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Battle of Lepanto
A naval battle fought between a Spanish and Venetian fleet and the German navy. The Spanish won. The battle meant that European navies ahd surpassed the Muslims. The Turks could no longer challenge Europeans on international routes., (1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean, Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope, naval battle where the Spanish defeat the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean Sea
Edict of Restitution
An edict that outlawed Calvinism and Lutheranism in many parts of Germany and prompted Sweden to enter the Thirty Years' War. Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church
Bourbons
Another powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon, the Bourbons supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons.
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended 30 Years War; Treaty signed at Munster and Osnabruck, ending religious wars; the sovereignty of over 300 German princes recognized, limiting power of Holy roman Emperor; independence in United Provinces of the Netherlands recognized; France received Alsace, Sweden received large cash indemnity and control over German territories along Baltic Sea; Papacy denied right to participate in German religious affairs; Augsburg agreement remained permanent; Calvinism became legally permissible creed.
Emperor Ferdinand II
Ferdinand succeeded his cousin Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor in 1619. The expansion of the ongoing acts of rebellion against Ferdinand's Imperial Governors in Bohemia on May 23rd, 1618 directly triggered the Thirty Years' War, and can be blamed on his religious intolerance toward Protestants. A devout and very pious Catholic, his recognition as King of Bohemia and suppression of Protestantism precipitated the early events of the Thirty Years War, and he remained one of the staunchest backers of the Anti-Protestant Counter Reformation efforts as one of the heads of the German Catholic League, prolonging the Thirty Years' Wars by insisting the Edict of Restitution be enforced. The duration of his reign was occupied by confessional and military concerns, and some historians blame him for the large civilian loss of life in the Sack of Magdeburg in 1631, as he'd instructed Count Tilly to enforce the edict upon Saxony—his orders causing Tilly to move the Catholic armies east, ultimately to Leipzig, where they suffered their first substantial defeat at First Breitenfeld.
Protestant Union
Formed by Fredrick IV to repel Habsburg religious and political policies, impacting the northern regions negatively.
Schmalkaldic League
Formed by newly Protestant/Lutheran princes to DEFEND THEMSELVES against HRE's Charles V's efforts to Catholicize Germany. [Augsburg Confesstion/Schmalkaldic Articles stated their beliefs]
Guise
French family, powerful in Eastern France, militant, very Catholic and very against the Huguenots
Sir Francis Drake
From 1577 to 1580, Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe. Drake was a privateer, or a captain who could loot other ships. He was sent by England's Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships and settlements for gold. Drake helped defend England against the Spanish. As a result, the Spaniards called him El Draque, or "the Dragon"
German Catholic League
Initially a loose confederation of Roman Catholic German states formed on July 10, 1609 to counteract the Protestant Union (formed 1608), whereby the participating states concluded an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire." Modeled loosely on the more intransigent ultra-Catholic French Catholic League (1576), the German Catholic league initially acted politically to negotiate issues with the slightly older Protestant Union. Nevertheless, the league's founding, as had the founding of the Protestant Union, further exacerbated long standing tensions between the Protestants reformers and the Roman Catholics which thereafter began ratcheting upwards with ever more frequent episodes of civil disobedience, repression, and retaliations that would eventually ignite into the first phase of the Thirty Years' War roughly a decade later with the act of rebellion and calculated insult known as the Second Defenestration of Prague on 23 May 1618.
Gustavus Adolphus
King of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power. his domestic reforms made Sweden a modern state; in 1630 he intervened on the Protestant side of the Thirty Years' War and was killed in the battle of Lutzen (1594-1632)
Habsburg
Like all the other people, the Habsburgs of Austria emerged from the Thirty Years' War impoverished and exhausted. The Habsburgs did remain the hereditary emperors of the ancient Holy Roman Empire. They recovered power after 1650 from reconquering land. Their efforts to root out Protestantism and unify the Holy Roman Empire had failed.
