Ap euro ch 27
The "cult of the Duce" promoted the image of Mussolini as...
A powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people
Stalin's theory of socialism in one country...
Argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own
Who were the kulaks in Stalin's Soviet Union?
Better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock and usually not allowed to join collective farms
What characteristics did communist and facist dictatorships share?
Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people"
Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler
How did German chancellor Heinrich Brüning try to cope with the Great Depression in the early 1930s?
By cutting government spending and squeezing wages abd prices
In Stalin's Soviet Union, women...
Could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science
Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?
Germany and the Soviet Union
Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the kulaks?
He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress
How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?
He blamed the murder on "fascist agents" within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control
In the late 1920s, how did Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?
He deemphasized the anti-capitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism
How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?
He left big business to regulate itself and never purged its members
Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?
He urged Italian entry into World War I
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?
He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had exprected appointment to top positions in the army
Which of the following social groups was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?
Highly regarded artists
The target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was...
Hiroshima
What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Law?
It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents
What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Plan?
It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again
What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?
It forced Germans society to conform to National Socialist ideology
What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?
It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years
Lenin's New Economic Plan was a political compromise with...
Russian peasants
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?
Stalingrad
According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?
The Slavic race
In the Lateran agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?
The Vatican was recognized as an independent state that recieved heavy support from the Italian state?
What was the Holocaust?
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of...
The violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants
How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft?
They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers
How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their radical policies?
They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science
Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?
They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and, more importantly, wanted to catch up with the West and overcome traditional Russian "backwardness"
How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?
They were lower
What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?
They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals
What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?
To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain
What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?
To roeserve religious life in Germany?
Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of was when he...
Used the pretext of German minorities in Dazig to threaten Poland
The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to...
further encourage the home from in each Allied country
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
the murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
Hoe did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered?
they established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs
SA How did the First World War weaken the Italian government in the years before Benito Mussolini came to power?
- Italian government promised the people land that wasn't granted by Versailles Treaty - Catholic party gained strength - conflict between socialists and propertied class over social reforms - all these groups opposed the new government
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was...
A British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war
SA How did Hitler and the Nazis establish control over Germany after the Enabling Act was passed in 1933?
- Nazis put in positions of power in government - overlapping organizations were disorganized but created helpful competition - Nazis became the only party - abolished civil liberties - policy of "coordination" forced society to conform
SA What was Kristallnacht in November 1938?
-attack by Nazi gangs on Jewish property and synagogues - dozens of Jews killed - remaining Jews forced to pay for the damages
SA What did Germany hope to accomplish in what is now known as the Battle of Britain?
-gain control of the air before invading all of Britain - first targeted airfields and factories - moved on to cities in hopes of lowering morale (didnt work)
What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (special task force)?
they followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering ?undesirables" as they moved from town to town
SA What led to the Holocaust?
- foreshadowed by euthanasia campaign which killed or sterilized German disabled people - eugenics validated racial prejudices - construction of ghettos in Poland showed disregard for Jews
SA What was Adolf Hitler's idea of Lebensraum?
- means "living space" - idea that German "master race" needed room to triumph and grow - accomplished by colonizing Eastern Europe and replacing the "subhuman" Jews and Slavs
SA Why did the Soviet state order the collectivization of agriculture in 1929?
- stalin feared land-owning peasants would turn capitalist and threaten communism - believed these farmers could fund all-out industrialization -took power from them
SA How have historians explained Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of the Communist party?
- terror tactic used to prevent active resistance - rallies people against an enemy (real or not) that threatens a system they've been led to accept - fundamental characteristic of totalitarianism
What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied powers during World War II?
Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan