AP Euro - Chapter 5 European State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th Century

Catherine the Great

empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to westernize Russia - created a new law code, greatly expanded Russia, continued economic development under Peter the Great, - creates Charter of Nobility which gave nobles absolute control over serfs

Leopold l

rules Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary - gave the nobility a say before establishing decisions - attempted to extend his power but couldn't because he has to depend on nobles and allows foreigners to enter aristocracy - wasn't able to control distant lands

Dutch Republic - reasons for economic success

- Holland had the largest navy and the most wealth - Netherlands had a central role in inter-European trade because of its geographic position and large merchant marine fleet - there was high urban consolidation (in Netherlands more ppl lived in cities than any other place in Europe) - there were transformations in agriculture - Dutch had an overseas commercial empire - Bank of Amsterdam (see separate flashcard) - Dutch East India Company (see separate flashcard)

Dutch Republic - religion

- Dutch practiced religious toleration. Unlike other European states, in the Netherlands people of different religions lived together peacefully - Netherlands became a haven for Jews - the Calvinist Reformed Church is the official church of the nation (but there were still a good number of Roman Catholics in the Netherlands) - religious toleration attracted a great deal of foreign capital and investment

Fronde

- a series of revolts in France that challenged the authority of young Louis XlV and Cardinal Mazarin, revolts began bc 1) Mazarin attempted to impose a new tax on members of Parliament who refused to pay 2) nobility resents increased power of monarchy 3) ppl felt they were being manipulated by the gov't 4) ppl didn't pay taxes - ppl revolted because they wanted to restore traditional rights - bc of the Fronde, Franc'es financial situation worsens and civil order breaks down completely in the last 12 years 1648-1653 - the Fronde and its revolts had a traumatic impact on young Louis XlV because ppl would break into his bedchamber and threaten him

Table of Ranks

- an official hierarchy established by Peter the Great in imperial Russia that equated a person's social position and privileges with their rank in the state bureaucracy of army - was intended to draw the nobility into state service

Interregnum Period

- attempted to have a democracy (commonwealth 1649-1653) - then Cromwell, the military dictator, tears up the constitution and becomes Lord Protector

Frederick William (a.k.a. the Great Elector)

- began to forge the territory of the Hohenzollerns into a modern state (Prussia) - took a giant step towards royal absolutism - brought Prussia together into a unified state - built a strong army - consolidated nobles into one estate

Michael Romanov

- brought stability and bureaucratic centralization back to Russia after Ivan's death

Henry lV of France

- converted to Catholicism, was a Protestant, tho - granted Edict of Nantes - brought peace and stability - Duc de Sully was his primary advisor together w/Sully, Henry lV established monopolies, built infrastructure, canal system, roads, started corvee

Dutch Republic - Economic Decline

- economic decline occurs in 18th century why? - after William lll of Orange dies, provinces prevent the emergence of another leader - their naval supremacy is passed on to the British (British end up buying out Dutch East India Company when it goes bankrupt) - there was disunity among the provinces - the war of spanish succession was a costly drain on Dutch labor and financial resources. The peace (Peace of Utrecht) signed to end the war marked the beginning of Dutch economic decline what saved the Netherlands from complete and total disaster - THEIR FINANCIAL DOMINANCE - Dutch banks continue to finance European trade

Ivan the Terrible

- first ruler to assume to title of tsar - chose Anastasia of the Romanov family to be his wife - ruled ruthlessly as a tyrant - upon his death Russia experiences a period known as "Time of Troubles"

Bank of Amsterdam

- founded in early 17th century - issued its own currency - made Amsterdam the banking center of Europe - Amsterdam was also the center of commerce in Northern Europe (basically Amsterdam was really prosperous and important)

Charles l (England)

- son of James l - married to Roman Catholic - gets along worse with Parliament than his father - was a smart man but ppl found him dishonest and deceitful - was fond of ceremonies and rituals, was seen as too pro-Catholic by Puritans - dissolved Parliament in 1629, ruled without Parliament from 1629-1640 and financed gov't in ways the English viewed as illegal - caused a civil war in England which resulted from his dismissal of English Parliament - was beheaded

