AP Earth Science
One in three people has a deficiency of one or more vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin A, iron, and iodine. 1. What are the health effects of a vitamin A deficiency? 2. What are the health effects of an Iron deficiency? 3. What are the health effects of an Iodine deficiency?
1. A vitamin a deficiency can lead to blindness, dry skin, infertility, delayed growth 2. An iron deficiency can lead to heart problems, anemia, poor blood pumping 3. An iodine deficiency can lead to weight gain, learning disabilities, low thyroid hormones
There is controversy over legal ownership of genetically modified crop varieties and whether genetically modified foods should be labeled. 1. Patenting the seeds of GMFs is subject to criticism, especially by farmers in developing countries. 2. GMFs are so labeled in Japan, Europe, South Korea, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. 3. The U.S. Dept. of Agriculture opposed such labeling.soil
*********Starts with 3 or 4 and has 4 digits its conventionally grown (with the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides) Starts with 9 and has 5 digits its organically grown Starts with 8 and has 5 digits it was genetically modified
What are some of the events that can lead to severe food shortages that cause mass starvation?
- Bad top soil - Overgrazing, deforestation, wind (desertification) - Droughts - Storms - Poor infrastructure
Genetic engineering holds much promise but has some disadvantages. GMF (genetically modified food) has generated much controversy and fear. 1. What are some advantages and disadvantages of GMF? 2. What are some traits that a geneticist might introduce into a crop species? 3. There are many noteworthy examples of GMFs a. Describe the benefits of the winged bean. b. Describe the benefits of Golden Rice.
1. Advantages: all listed below, disadvantages is that it decreases the biodiversity of the land, health affects inconsistent 2. Less water requirements, less fertilizer requirements, fungal resistance, microbe resistance, faster growing, higher yield, stronger stalks, dwarfed plants, higher nutrition content, longer shelf life, better aesthetics 3. winged bean: a GMF is grown to reduce undernutrition, water use, and the need for large amounts of inorganic fertilizer in poor areas without much protein intake Golden rice contains beta-carotene which supplies vitamin A to malnourished areas
Soil conservation involves implementing ways to reduce soil erosion and restore soil fertility, mostly by keeping the soil covered with vegetation. A. Modern farm machinery can plant crops with little disturbance to the soil. 1. Describe why conventional tilling of the land makes soil vulnerable to wind and erosion. 2. What is conservation-tillage (no tillage) farming? What are the benefits of conservation-tillage farming?
1. Because the tillage fractures the soil it disrupts the structure which accelerates runoff and reduces crop residue 2. Conservational tillage that includes minimum tillage and also plants crop residue on the soil surface after tillage. Advantages include reduced fuel and labor, erosion, avoids fluctuations in the soil temperature and conserves the moisture No till farming: a technique in which farmers do not plow the soil and inject seeds into untilled soil using machines Weeds are controlled by herbicides without affecting soil Or roller crimper which naturally kills weeds
To increase crop yields, we can mix the genes of different organisms. Farmers and scientists have used crossbreeding and artificial selection and genetic engineering to develop genetically improved varieties of crop strains. 1. What crossbreeding (hybridization)? How is hybridization used to increase crop yields? 2. How do seed scientists and botanists use artificial selection to increase crop yields? 2. The third green revolution is sometimes called the "Gene Revolution" a. Explain the process through which plants are genetically engineered? b. What are the benefits of genetically engineering crops over crossbreeding or artificial selection?
1. Cross breading: Cross fertilizing plants or animals within the same species but different subspecies or from similar species with the same genus of family to attain desired traits that are inherited to the parents - Peacharine to make the peach not as fuzzy - cow and a bigger animal to increase the size 2. Scientists and botanists use artificial selection (take desired traits and breed) to make the crops look better or possibly help the plant to not need as much water to increase the crop yield - choose the plants that look better and breed them together to make the plants look prettier a. Genes or potions of the genes are taken and put into a different organism - horizontal transfer into a cell b. It is overall more accurate, faster, and you can really choose the trait you desire
About one-third of the world's land has lower productivity because of drought and human activities that reduce or degrade topsoil. 1. What is desertification? How does desertification occur? 2. What factors led to the Dust Bowl of the 1930's? 3. What restoration techniques do the Soil Conservation Service implement to combat future dust bowls?
