AP Euro Chapter 15
Michel de Montaigne
(1533-1592), introduced early modern skepticism, developed the essay to express his thoughts and ideas
French Religious Wars
(1562-1598) Wars between Catholics and Protestants. French Calvinism was being spread by Catherine d'Medici for the Huguenots, but the Catholics hated this. When Huguenot leader Gaspard II of Coligny was killed, it created a civil war during Saint Bartolomew's Day. Peace was made until 1584, where there was the War of Three Henry's, leading to Henry IV's victory. Henry IV eventually created the Edict of Nantes to protect the Huguenots.
Henry IV
(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass."
Spanish Empire ("Golden Age of Spain")
1500 - 1600. Newfound wealth from American explorations bring in high point of Spanish military might, art and culture.
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
Skepticism
A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.
Shakespeare
A popular English playwright and poet in the 16th century.
Christopher Columbus
An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.
Baroque art
Art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit.
Huguenots
Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.
Witch hunts
During the 1500's, there was great upheaval after the Reformation as people began to challenge and question the Catholic faith. Women who practiced folk medicine, charms and chanting were accused of being witches. These were usually older, poorer, uneducated and illiterate women. They were accused of flying on brooms, killing infants, dancing naked and meeting with the devil. A witch, when captured was tortured until she confessed and gave names of other witches. She was then killed by burning, strangling or beheading. Over three centuries, it has been speculated that there were 100,000 lives lost because of this but others have said it was closer to 900,000. 85% of those who were killed were female. Witchcraft accusations served as a cover for other problems and the women of the family could be made "scapegoat" for hardship.
William of Orange
Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.
Portugal
European country was the leader in developing and applying 15th-century sailing innovations
Slave Trade
European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.
The Spanish Armada
Fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade Englan
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
Iconoclasm
Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.
The Dutch Revolt
Philip II inherits the Netherlands, irritating the Dutch because of religious differences; Dutch revolted against Philip II, eventually leading to the independence of the Netherlands
Vasco de Gama
Portuguese explorer who started exploring the east African coast and eventually reached Calicut on the southwestern coast of India; gave Portugal a direct sea route to India
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
Politiques
Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.
Elizabeth I of England
She supported the northern protestant cause as a safeguard against Spain attacking England. She had her rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded. Elizabeth I of England succeeded Mary and reestablished Protestantism in England.
Gustavus Adolphus
Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy in French) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion
Union of Utrecht
The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Defenestration of Prague
The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.
Philip II of Spain
The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was an intolerant, Catholic king.
Peace of Westphalia
This was the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War that recognized the independent authority of over three hundred German principalities
King James Bible
an English translation of the Bible published in 1611
Nobility of the Robe
new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in govt. and remained loyal to king
Price Revolution
period in European history when inflation rose rapidly
Cartography
science or art of making maps
The Thirty Years' War
was sparked by religious conflict and resulted in the increased power of France, the weakening of Spain and Austria, and the devastation of Germany
"God, glory, gold"
were the Europeans main motives for making voyages of exploration
Catherine de Medici
wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.
