AP Euro: Chapter 15-The Old Regime in the 18th Century

The Aristocracy

1-5% of the country-wealthiest with the most power; Britian-House of Lords and House of Commons; France "or the swords"-military service/"of the robe"-served in bureaucracy or bought the title

became more restricted and tended to gravitate toward cottage industries and menial labor

As a result of the Industrial Revolution, women's opportunities in the work force...

How did social factors affect the INdustrial Revolution?

Change in style became institutionalized. Advertising was now open, so salespeople sent bilingual catalogs out trying to sell products, persuading the people that they not only wanted these new goods, but that they needed them. There was no limit to the advertising. New fashions and inventions were seen as better as old ones, leading to people wanting to look better to seem as if they were in a better social position.

What role did demand play in the INdustrial Revolution?

Consume demands seemed unlimited,leading to ingenuity of designers and inventors. This led to new goods being produced in new factories with improved machinery. This all drove innovation and industrty to become more creative and advanced.

were separated from non-Jews in districts called ghettos

During the Old Regime, European Jews...

Jethro Tull

English farmer whose contibutions to agricultural innovation include the use of iron plows and the seed drill

How did the distribution of population in cities and towns change?

Europe went through a large population growth in the mid-18th century. THis led to new cities emerging and the existing cities growing. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the population was concentrated in rural areas, with agriculture being the priority. The act of urbanization began when people moved to the city, urban areas, where factories were located in attempts to get better jobs.

Why did Great Britain take the lead in the Industrial Revolution?

Great Britain, first off, took the lead in the consumer revolution as many people there demanded new goods, new inventions, leading to more being produced. London was the largest city in Europe and was the center of fashion and taste, so many other countries thrived to be like it. Britain also had the largest free-trade area in Europe with good roads and water ways, in addition to the large supply of coal and iron that was produced their naturally. THere was a lot of advertising in Britiain, through newspapers and other communication means, leading to more demands.

How did the English aristocracy contribute to the Agricultural Revolution?

In England, originally there was an open-field method in which everyone farmed off of a common land, open to all. Aristocrats began enclosures, areas of farm land that were fenced in to increase productions and profits. Additionally, the aristocracy was in charge of the government in different ways that allowed them to control the laws for the Revolution to occur, benefiting themselves.

What was their social and legal position?

Jews were not in a good position socially and legally. Jews did not have as many rights and privileges as other groups and were regarded as temporary residents. Jews lived in ghettos, communities separate from the non-Jewish Europeans. JEws were not allowed to mix with society and were treated as distinct people legally and religiously. Most Jews lived in poverty as they were set apart from the community. Jews could not have the professions that wanted, were not included in social structures, and were often expelled from their homes to be killed.

What kinds of privileges separated European aristocrats from other social groups?

Many European aristocrats had their own separate house in the parliaments, estates, or diet and had a lot of control over the government. They had an influence over other groups social and economic lives, leading to them getting more privileges such as not having to work, being exempt from taxes, and hunting privileges.

How did the family economy constrain the lives of women in preindustrial Europe?

Men were seen as the head of the household, with the woman's only responsibility being helping to maintain and establish the household. Marriage was necessary for them, but in order for a woman to get married, she needed enough capital for a dowry. IT was hard for women to make money as they had less job opportunities available to them than men and were paid less. Women had domestic duties and child bearing/rearing were seen as their responsibilities, leading them to not doing much else besides helping their husband.

What were some of the main inventions in the textile industry?

Textiles were a key example of industrialism supplying demands. John Kay invented the flying shuttle which increased productivity of weaver's. James Hargreaves then made the spinning jenny which allowed more spindles of thread to be spun. The water Frame, patented by Richard Arkwright was a water-powered device that permitted production of purely cotton fabric, increasing the cotton industry. The power loom, by Edmund Cartwright, was a machine for weavers.

What caused the Agricultural Revolution?

The Agricultural revolution was caused by an increase in population wcich meant more people had to be fed, leading to an increase in food prices, and finally innovations. Peasants wanted a stable, ensured food supply, but as the population grew, there was a desperate shortage in land for cultivation. People began to experiment with new crops and new ways to gain more arable land, leading to more innovations.

What was the Industrial Revolution and what caused it?

The INdustrial Revolution was a process of moving to manufacturing and a mechanized economy, allowing sustained economic growth. This began in the second half of the 18th century due to increased consumer demands. There was more advertising and marketing, making people believe they needed these new innovations and styles.

How would you define the term family economy?

The family economy in Europe was headed on the households" who lived in them and what they did. Depending on where one lived in Europe, the number of people in the average household is different, but it was still the basic unit of production and consumption. Generally, there were parents and children, possibly more generations in Eastern Europe who all worked to provide income, as well as servants who worked for them. ages one made went to support the entire famaily and everyone in the family worked together to support one another.

Where were the largest Jewish populations in 18th-century Europe?

The largest Jewish populations were located in Eastern Europe. There were not that many Jews in Europe, in comparison to the number of Catholics, Christians, and other Protestant sectors. There were about 3 million in Poland, Lithuana, and Ukraine;150,000 in the Habsburg lands; 100,000 in Germany; 400,000 in France, and small groups spread out through other countries.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the lives of European women?

