AP environmental science math formulas
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pH
just remember each level of pH increases by 10 (exp: if pH=6 then [H+]= 1times10^-6)
kilowatt hours
kilowatt TIMES hours
percent change
difference in old and new --------------------- old
efficiency
energy out --------- energy in
growth rate
(b-d)+(i-e)
ARPC annual rate of population change
(gives a percent) birth rate-death rate ----------------- 10
doubling time
*rule of 70 70 -- annual growth rate
1 kilo=_____kilowatts
1000
U.S. population
300 million
world population
6.8 billion
watt
amps TIMES volts or joules DIVIDED BY seconds