AP Euro Fall Final
1815
Defeat of Napoleon and Congress of Vienna (Major European rulers met to discuss new territories and ownership)
The long-term effect of the Thirty Years' War on the German states was to
Devastate the German states' economies
The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) was to
End the civil war between Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states
Which of the following most accurately states Martin Luther's basic religious belief as a leader of the Protestant Reformation?
Faith is the key to salvation.
A social historian would be most likely to research which of the following topics?
Family life in a French village
In the second half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics, and diplomacy?
France
Of the following, the major political opponent of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was
Francis I of France
Under the Napoleonic system, peasants in territories conquered by French armies were generally given
Freedom from manorial obligations
Denis Diderot
French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a co-founder, chief editor of the Enlightenment. He is also famous for Jacques le fatalise et son maitre which is a famous book written by Diderot himself.
John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in
Geneva
John Calvin
-strong, dominant, and brilliant figure -little known about Calvin; never wrote about himself -studied law, no actual schooling in theology but still uses it and becomes a pastor "figure"
Rene Descartes
17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "I think therefore I am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism
Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists
Advocated a complete separation of church and state
The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566 - 1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT
An alliance with the English Catholics
The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?
Aristotle
Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the seventeenth century by
Articulating theories of the scientific method
Robespierre
As a member of the Estates-General, the Constituent Assembly and the Jacobin Club, he opposed the death penalty and advocated the abolition of slavery, while supporting equality of rights, universal male suffrage and the establishment of a republic. He opposed de-Christianization of France, war with Austria and the possibility of a coup by the Marquis de Lafayette. As a member of the Committee of Public Safety, he was an important figure during the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended a few months after his arrest and execution in July 1794 following the Thermidorian reaction. The Thermidorians accused him of being the "soul" of the Terror,[1] although his guilt in the brutal excesses of the Terror has not been proven.[2]
The gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire which occurred during the nineteenth century created the most serious diplomatic and political tension between which of the following?
Austria and Russia
Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to
Become a wife and mother
Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?
Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.
1492
Christopher Columbus commissioned by Ferdinand & Isabella to sail to the Indies
And New Philosophy calls all in doubt, The element of Fire is quite put out; The Sun is lost, and th' Earth, and no man's wit Can well direct him where to look for it. These verses by John Donne (1573 - 1631) refer to the scientific work of
Copernicus
Mercantilism was principally characterized by
Government effort to build a strong, self-sufficient economy
Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the Northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance?
Greater concern with religious piety
"It was an important confederation of commercial towns in northern Germany with its own laws, diplomats, and flags. Its membership of merchants earned large profits shipping fish, timber, and other resources to areas to the west and to the south. Prosperity declined, however, when trade routes shifted from the Baltic to the Atlantic after 1500." The description above refers to the
Hanseatic League
Which of the following is true of Frederick William I, king of Prussia from 1713-1740?
He built a first-rate army and infused Prussian society with military values.
Montesquieu
He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He did more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon, and may have been partly responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire.
Which of the following is true of Cardinal Richelieu (1585 - 1642)?
He strengthened the intendant method of local government
43. Which of the following statements about Michel de Montaigne (1533 - 1592) is true?
He was the best known skeptic of his time.
1750
Industrial Revolution
In the period from Columbus' discovery of the Americas to the American Revolution all of the following goods were imported from the New World to Europe in large quantities EXCEPT
Iron ore
"The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have a right to concur either personally or by their representatives in its formation. The law should be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes." The quotation above is a formulation of the ideas of
Jean Jacques Rousseau
"In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an external and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological views of
John Calvin
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649.
According to the graph above, which class in sixteenth-century England benefited most from the trends shown?
Landowners
Which of the following was an important consequence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689?
Limits were put on the power of the English monarchy
Oliver Cromwell
Lived during the commonwealth of England Was Puritan and English Lord Protector King Killler Took circles to fool is enemies Began to wear armor under his clothes
Salvation by faith alone, the ministry of all believers, and the authority of the Bible are principles basic to
Lutheranism in the early 16th century
Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of fifteenth-century Italy?
Many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchies
1517
Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses as he is angry about the sale of indulgences
"I will allow that bodily strength seems to give man a natural superiority over woman; and this is the only solid basis on which the superiority of men over women can be built." The passage above best reflects the argument of
Mary Wallstonecraft
After Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, which of the following cities claimed to be the "third Rome"?
Moscow
In the sixteenth century, all of the following had religious civil wars or political insurrections EXCEPT
Muscovite Russia
In 1500 the two most powerful autocracies in Eastern Europe were
Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire
Continental System
Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy. It actually ended up hurting the European economy while Great Britain could still trade with the Americas.
During the great witchcraft persecutions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, those most often tried as witches were
Older women
Which of the following best expresses Voltaire's views concerning religion?
Organized religion perpetuates superstition and ignorance
Enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth century supported all of the following EXCEPT
Pacifist foreign policy
The Edict of Nantes in 1598 did which of the following?