1. Desertification- the process in which the productive potential of topsoil falls because of drought Causes: clearing of trees, plowing, and overgrazing 2. Drought, poor agriculture practice (over farming), wind erosion 3. Planting more drought resistant plants, creating wind breaks by planting trees, leaving crop residue on the field to cover crops
Soil erosion lowers soil fertility and can overload nearby bodies of water with eroded sediment. 1. What are the typical causal agents of soil erosion? 2. Identify some agricultural practices that exacerbate soil erosion. 3. What negative effects do eroded soils have on aquatic life zones? 4. Soil erosion can occur through sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion. a. What is sheet erosion? b. What is rill erosion? c. What is gully erosion? Soil is eroding faster than it is forming on more than one-third of the world's cropland. Soil erodes faster than it forms on most U.S. cropland, but since 1985, has been cut by about 40%.
1. Grasses, trees, and vegetation is removed from farming, deforestation, and overgrazing Also: water and wind cause erosion as well as construction 2. Slash and burn agriculture: burning and clearing small plots and the soil is depleting in these tropical areas of south America and Africa Tilling: preparing and cultivating the land for crops Over watering, overgrazing, overplanting, 3. Water pollution, release of carbon, decrease the population of organisms, flooding 4. Sheet erosion: occurs on level land and removes thin layers Rill erosion: caused by tiny streams that carve small channels in topsoil Gully erosion: larger streams of water that remove soil
C. About 80% of the world's food supply is produced by industrialized agriculture. 1. What is Industrial (high-input) agriculture? Where is this form of agriculture typically practiced? 2. What is Subsistence (low-input) agriculture? Where is this form of agriculture typically practiced? 3. What is traditional Intensive agriculture? Where is this form of agriculture typically practiced? a. what is polyculture? b. what is agroforestry? c. what is intercropping? d. what is polyvarietal cultivation? e. what is monoculture?
1. High input (industrial agriculture) agricultures use feedlots to rapidly fatten cattle before slaughter, and use a lot of energy and matter inputs and produce a huge amount of animal waste, live in densely populated areas and are fed of grain grown on the land - second green revolution: fast growing varieties in low income areas Industrialized uses heavy equipment, financial capital, fuel, water, inorganic fertilizer and pesticides to produce single crops or monocultures Goal is to increase the yield 2. Low input agriculture (subsistence agriculture): Grown on large monoculture plantation to export to more developed countries Plantation agriculture: less developed countries where cash crops - traditional subsistence agriculture which combines energy from the sun with the labors of human and animals to provide a family's survival and to sell 3. Traditional intensive: try to obtain high crop yields by increasing their inputs of human and draft animal labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water a. Polyculture: many crops in one area: soil energy and natural fertilizer b. Agroforestry: Agriculture incorporation the cultivation and conservation of trees c. IntercroppingL to grow a crop among plants usually in the space between rows d. Ployvarietal cultivation: the planing of a plot of land with several varieties of the same crop. e. Monoculture: cultivation of a single crop in one area
Fertilizers can help restore soil nutrients to depleted soils 1. What are some of key nutrients that fertilizers restore the soil with? 2. Describe some of the negative effects of our overuse of fertilizers? 3. Fertilizers can be from both organic and synthetic sources. a. Identify some sources of organic fertilizer. b. What is the origin of synthetic fertilizers?
1. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium 2. Root burn which is from an abundance of salt within the soil. The salts burn the soil and cause root burn. Also, inceareaced air pollution, acidification, and water pollution which can also lead to algae blooms and a loss of animals 3. Organic fertilizers include such products as compost, cottonseed meal, alfalfa meal, soybean meal, and seaweed. Synthetic Fertilizers are "Man made" inorganic compounds - usually derived from by-products of the petroleum industry. Examples are Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Phosphate, Superphosphate, and Potassium Sulfate
Repeated irrigation can reduce crop yields by causing salt buildup in the soil and water logging of croplands. 1. What is irrigation? 2. Salinization has reduced yields on 20% of the world's cropland. a. Why do soils become salinize? b. Why are salinized soils less productive?