Frederick William l

- the "Soldier King" - the most talented reformed produced by the Hohenzollern family - established Prussian absolutism -created best army in Europe - infused strict military values into a whole society - had a love for the army - believed the welfare of the king and the state depended don the army above all else - Prussia's army made Prussia a valuable potential ally - fun fact : he liked tall, handsome soldiers

Robert Walpole

- the first prime minister of England - develops idea that cabinet was responsible to the House of Commons - in a cabinet system leading ministers formulate common policy and conduct business of the country, both legislative and executive power are held by leading ministers basically. - he maintained peace abroad

James l (England)

- the son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots - he succeeded Queen Elizabeth who was a very successful queen - he was James Vl of Scotland AND James l of England. Because English society if hostile to Scots, his Scottish accent and nationality make him not very popular amongst the people - was a strong believer in the divine right of kings - rarely summoned parliament (there was no Parliament in Scotland so he was used to ruling as an absolutist - alienates the Puritans by strongly defending the Anglican church PROBLEMS - 1) there was a large royal debt 2) he wasn't english - he didn't understand english customs and believed in the divine right of kings 3) clashed with Parliament 4) he (and his son Charles l) were suspected of having pro-Catholic sympathies)

Glorious Revolution

- was a bloodless revolution - represents the destruction of the idea of a divine right monarchy, William and Mary accept the English throne and in doing so recognize the supremacy of Parliament - Revolution established the idea that ultimate power in the state was divided btwn the king and parliament, and established the idea that the king ruled with the consent of the governed

Peter the Great

- was responsible for the westernization of Russia in 18th century - was inspired by Western European culture - successfully expanded Russian territory - moved capital to St. Petersburg - went on a "disguised' trip to Europe to learn all about their culture and modern methods, then he mimicked these methods when he returned to Russia - beats the Swedes in the Great Northern War

Charles ll

- was the "Restoration Monarch" because he restored Parliament, the courts, local gov't, and the Anglican church - son of Charles l - he was a "house guest"/hostage at Louis's palace in Versailles but then English ppl come and beg him to come to England and rule - was a charming, smart man, ppl really like him - favored religious toleration - enters a secret agreement with Louis XlV to re-Catholicize England in exchange for $

Louis XlV

- was the "sun king" - made sure the nobility and major social groups would benefit from the growth of his authority - made nobles wait on him at Versailles - his motto - "L'etat, c'est moi" a.k.a. "I am the state" - revoked Edict of Nantes - Cardinal Mazarin was his main advisor - always firmly prevented elites from interfering with his authority on a national level - spent most of reign at war

Frederick l (Son of the Great Elector)

- was the son of Frederick William - builds palaces, founded a university, was patron to the arts * important because he received the first royal title by helped the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold l in the War of Spanish Succession when he sent his army to fight alongside him, in exchange for this Leopold gives him the title of king

Dutch Republic/United Provinces of Netherlands

-composed of 7 total provinces (Holland is the most important province) - Dutch were NOT monarchical, but instead fiercely republican - gov't was controlled by wealthy merchants/regents and financiers - Dutch republic was a weak union of strong provinces (i.e. the wealthy merchants who dominated the provincial Estates had more power than those who were part of the national Estates General. Basically, the provinces were more powerful than the political body of the republic as a whole) - Dutch republic was politically decentralized - provinces were not connected by a more powerful federal governing body - Prince William lll of Orange (who eventually becomes the king of England) is the stadholder of Netherlands

Grand Alliance

-the alliance between European states that opposed Louis XlV - they didn't want France to get more powerful because now Louis XlV's grandson, Philip V, is Spanish king and was influenced by Louis. These countries see the possible emergence of French control over Spain - these countries must do something to stop this because the potential union of Spain and France would totally upset the European balance of power - Grand Alliance fights to prevent France from becoming too strong in Europe

Junkers

-the nobility and landowning classes - were nobles and landowners that dominated the estates of Brandenburg

Frederick ll (a.k.a. Frederick the Great)

-was the son of Frederick William l (Soldier King) - Invaded Austria - believed in education - encouraged agricultural innovations - encouraged religious toleration and legal reform

English Civil War was btwn ....

