AP Euro Chapter 25
What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914?
A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916?
An agreement between Great Britain and France to divide up parts of the Near and Middle East after the war
Who was Alexander Kerensky?
An important liberal political leader of the Provisional Government in Russia.
What was the February Revolution in Russia in 1917?
An unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital
What did the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, announce?
Britain favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905?
Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to dominate all of Europe.
Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?
Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare?
Germany (with Austria)was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations.
What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?
Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships
What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon?
Germany's nonaggression pact with Russia
How did Henri-Philippe Pétain maintain order among French troops by late 1917?
He formed a tacit agreement with the troops that there would be no more grand offensives.
How did Lenin respond to the peasants' seizure of land when he rose to power in 1917?
He mandated land reform in order to offer his approval for what the peasants had already done.
What was French premier Georges Clemenceau's opinion at the Paris Peace Conference?
He wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France.
What was the result of Allied support of the White armies in the Russian civil war?
It helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies.
Why did Austria-Hungary deliberately choose war in July 1914?
It hoped to stem the tide of hostile nationalism within its borders.
Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915?
It was promised Austrian territory in return.
What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state?
Military officers were to be stripped of their authority, and power was to be placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers.
Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916?
Nationalistic aristocrats
How did Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff react to Germany's loss in the war in the fall of 1918?
Not wanting to shoulder the blame, they insisted moderate politicians should take responsibility for the defeat.
What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson?
People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.
Following the First World War, what was one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments?
Providing care for the large number of injured veterans
Walter Rathenau is remembered for his
Role in Germany's total war mobilization.
What were the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First World War?
Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and the Ottoman Empire, and Germany had assumed a two-front war against France and Italy.
What did Germany's Auxiliary Service Law require?
That all men between seventeen and sixty work at jobs considered critical to the war effort.
How did Lenin's and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party?
The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.
What was the immediate cause of British entry into the First World War?
The German invasion of neutral Belgium
Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg of Europe"?
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism.
What happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I?
The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease.
What ultimately happened to Ukraine and Belarus, parts of the Russian Empire ceded to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
The Soviet Union reconquered those territories during its civil war.
What was the fatal turning point in the Russian prosecution of the war?
The tsar's decision to assume command of Russia's armies, leaving the government in the hands of the strong-willed, autocratic tsarina
How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?
The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position.
Throughout the First World War, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make?
They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines.
Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them?
They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue.
How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical Communist Spartacist Uprising?
They called on bands of demobilized soldiers called Free Corps to crush the uprising.
What was the common effect of western-front offensives during the First World War?
They caused the slaughter of massed infantry units.
What was the primary political weakness of the White forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks?
They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks.
Why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles?
They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving.
How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War?
They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements.
During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France
generally supported their foreign masters.
Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and to
maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary.
Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of
the Marne.
In 1917, the Germans aided Vladimir Lenin in overthrowing Alexander Kerensky's government
transporting him across Germany in a sealed train