Escorial
New royal palace built in shape of grill to commemorate the martyrdom of St. Lawrence-symbolized Philip's power and commitment to Catholic crusade
Spain vs England
Philip II of Spain had been co-monarch of England until the death of his wife Mary I in 1558. A devout Roman Catholic, he considered the Protestant Elizabeth a heretic and illegitimate ruler of England. He had supported plots to have her overthrown in favor of her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, but Elizabeth had Mary imprisoned, and she was finally executed in 1587. In addition, Elizabeth, who sought to advance the cause of Protestantism where possible, supported the Dutch Revolt against Spain. In retaliation, Philip planned an expedition to invade and conquer England, thereby suppressing support for the United Provinces— that part of the Low Countries not under Spanish domination — and cutting off attacks by the English against Spanish possessions in the New World and against the Atlantic treasure fleets. The king was supported by Pope Sixtus V, who treated the invasion as a crusade, with the promise of a further subsidy should the Armada make land. England kicked Spain's booty.
Henry of Navarre
Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.
Catherine de Medicis
Politique, rules for Francis, wants to keep monarchy strong, banned jesuits from france
Albrecht of Wallenstein
Protestant mercenary fighting for Catholics, assassinated by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Killed Gustavus Adolphus. Ferdinand killed him beacuse he was threatened by Wallenstein's extreme power over the territories he acquired through the war.
Elizabeth I
Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603) who succeeded the Catholic Mary I and reestablished Protestantism in England. Her reign was marked by several plots to overthrow her, the execution of Mary Queen of Scots (1587), the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588), and domestic prosperity and literary achievement. Daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX, the massacre took place six days after the wedding of the king's sister to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). The massacre also marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, as well as many re-conversions by the rank and file, and those who remained were increasingly radicalized.
French Catholic League
The Catholic League of France, sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern) Roman Catholics as the Holy League, a major player in the French Wars of Religion, was formed by Duke Henry of Guise in 1576.[1] In a time when religious fundamentalism was unusual, the League was an extremist group bent on the eradication of French Protestants--also known as Calvinists or Huguenots--during the Protestant Reformation. Pope Sixtus V, the Jesuits and Philip II of Spain were all supporters of this Catholic party. The League immediately began to exert pressure on Henry III of France.
Spanish Armada
The Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.
Cardinal Richelieu
The chief minister of Louis XII who ran the French government from 1624 to 1642. he was a political genius who wanted to make the king supreme in France and France supreme in Europe. he set out to destroy the power of the nobles and the Huguenots who were protected by the Edict of Nantes. He strengthened France economically and appointed intendants.
Defenestration of Prague
The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War. Catholics fall was cushioned by a pile of manure, seen as a sign that they were supposed to live.
Edict of Nantes
This was published by King Henry VI (former Henry of Navarre) in 1598. It granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship in 150 fortified towns in France. The reign of Henry VI and the Edict of Nantes prepared the way for French absolutism in the seventeenth century by helping restore internal peace in France. It was a liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship in one hundred and fifty fortified towns.
The Milch Cow
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Philip II
king of Spain who in the mid- 16th century, authority over Low countries, including modern- day Belgium as well as the Netherlands, rested with him, in 1556 moved to suppress an increasingly popular Calvinist movement in Netherlands which provoked large scale rebellion against Spanish rule, devout Roman Catholic, Duth provinces formed an anti- Spanish alliance and called themselves them United Provinces under him, Spain didn't recognize them until after war
Huguenots
or French Calvinists, that left Roman Catholic France for the English colonies of North America after the Edict of Nantes, which had guaranteed them substantial liberties, was revoked in 1685
Politiques
public figures who placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth civil war, Queen Elizabeth and Henry of Navarre were politiques and that caused them to have extremely successful rules
French Wars of Religion
(1562-1598) Huguenots vs. Catholics results in Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) taking the throne as Henry IV, caused by calvinism and catholicism. aggressive in trying to win converts to their religion, went over eachothers authority. Known as the HApsburg-Valois Wars. The war started with the ruler Charles V trying to change the religion, but he was too busy fighting his opponents.
Thirty Years' War
(1618-1648) The last and most destructive wars of religion in Europe. The deep-seated hatred between Protestants and Catholics forced both sides to extreme levels of sacrifice to secure religious freedoms. Caused by the fragmentation of Germnay, the splits among both Catholics and Protestant believers, and the struggle for political advancement through Calvinism, the four periods of war drew in every major Western European nation. Hostilites finally were ended through the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
