Ap euro ch 29

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

All men must be given the right to vote.

Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that

population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.

In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

Farming and agriculture

Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where are the most important emerging industrial areas in France located?

Paris, Lyons, Lille

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it

banned children under nine years of age from employment.

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that

in general, the living conditions of the working class were "slowly improving."

The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain.

What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?

Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten

Who was William Cockerill?

An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium

What did Henry Cort develop?

The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?

They were not harsh and even quite good

Who invented the spinning jenny?

James Hargreaves

In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement.

What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?

A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.

In Primary Source 20.3: The Testimony of Young Mine Workers, what do Ann Eggley, eighteen years old, and Patience Kershaw, aged seventeen, have in common?

Neither girl has learned to read or write.

The reformer Robert Owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers

In Primary Source 20.1: Debate over Child Labor Laws, how did Sir Robert Peel argue against the employment of child laborers in 1818 debates in Parliament?

He asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution.

Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?

The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.

How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?

The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products

In Primary Source 20.5, what does Sarah Stickney Ellis advise the middle-class woman to do?

Think about how best to help those who need assistance

What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?

Establishment of limited liability investment

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?

In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833?

It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.

What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?

James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

Based on Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the most important components of the Industrial Revolution other than coalmining?

Textiles, iron, and machinery

Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where is the largest emerging industrial area located?

The Ruhr

On Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the largest industrial area?

The area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool

In Primary Source 20.2: Living Conditions of the Working Classes, what common problem is cited in the interviews with the two doctors?

The dwellings are overcrowded.

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?

There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.

In the nineteenth century, Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued

as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state

What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?

Capital and skills in salesmanship.

What was the function of the Crystal Palace?

It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.

Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?

Combination Acts of 1799

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1820.

David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that

the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence DIFF: Level

In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.