greater autonomy
Which of the following statements best characterizes Nigerian society?
Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity
Since the 1970s, which civil society groups in the UK have increased and which have decreased their representation in Parliament?
Representation of environmental groups has increased, while representation of the Anglican church and trade unions has decreased
Which of the following best explains why Russia puts limits on civil society organizations with foreign sponsorship?
Russian leaders are concerned that a vibrant civil society would promote democratization and liberalism by promoting organization and participation
a group of retired senior leaders within the Communist Party
Since 1980, Chinese political decision-making in times of crisis has been heavily influenced by:
Which of the following political blocks would be most likely to favor nationalism of large industrial enterprises?
Socialists
Political participation in authoritarian regimes differs from that in democratic regimes in which of the following ways?
State organized participation is more likely to occur in authoritarian regimes than in democratic regimes.
Which of the following statements most accurately compares political socialization in two countries studied in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course?
The Chinese government applies more pressure to socialize citizens around conforming beliefs than does the Nigerian government
are mass organizations that have served as channels of political education and participation under Chinese Communist Party rule
The Communist Youth League (CYL), All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and All-China Women's Federation are significant because they
Which of the following statements accurately describes Muslim populations in two AP Comparative Government and Politics course countries?
The Muslim population in the UK lives mostly in London and other urban areas, while in China most Muslims live in western provinces
Which of the following statements best compares government regulation of civil society in Russia with that of the United Kingdom?
The Russian government monitors civil society groups much more closely than does the government of the UK
it represented increased predictability and an orderly transition process, following rules on term limits and retirement age
The apparently smooth succession in China of General Party Secretary from Jiang Zemin to Hu Jintao in 2002 was unusual in which of the following ways?
With regard to human rights in Iran, the Iranian government had acted in which of the following ways?
The government targets and imprisons political opponents
Which of the following challenges to the state have tended to strengthen democracy?
The growing independence of civil society
democratic centralism
The organizing principle of the Chinese Communist Party is:
Which of the following best explains why the Chinese government allows some political protests?
To act as a release valve for the public
Which of the following is the purpose of the Great Firewall in China?
To limit political criticism on social media
Which of the following has the Nigerian state done to alleviate cleavage-based problems?
Used ethnic quotas in government hiring
the Chinese Communist Party has largely ignored environmental problems and instead has focused on economic growth
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Chinese Communist Party and public policy issues?
farmers in rural areas
Which of the following social groups is most likely to engage in protest in China?
per capita gross domestic product is relatively low
Which of the following statements about China is characteristic of developing nations?
although the constitution formally establishes a chain of command through the National People's Congress, the Communist Party has retained significant influence over the armed forces
Which of the following statements accurately describes control of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in China?
role of the peasantry in building socialism
Which of the following was Mao Zedong's most important contribution to Marxist political philosophy?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a cleavage in Iran?
a religious cleavage exists between the Shi'a Muslims and the minority Iranian Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians
The communist youth league (CYL), All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and All-China Women's Federation are significant because they
are mass organizations that have served as channels of political educations and participation under Chinese Communist Party rule
Both Russia and China have responded to ethnic political movements that seemed to threaten national legislation by
deploying troops to quell demonstrations and protests for greater ethnic autonomy
Which of the following is found in illiberal democracies?
elections
One of the major contrasts between the Yeltsin and Putin presidential administrations in terms of domestic policies lies in the
extensive media freedom under Yeltsin and the significant decrease in media freedom under Putin
Which of the following describes a difference between fascism and populism?
fascism is an extreme nationalistic ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the right of the ethnic majority over that of ethnic minorities, and populism is the belief in right of the common people over elites.
Although Russia is no longer a communist state, one feature it shares with communist China is
government restrictions on the development of civil society
the study of political culture involves attempting to explain political behavior by
identifying the beliefs, attitudes, and values of citizens
(graph) Which of the following best explains why Nigeria's turnout is much lower than that of the other countries?
in addition to logistical issues, Nigerians lack faith in the political system and are not encouraged to vote
All of the following are policies that Russia has pursued in its relations with neighboring states since 2000 EXCEPT
increased sharing of nuclear technology with all former Soviet republics
The nature of the social and political cleavages in China and Russia are different because in China
the Communist party is still one important and stable channel of upward mobility, while in Russia it is not
Which of the following best describes political culture?
the collective attitudes, values, and beliefs of the citizenry and the norms of behavior in the political system
Which of the following accurately describes the Chinese government's imposition of restrictions on civil society groups?
the government's actions contradict guarantees of civil liberties in its constitution
Which of the following statements best explains the change in voter turnout in both presidential and legislative elections between 2003 and 2011?
the government's inability to effectively respond to political violence
Which of the following statements accurately describes changes in the Chinese media in the past twenty years?
there has been an increase in investigative reporting
Which of the following best explains the status of media freedom in Iran?
there is some media censorship, but the government allows independent news sources as a way to maintain legitimacy
Which of the following best explains the high turnout in Iranian elections in 2009?
there was intense political competition between President Ahmadinejad and reformist candidates, which increased turnout.
Which of the following is an example of civil society changing in the UK
trade unions became less influential with fewer resources after Thatcherism
Many consider the existence of an active civil society to be supportive of and even necessary for democratization because
within civil society people learn to express interests and negotiate with others to achieve common goals.