AP EURO 16/17 Quiz Answers

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Creoles.

Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?

Cesare Beccaria

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism.

In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Convicted prisoners

Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?

The Persian Letter

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

"Weep, wretched natives of Tahiti, weep. But let it be for the coming and not the leaving of these ambitious, wicked men. One day you will know them better. One day they will come back, bearing in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man's belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices. One day you will be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are." This selection from Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage" (Primary Source 16.5) reflects his concern that

the people encountered by European explorers should recognize that Europeans had nothing to offer them.

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

the British colonial empire.

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of scientific racism

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.

Copernicus's theory of the universe

created a sun-centered view of the universe

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

it synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.

Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published

the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

Treaty of Paris

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.

Which country began the trend in scientific expeditions?

Spain

How did governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

As noted in Primary Source 17.3, Adam Smith thought that a proper division of labor would make it possible for a small number of men to do the work of many more because it

makes it possible for an unskilled worker to be part of the manufacturing process.

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

more wars and likely fewer people.

Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population

doubled.

In Primary Source 16.1: The Sidereal Messenger, Galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of the moon. His observations led him to

assert that the moon was uneven, similar to the surface of the earth.

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.

In Primary Source 17.1, Arthur Young, writing at the end of the eighteenth century on the benefits of enclosure, believes that

enclosures will increase the amount of employment compared with open fields.

The discipline of natural philosophy focus on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

improved water supply and sewage systems.

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

in all regions.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.