1. The artificial process of applying controlled amounts of water to assist in the production of crops 2a. In irrigation, the accumulation of soluble salts of sodium and calcium in soil that the soil fertility is reduced 2b. Causes water logging, and cause stress to the plant which reduces the crop productivity. Also, the water is unsuitable for drinking
Eating more chicken and farm-raised fish and less beef and pork reduces the harmful environmental impacts of meat production. 1. Why does the production of animal protein use about 38% of the world's grain harvest? 2. Why does the production of animal protein exacerbate global climate change?
1. The production of animal protein uses a lot of the grain harvest because it is so cheap and easily produced in a high quantity 2. The production of animal protein exacerbates global climate change because of the gas that they put into the air as well as the transportation to transport the meat.
A. Food production from croplands, rangelands, ocean fisheries, and aquaculture has increased dramatically. 1. Identify some of the technological advances that have increased agricultural production. a. Production of meat? b. Production of fruit, vegetable, and grains? 2. Identify some of the technological advances that have increased food production in our ocean fisheries. 3. Identify some of the technological advances that have increased food production in aquaculture. B. Wheat, rice and corn provide more than half of the calories in the food consumed by the world's people.
1a. Antibiotics, implants, vaccines, physiological modifiers have all increased the production of meat 1b. GMO which allow more aesthetically pleasing fruit, pesticides 2. Antibiotics in the fish, adding fertilizers, raising fish in ponds and underwater cages, overfishing but this is leading to acidification 3. Disease prevention, vaccines, fish meal, improving oxygen levels and protection from predators
What hierarchical strategies are employed in IPM?
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A. After spectacular increases, the world's total and per capita marine and freshwater fish and shellfish catches have leveled off. Why is this the case? B. Government subsidies given to the fishing industry are a major cause of overfishing. C. What is Aquaculture? What are the generalized characteristics of aquaculture?
A. ????????? What is aquaculture: aquaculutre is the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, algae, and other organisms in all types of water environments. (1) The type of organism cultured. For example, the culture of fish, prawn, oyster, mussel, seaweed, etc. (2) The type of culture technique, such as pond culture, raceway culture, cage culture, pen culture, raft culture, etc. (3) The aquatic environment in which the culture is done such as freshwater, brackish water or salt water. (4) A specific factor of the environment used for culture, such as cold water or warm water aquaculture.
About half the world's meat is produced by livestock grazing on grass, and half is produced under factory-like conditions. Meat and meat products are good sources of high-quality protein. 1. What are the benefits of industrial high input livestock farming? 2. What inputs are involved in the production of meat at industrial high input livestock farms? 3. What are the outputs of industrial high input livestock farms? 4. What are the negative ecological effects of industrial high input livestock farms?
Benefits: A lot of food for a cheap price, combats hunger 2. Inputs: hormones, grains, water, sun, antibiotics 3. Gas, meat 4. Overgrazing, global warming, air and water pollution, land degradation, loss of biodiversity
What is Biological Pest Control? 1. What are the benefits of biological pest control? 2. Describe the biological pest control program; Operation Cat Drop. 3. What are the five categories of biological pest control? PPPP WE a. What are pheromone traps? How do they control pest populations? Example? b. How are parasites used to control pest populations? Example? c. How are predators used to control pest populations? Example? d. How are pathogens used to control pest populations? Example? e. What are weed feeders? How are they used to control pest populations? Example?
Biological pest control: control the pest through having a predator or another living organism 1. Benefits include that it is natural and does not harm other plants or bio-diveristy 2. Cats in the UK were used to feed on the rats within the inner cities of the United Kingdom (dropped out of planes) 3. Pheromone traps: use chemicals that are naturally secretes by a species to trigger sexual repose as a lure for the pest Parasites: sap sucking parasites - parasitic wasps Predators - ladybugs Pathogens: when ingested they are poisonous - bacillus thuringienis causes swelling in the digestive tracks of Beetles Weed feeders: selectively consumes weeds - galerucella beetle
What is Chemical Pest Control? 1. Through what mechanism do most insecticides and rodenticides control these pest populations? 2. What are some common insecticides? a. What is meant by the term "persistence"? How do these common insecticides vary in persistence? b. What is meant by the term "biomagnification"? How do these common insecticides vary in biomagnification? c. What is meant by the term "broad spectrum"? c. What are some common concerns that we have about the use of chemical insecticides and rodenticides?
