AP EURO Chapter 18

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.

Merchantilism

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state.

Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle-Ages?

The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges.

Enclosure

The movement to force fence in fields in order to farm more effectively at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.

Treaty of Paris

The treaty that ended the Seven Year's War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.

Debt peonage

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or a rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.

In the 18th century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that..?

Land holding and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.

Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the peasant in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on their children.

How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century?

The considerable road and canal building of the 18 century permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

Putting-out-system

The eighteenth-century of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for salve labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved almost involved almost twelve million Africans.

Guild System

The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.

Prioritization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except

a large number of individuals were killed on the battlefield.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

The Englishman Jethro Tull

sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research.

The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarly to

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Economic liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

Population growth in Europe in the 18th century

occurred largely in Eastern Europe where the stability of the feudal system aided population growth