Cavaliers and Roundheads Cavaliers were the king and his supporters including wealthy nobles, House of Lords Roundheads were parliamentary forces including House of Commons, city dwellers

English Civil War

Charles gathers troops to arrest members of Parliament. He marches with these troops to London and on his way word spread that he is coming. So, in response to this, Parliament raises their own army - Parliamentary forces win and Charles l flees to Scotland, where they capture him and turn him over to the English who then behead him

James ll (England)

Charles had no legitimate heirs so the throne goes to James ll - James is Catholic king of England who granted everyone religious freedom and appointed Roman Catholics to positions in gov't and army - repealed Test Act - puts Catholics in high command of authority - *Parliament starts to worry because James has a young baby boy and Parliament sees a Catholic dynasty beginning to form so English go to William of Orange and ask him to invade

Long Parliament

Charles l is desperate for money after the Scottish invasion so he finally agrees to demands of Parliament (1640-1648)

Dutch East India Company

DEIC was formed by a group of regents of Holland, it heavily cut into Portuguese trading in East Asia, because of the DEIC Dutch were able to establish trading posts and have a major presence in East Asia

House of Orange

Dutch noble family that achieve prominence by leading the revolt against Spain

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led parliamentary forces in English civil war - formed the "New Model Army" - ruled as a dictator - was Lord Protector - censored the press, divided England into 12 military districts, but he did welcome Jews back into England despite all the bad things he did. - his military dictatorship and rule was just as harsh and hated as Charles l's rule -had strict laws.rules -after his death English are ready to restore Anglican church and monarchy

King George l of England

George was elector of Hanover and first Hanoverian king of Great Britain, was a German protestant prince, let Parliament have control, he relied heavily on Robert Walpole (the first prime minister)

Golden Age (of the Netherlands)

Golden Age was a period in the 17th century where there was a flowering of Dutch scientific, artistic, and literary achievement. The Golden Age produced a high standard of living where wealth was being distributed more equally than any other place in Europe

Absolutism in France started with ....

Henry lV

Triennial Act in 1641

House of Commons passes this act which requires King to summon Parliament every 3 years

Jacques-Benigne Boussuet

Louis XlV's tutor who taught him to believe in the divine right of kings

Treaty Aix-en-Chapelle

Louis gains control of certain towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands

Treaty of Utrecht

Philip remains 1st Bourbon king of Spain on understanding that France and Spain would never be united (because this would upset the balance of power in Europe). Peace of Utrecht represents balance of power principle in operation, setting limits on the extent to which any one power could expand - Treaty of Utrecht completes the decline of Spain as a great power and marked the end of French expansionist policy and vastly expanded British empire

Sejm

Poland's central legislative body including only nobles

Great Northern War

War between the Russians and the Swedes over control of Baltic, - caused by Peter building St. Petersburg on Swedish soil - Russia wins, Treaty of Nystad ends the war - *this war began the rise of Russia and the decline of Sweden

Duc de Sully

a Huguenot, hated by everyone, was rude, but was a great businessman

John Law

a Scottish mathematician who believed an increase in paper money supply would stimulate France's economic recovery so he established a bank in Paris that issued paper money - his actions resulted in Mississippi Bubble

Hohenzollerns

a family that ruled Brandenburg and inherited land that represented a block of territory within the Holy Roman Empire second in size to the Habsburg land

Stadholder

a chief executive officer who oversaw the provinces in the Netherlands (William of lll of Orange was stadholder) Stadholders had primarily a military function

Political Absolutism

a model of political development embodied by France in the 17th century. The French monarchy was able to build a secure financial base that was not deeply dependent on the support of noble estates, diets, or assemblies, and so it achieved absolute rule.