Chemical Pest Control: Destroy the pests with non organic chemicals 1. Insecticides usually disrupt the nervous system 2a. Persistent means that they do not disappear after awhile and they can be harmless and not break down 2b. Bio magnification: The concentration of the chemical within the animal after eating the plant 2c. Broad spectrumL They target more than just what they are supposed to 2d. Negatives: It can lead to less biodiversity, kill other things, cause health related illnesses
DDT: The wonder pesticide! a. What is DDT (dichloro/diphenyl/trichloroethane) ? b. Who is credited with educating the public about the dangers of DDT? c. What ecological damage comes from the use of DDT?
DDT is a insecticide and Racheal Carson is responsible for exploiting these dangers of the pesticide to the environment and the humans. This can cause seizers, low production in animals and can cause cancer as well.
Cultural Pest Control Methods include Ecological Controls and Cultivational Controls. What is an example of each of these forms of Cultural Pest Control Methods?
Ecological cultural controls include planting the plant at a specific time where the pest is not there. Cultivation control would be properly selecting and rotating the crops
Since the Neolithic agricultural revolution of 10,000 years ago, there have been three generalized steps of the "green revolution" that have further allowed humans to meet the food needs of an exponentially growing population. What are the three "phases" of the green revolution?
First green revolution: Using high inputs of pesticides and fertilizer to increase the crop yields in developing countries Second green revolution: fast growing varieties of rice and wheat were introduced to low income areas - Producing more food on less land has helped to protect biodiversity by preserving forest 1. Develop and plant monocultures of GMO 2. Produce high yields with a lot of water synthetic fertilizer and pesticide 3. Increase crops grown per year on a plot ????????????????
What are some common herbicides? What are some common concerns that we have about the use of chemical herbicides?
Glophophate is a common herbicide - this is borad spectrum, mildly toxic, less persistent and therefore has to be applied more
For what reasons does integrated pest management require a greater time commitment on the farmer's part?
Have to watch the farms to decide what to use (what sprays), practice it consistently
What are several ways that we can reduce childhood deaths from nutrition-related causes?
Immunize children Breast feeding High protein meals Prevent dehydration Increase education Provide jobs
A. Global food production has stayed ahead of population growth, but one in six people in developing countries cannot grow or buy the food they need. B. Some people cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs and to get enough protein and other key ingredients. People need fairly large amounts of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, fats) and smaller amounts of micronutrients (vitamins such as A, C, E) and minerals (iron, iodine, calcium). 1. What is undernutrition? What are some negative consequences of underenutrition? 2. What is malnutrition? What are some negative consequences of malnutrition?
Malnutrition: having an unbalanced diet where certain vital nutrients are lacking Neg. Consequences: difficulty staying warm, increases the risk of infection, obesity, heart disease, diabetes Undernutrition: a deficiency primary of calories, of overall food consumption or of protein Neg. Consequences: illness, weakness, delayed development, poor apetite, loss of weight, poor health
How is food produced through organic agriculture? What are some environmental advantages that would come from expanded organic agriculture?
Organic food is when the animals are not given antibiotics of growth hormones. Avoids man made fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and also the use of GMO - relies on nature rather than man made conditions Organic farming builds soil organic matter Organic systems reduce erosion and pollution Uses less fossil fuels Cuts greenhouse gas Yields match conventional yields Weed tolerant Better in droughts Profitable Requires more labor and therefore more jobs
Through what mechanism do most herbicides control pest populations?
Some herbicides do not allow photosynthesis but others block the EPSP synthase enzyme which disrupts protein growth
Terracing, contour planting, strip cropping, alley cropping, and windbreaks are additional methods that can reduce soil erosion. 1. What is Terracing? How does terracing reduce soil erosion? 2. What is Contour Planting? How Contour Planting reduce soil erosion? 3. What is Strip Cropping? How does strip cropping reduce soil erosion? 4. What are Windbreaks or Shelterbelts? How do windbreaks and shelterbelts reduce soil erosion? 5. What is Alley cropping? What are the benefits of alley cropping? 6. For what reasons do farmers plant cover crops like rye or alfalfa after they have harvested? 7. For what reasons do farmers leave crop residues on the land after harvest?
