AP Euro Chapter 14 Vocab

Defeat of the Spanish Armada-

Elizabeth aided the French and Dutch Protestants and Phillip became annoyed. So, on 1588, Philip decided to invade England. He created the Spanish Armada which was essentially made up of more than 130 ships that were bigger and stronger than those of the English. Though, in the midst of battle, the English ships drew the overly-sized Spanish Armada into the English Channel and were surrounded. They were defeated because they weren't able to maneuver their ships and had less-advanced guns.

Defenestration of Prague (1618)

Ferdinand was elected as king of Bohemia but had not kept his promises to the Protestants. Thus, a group of Protestant nobleman just marched into his castle in Prague and threw his two chief advisers out the window; they were saved by manure. This situation began a Protestant counteroffensive throughout the lands of the Habsburgs.

Gustavus Adolphus

He succeeded Charles IX as the king of Sweden. He was raised to be a king and was one of the leading Protestant princes. He was a match for Christian IV of Denmark and he had the greatest skills in military as he inherited an excellent navy and armed army. He also introduced new and lighter weapons to the Swedish army.

Albert of Wallenstein

He was a Czech soldier to Ferdinand II during the Danish revolt of the Thirty Year's war. He worked for Ferdinand only one condition: to pillage the territories that he conquered.

Michael Romanov

He was a native Russian that was chosen by landholders to become the tsar of Russia. Michael had made peace with the Swedes who had also use the Time of Troubles as an advantage and invaded the Baltic provinces.

Michele de Montaigne

He was from a wealthy family In France. His job dealt with law and his essays were a combination of humanist and skeptics' ideas. He was the author of the "Of Cannibals."

Cardinal Richelieu

He was the Prime Minister of France in 1624 and when the power of the Huguenots had threatened the rule of France, he decided to secure the crown by force. He crushed the Huguenot resistance and punished any who were enemies to the government.

Philip II

He was the king of Spain and aided the country in becoming the greatest power of Europe. He had a difficult working schedule and had something to do every minute of the day. He was a hardworking king but he was also not very tolerant. Unlike Charles V, he let his grasp on Netherland affairs let loose. He extended the Inquisition and enforced the decrees of the Council of Trent.

The Battle of White Mountain

In 1620, the army of Fredrick V, the king of Bohemia, was annihilated by Ferdinand Catholic forces. Frederick lost because who could not find any allies to go against Ferdinand because some did not want to go into war and some were influenced by Ferdinand's promises.

The Time of Troubles

It was a time in 1601 when the crown was in a crisis of authenticity. Ivan had killed is heir, so his unintelligent son had to take over the throne which lead to a struggle of the spoils of government. Everyone around began to make pretend claims to the crown and Muscovy was just in sheer chaos.

Skepticism

It was an idea that drove people to doubt the ways of life in a certain region. It provoked the thought that the truth was certainly not being told.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Catherine de Medici planned to invite all the Huguenots to the royal wedding of her daughter Margaret and Henry of Navarre in Paris to settle the ongoing dispute. On August 1572, Catherine de Medici and her followers spilled Huguenot blood, but Henry of Navarre was able to escape by converting into Catholicism in an instance.

Catherine De Medici

She was Henry II's wife and was widowed when he died. She was ultimately the one who had power when her sons Charles IX and Henry III took the throne. She wanted to make sure her sons would success to the throne so her family and her could remain in power.

The Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Spain assembled large fleets to fend off Ottoman forces but could not go at it forever. So, on 1571, both sides declared the Battle of Lepanto. The slightly outnumbered Spanish ships won against the Ottomans and this specific event ended Ottoman expansion into Europe.

The Council of Blood

The Duke of Alba was the leader of the Council of Blood and was appointed by Phillip II to punish the rebels or Protestants of the Netherlands. He established a military court to punish those who participated in the rebellion. He was responsible for so much Protestant blood that spilled during this council. He charged into Protestant towns and then slaughtered the Protestants as well.

Effect of the Revolt of the Netherlands on the Spanish economy

The Netherlands was of most richest and most densely populated regions in Europe. The lead banking, manufacturing, and commerce and were home to two of the most popular port cities: Amsterdam and Antwerp. When they revolted, they separated from Spain which ultimately pulled out all the income of the Netherlands out of Spain.

The Pacification of Ghent (1576)

The Spanish was driven out of Burgundy and Burgundinians were ruled by the States-General and Protestants. They passed this as a settlement between the two sides. The Spanish were to grant local autonomy in taxation and to withdraw their troops from the Low Countries. Five of the provinces accepted the king's authority and remained Catholic.

Toleration

The acceptance of different faiths in one country or region, rather than the concept of one king, one faith. Some examples of tolerant rulers were Elizabeth I and Charles V.

The phases of the 30 Years' War

The thirty years war was consistently a religious war fought between Catholics, Protestants, and Calvanists. It was essentially divided into phases which were the Bohemian revolt, the Danish involvement, the Swedish invasion, and the French revolt. Many lives were lost in the wars, and the economy of Europe plunged.

Politiques

These were Catholics who supported the Huguenots in the issue of protesting the excess of the crown and the Guise. The Huguenots used justification for rebellion and desired to settle the wars. Their leader was duc d' Anjou, who was the successor to the French throne if Henry III was to die.

The Catholic League

These were devout Catholics who opposed the Politiques and was basically a society that pledged its loyalty to Catholicism. They killed people who did not follow the right religion. This league wanted to overthrow the next man in line for the throne who was Henry of Navarre, a Huguenot. The Catholic League also controlled the many catholic towns in Paris

Huguenots

They were essentially the French Calvanists. They wanted the right to practice their faith, the clergy wanted the right to preach and make converts, and the nobility wanted their rightful place in government. They were on the defensive, fighting to preserve what they already had and to avoid annihilation. French Calvanists were led by Henry of Navarre. They were victims of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

boyars

They were the Russian hereditary nobility who rose against the Polish enemy.

The Edict of Restitution (1629)

This edict served as a restoration of terms mentioned in the Peace of Auxburg; those who followed the peace of Auxburg would be allowed to practice Lutheranism. It took the side of the Counter Reformation and returned all secularized German Church property to the Roman Catholic Church

Edict of Nantes

This granted limited toleration for the Huguenots. So in France, there were Catholics but also Huguenots spread out. He declared this as a solution to keep two religions under one kingship of a region. Not everyone liked it, but they were going to have to accept the toleration. Even though this was an attempt for peace, fighting between Huguenots and Catholics continued.

"One king, two faiths"

This meant that under one king, there would be toleration of two religions. For example, Henry of Navarre declared under the Edict of Nantes that both Catholics and Huguenots would be able to practice their religion in France. This was a change in European history because the case was usually one king, one faith.

Treaty (Peace) Of Westphalia (1648)

This treaty established the borders of the political geography of Europe for the next century. Everyone wanted to end the disputes and set for a continental settlement. The treaty focused on the Holy Roman Empire and reflected the Protestant victories.

Iconoclasm

This was used by the Netherlands to destroy and religious monuments that were in Spain to serve as a physiological blow as well as a physical one. The Netherland Calvanists broke stained glass window and statues of saints, and took over Catholic churches to be Calvanist meeting houses.

The War of the Three Henry's

was when the Henry de Guise, Henry III, and Henry of Navarre fought for the throne of France. They were all successors to the throne, but Henry de Guise and Henry II die quickly and Henry of Navarre ultimately takes the throne.