Whigs

a political party of England that wanted change and progress, were supported by Industrial middle class and were attached to constitutional monarchy

Act of Settlement 1701

allows English crown to go to Protestant house of Hanover in Germany if Queen Anne (second daughter of James ll and heir to William of Orange) dies

Gunpowder Plot - Guy Fawkes

an attempt to kill King James l and most of the Protestant aristocracy. they blew up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament. They were caught and the plan didn't go through - they were executed.

Colbert

brilliant economist in France under Louis XlV, his policies allowed for Louis to have a huge budget and to go to wars and maintain an army

Cardinal Richelieu

chief minister to Louis Xlll, worked to establish absolute rule by weakening the nobles and Huguenots - was a devout Catholic, is a politique - was very Machiavellian in approach to ruling - wants to destory Habsburgs and Holy Roman Empire - used spies to monitor nobles

War of Devolution 1667

conflict over Netherlands with Spain - Louis XlV invades Flanders - ended with Treaty Aix-en- Chapelle

League of Augsburgs and Nine Years' War 1689-1697

extends French influence - Louis attacks Rhineland - Europe allies against him to control the "balance of power"

Corvee

french labor tax

Parlements

french regional courts dominated by hereditary nobility. The most important was the Parlement of Paris, which claimed the right to register royal decrees before they would become law

Streltsy

guards of the Russian militia in Moscow, they revolted while Peter was in Europe

War of Spanish Succession 1701-1714

involved dynastic question of succession to Spanish throne - King of Spain, Charles ll, was mentally defective and sexually impotent - no spanish heir, so title goes to Louis XlV's grandson, Philip V - the Grand Alliance tries to stop this - ends with Treaty of Utrecht (see separate flashcard for more info on the treaty and what it said)

Romanov dynasty

nobles control the country during the reign of the Romanovs

Clarendon Code

passed by parliament under Charles ll to exclude Catholics and Presbyterians from religious and political life of the nation. It required strict allegiance to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer (written by Thomas Cranmer) - basically said all clergy and church officials had to conform to the Book of Common Prayer

Test Act of 1673

requires officeholders to take communion in church, it prevents Catholics from holding office or being in the army or navy - requires all civil and military officials of the crown to swear an oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation

English Bill of Rights

served as a model for the U.S. Bill of Rights, settled all major issues btwn king and parliament, puts parliament and monarchy on the same level, freedom of speech, press, and religion all granted

Pragmatic Sanction

states that the Habsburg possessions are never to be divided and were always to be passed to a single heir (who might be female - since Charles is the last of all the Habsburg males) - the legal basis negotiated by the Emperor Charles Vl for the Habsburg succession through his daughter Maria Theresa

Mississippi Bubble

the fiasco that arose from changing from gold to paper money - problem was there was not enough gold to back all of the paper resulting in a huge problem because investors didn't have the money they thought they had

Parliamentary Monarchy

the form of limited or constitutional monarchy set up in Britain after the Glorious Revolution of 1689 in which the monarch was subject to the law and ruled by the consent of parliament

Constitutionalism

the limitation of government by law

Nickname for Brandenburg

the sand-box of the Holy Roman Empire

divine right of kings

the theory that monarchs are appointed by and answerable only to God. English political philosophers defended the divine right of kings and absolute rule. strong believers in this - James l

Act of Union in 1707

unites England and Scotland into one kingdom - Great Britain - intended to strengthen England against France' -abolished Scottish Parliament

John Locke

was the best defense of the Glorious Revolution - was a spokesman for liberal English revolution and representative gov't -wrote Second Treatise of Civil Government

Short Parliament

when parliament refused to consider war funds unless King Charles l would redress political and religious grievances. There was no Parliament for 11 years (1629-1640)