Terracing: Terracing converting steeply sloped land to broad level terraces which retain water for crops and controls runoff (make flat level areas) 2. Contour farming is the creation of row patterns that level around the hill. This slows down water and lets it soak into the soil. 3. Strip cropping is a type of contour farming where farmers plant different crops in alternating strips of different levels. This prevent erosion and improves soil fertility 4. Plantings of single rows of trees or shurbs to break the wind and decrease the erioson' 5. The planting of rows or trees or shrubs to create alleys where other crops are produces and this abosrbs all the water. 6. These cover crops return nutrients removes through a harvest back to the soil and replenish the nitrogen (alfalfa and rye) 7. Crop residue remain after a harvest act as a mulch that counteracts the destructive impact of win or rain and retains the moisture for the next crops
Modern pesticides save lives, increase food supplies, increase profits for farmers, and are safe if used properly. What characteristics would the ideal pesticide have?
The ideal pesticide would only target pests, not cause genetic resistance, quickly disappear or break down into harmless chemicals (not persistant), be more cost effective
What is over-nutrition?
The lack of exercise and eating too much and this can lead to reduced life quality, poor health, and premature death - More money is spent combating over nutrition rather than world hunger
What is the overall aim of integrated pest management (IPM)?
The overall goal of IPM is to reduce pest populations to less damaging numbers
What is the pesticide treadmill? Why does it occur?
The pesticide treadmill is when the pests create new genes to resist the pesticide (evolution and survival of the fittest). This occurs because the pest gets used to the pesticide
Some precipitation infiltrates the ground and percolates downward through spaces in the soil, gravel, and rock. This water is known as groundwater, an important fresh water source. Identify the following terms related to groundwater. a. Withdrawal
Zone of saturation: the ground below the water table. Above this is the aeration. This only has water filled gaps Zone of aeration the gaps between soil that are filled with air and water. Below is the zone of saturation Porosity: The void spaces in the sediment where water and air fill Permeability: The ability or inability to allow liquid to pass through Water table: the level below the ground that is saturated with water Recharge: Natural: rainfall moves into the water tables - Arufucal: humans put more water in Withdraw: extracting groundwater from the aquifier wth a pump Oasis: a location in a desert where.a confined aquifier strikes the surface Aquifer: underground permeable layer of soil or rock where ground water flow takes place Confined aquifer: generally sandwiched in between two non porous layers of strata called aquicludes Unconfined: water filled sediment deposits that are unprotected by the layers of strata which makes them easily polluted
A pest is any species that competes with us for food, damages lawns and gardens, destroys wood, and spreads disease. B. We use chemicals to repel or kill pest organisms as plants have done for millions of years. To help control pest organisms we have developed a variety of pesticides. 1. Common pesticides categories a. What are Insecticides? b. What are Herbicides? c. What are Fungicides? d. What are Rodenticides? 2. People once used sulfur, arsenic, lead and mercury to kill insects on crops, but abandoned this practice in the 1920s when people were also poisoned.
a. Insecticides kill insects b. Herbicides kill herbs c. Fungicides kill fungus d. Rodenticides kill rodents
Salinization also reduces agricultural yields through water logging soils. a. Why do soils become waterlogged? b. Why are waterlogged soils less productive?
a. Soil becomes waterlogged when their is soil salinization and the water is not able to drain away, excess rainfall, poor drainage b. This land is less productive because it decreases the oxygen for the plant and they can not respire or produce photosynthesis
Lack of water, high costs for small farmers, and physical limits to increasing crop yields hinder expansion of the green revolution. 1. What is agroimperialism? 2. What are marginal lands?
agroimperialism: the foreign use of agrarian land for commercial food production marginal lands: land that has little to no agriculture or industrial value and little potential for profit
What are some examples of botanical pesticides?
garlic, nicotine