The mechanization deprived women of traditional means of earning income. Women were put out of work and got less skilled jobs. They often turned to cottage industries, became domestic servants, or even became prostitutes/criminals. Women were viewed as unimportant, just working to supplement the husbands income, were removed from technology, and all their work was associated with home and traditional views as men took over factories and new innovations.

What was the condition of serfs in central and eastern Europe?

The serfs of central and eastern Europe lived in very poor conditions. The more east in Europe one went, the more powe rthe landlords held, which led to poor treatment of their serfs. Serfs had a corvee, a forced labor on them, and were required to pay feudal dues. They worked six days a week facing harsh punishments if they failed to provide the required service and robot the lands, getting very little back in return.

How did the steam engine affect the progress of the Rev?

The steam engine was perfected by James Watt. This invention let industrialization grow on itself and expand into new areas of production as it had steady and unlimited power. Newcomen gave it the first practical use, helping to pump water out of coal and tin mines. The steam engine revolutionized transportation, moving more people and machinery and spreading the products of the revolution.

How did the lifestyle of the upper class compare to that of the middle and lower classes?

The upper class had control over political and economic affairs, governing the cities and dominating the councils. THey did not have to work, but still had the best life. The middle class was still prosperous, but not nearly as wealthy as the upper class. People in the middle class generally lived in urban areas and worked there as well. The middle class envied the nobility, and in some cases, tried to imitate them. The lower class was very poor and lived a difficult lifestyle. THe poor got paid very little for all the time they worked and many did not have enough for proper living conditions.

What was the Old Regime like? What were the social classes?

There were absolute monarchies and expanding bureaucracies. There was often a lack of food and dominance of agriculture. There was a corporate view of life, where people were members of groups, not treated as individuals. The social hierarchy went from aristocratic nobles, the middle class, to the lower class. The power was in land, so the aristocracy sought to keep its privileges through things like sumptuary laws; it was almost impossible to move classes. In the aristocratic resurgence Poland had a military tradition of the power of life/death over their serfs, in Prussia the Junker nobles made up the government, and in Russia Catherine the Great put out the "Charter of Nobility" giving rights/privileges to nobles. THey made it more difficult to become a noble, giving government jobs and military jobs only to the aristocracy. THe nobles used institutions, such as Parliament, to check the monarchs' power, and they were exempt from taxes.

How did the Agricultural Revoution affect the lives of European women?

Women were a part of traditional European agriculture, working in gleaning grain and general harvest. They managed the milk and cheese industries, but once mechanization and commercialization began, the labor favored men. Women could no longer live off their land, they were seen as opponents to agricultural improvement and could not do as much.

water frame

a device patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769 that used the energy from running water to power the production of a purely cotton fabric

crop rotation

agricultural innovation popularized by Charles Townshend that involved rotating different crops through multiple fields at a time, so as to restore nutrients to the soil and supply animal fodder

steam engine, spinning jenny, manufacture of hihg-quality iron, water frame

all of the following were INdustrial Revolution innovations...

enclosures were intended to use land more rationally, were aimed at gaining greater comercial profits, brought turmoil to the social life of the countryside, increased food production

all of the following were true of the enclosure method of farming...

enclosure

an area of farm land that has been consolidated and fenced in to increase productions

textile

any cloth of goods produced by weaving or knitting' it was the first industry that pioneered the Industrial Revolution

serfdom

as one moved farther eastward in Europe in the 18th century, there was increasing likelihood of finding...

gave English landowners the exclusive right to hunt game animals

from 1671 to 1831, the English game laws...

slowly rose

over the course of the 18th century, bread prices...

agricultural revolution

process by which landlords in Western Europe began a series of innovations in farm production and commercialized agriculture

urbanization

process by which people move from the countryside to the city

What was the consuerm Revolution?

production of new goods driven by increases in demand factors-growth in disposable income, new methods of marketing, development of fashion industry

ghettos

separate districts of cities in which Jews lived during the Old Regime

required people of different classes to distinguish themselves by their dress

sumptuary laws...

domestic system of textile production

system in which agents of urban textile merchants took unfinished fibers to the homes of peasants, who spun it into thread; the thread was then taken to other peasants, who wove it into the finished product

aristocratic resurgence

term applied to the nobility's reaction to the threat to their social position and privileges that they felt from the expanding power of the monarchies

family economy

term for the economic system in which the household was the basic unit of production and consumption

Old Regime

term used to describe the life and institutions of pre-revolutionary Europe

vingtieme

the "twentieth" similar to an income tax, but it was rarely paid by the French aristocracy

Great Britain

the Industrial Revolution came first to...

was involuntary forced labor imposed on French peasants

the corvee...

steam engine

the invention, improved upon by james Watt, that burned coal to create steam, which caused pistons to rise and fall, thereby creating energy that could be used for a variety of industrial purposes

steam engine

the key invention that allowed industrialization to spread from one area of prouduction to another was the...

landlords

the most active proponents of the innovations known collectively as the agricultural revolution were...

the period prior to 1789

the old Regime (ancien regime) refers to...

Industrial Revolution

the process of moving to a manufacturing and mechanized economy, which allowed for sustained economic growth in Europe starting in the second half of the 18th century

ports and capitals

which of the following regions saw the most dramatic population growth between 1600 and 1750?

textile

widespread industrialization occurred first in the...industry