Proclaimed the toleration of Calvinism
The sequence of events that led to the French Revolution of 1789 is best summarized by which of the following?
Royal financial crisis, convening of the Estates General, storming of the Bastille
In eighteenth-century Europe, the most important imperial rivalries existed among which three of the following?
Spain, France, and Great Britain
In fifteenth-century Europe, Muslim culture exerted the greatest influence on which of the following societies?
Spanish
Which of the following best characterizes the Western European economy, as a whole, in the sixteenth century?
Spiraling inflation
Henry IV
Tabula rasa means "blank slate" in Latin and originates from the Roman tabula or wax tablet used for notes, which was blanked by heating the wax and then smoothing it, to give a tabula rasa.
Tabula rasa
Tabula rasa means "blank slate" in Latin and originates from the Roman tabula or wax tablet used for notes, which was blanked by heating the wax and then smoothing it, to give a tabula rasa.
This agreement is commonly known as
Tennis Court Oath
St. Bartholemew's Day
The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy in French) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots
The response of the Roman Catholic church to the Protestant Reformation included all of the following EXCEPT
The abolition of the Index of Prohibited Books
Which of the following best describes the Christian humanism of Erasmus?
The application of Renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reform
Defenestration of Prague
The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years War
The policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders was most closely associated with the
Thermidoreans
Which of the following is true about the rulers of both Austria and Prussia during the seventeenth century?
They maintained permanent standing armies
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was the first influential philosopher to apply the methods of Enlightenment science to politics.
The principal reason why Louis XIV (1643-1715) built his palace at Versailles was to
Tighten his control over the nobility
Edict of Nantes
Toleration of Calvinism and recognizing the rights of French Protestants
Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill both wrote
Tracts on liberty and the rights of women
Eighteenth-century popularizers of the seventeenth-century scientific revolution would have most likely agreed with which of the following statements?
Underlying natural laws govern society
Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean?
Vasco de Gama
In seventeenth and eighteenth-century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in return for
Virtually absolute power over their serfs
All of the following were factors in the spread of literacy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries EXCEPT
an increase in compulsory state education
Estates General
assembly of the estates of all France; last meeting in 1789
One policy Peter the Great used to make Russia a great power was to
build a new capital where his nobles and merchants were obliged to settle
A major revolutionary ideal spread throughout Europe by the French armies during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods was that
careers should be open to talented individuals from all classes
The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714) altered the balance of power in Europe by
checking French expansion
Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from
classical languages and literature
Of the following, which setting provided unmarried women in preindustrial Europe with the greatest opportunity to exercise their literary, artistic, and administrative talents?
convents
The shaded areas on the map above represent which of the following?
dynastic lands of the Hapsburgs in the sixteenth century
The sketch above, drawn by Galileo in 1610, was used to argue that the Moon
has an irregular surface
The Russian woodcut above (about 1698) symbolizes Peter the Great's
imposition of Western values on the Russian nobility
The principal reason England reverted to a monarchical form of government following the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell lay in Cromwell's
inability to establish broad popular support for his government
Louis XIV
known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a major country in European history.
Louis XIV did which of the following to provide better protection for himself and to reduce the influence of the Paris mob?
moved the government from Paris to Versailles
Maria Theresa
only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma.
Frederick William
organized and rebuilt his domain after its devastation in the Thirty Years' War, Great Elector
Catherine de Medici
queen of France as the wife of Henry II and regent during the minority of her son Charles IX (1519-1589)
The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Years' War was to
reduce the power of the Hapsburgs
Elizabeth I
succeeded the Catholic Mary I and reestablished Protestantism in England. Her reign was marked by several plots to overthrow her, the execution of Mary Queen of Scots (1587), the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588), and domestic prosperity and literary achievement.
The lists of grievances, or cahiers de doleances, brought by the members of the Estates-General to Versailles in 1789 called for
tax equity
The Council of Trent(1545-1563) was the major body through which
the Roman Catholic church reformed itself
Ancien Regime
the political and social system of France before the Revolution of 1789
Elizabeth I of England and her contemporary, Henry IV of France, have been called politiques because they believed that
theological controversy should be subordinate to political unity
Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic church on the grounds that it
used indulgences as a fund-raising device
"A prince should have only one end and one idea in mind, take only one subject for study, and it is war, its science and discipline; for it is the only science that deals with the ruler's problems ... [Success in war] not only maintains those born to princedoms but often causes men of private origin to rise to that rank ... The first cause of losing power is the neglect of this art; the cause of winning power lies in its mastery." In writing the passage above, Machiavelli drew on his observations of
warfare among the Italian city-states
Inquisition
A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
After the defeat of King Charles II in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by
A commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell and his son
The revolt against France's increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648 - 1652 is generally known as
Colbertism
Adam Smith maintained that
Competition is socially beneficial
Which of the following was most typical of preindustrial European village society?
Domestic manufacture of most household goods
1558
Elizabeth I aged 25 ascends English throne upon death of her half sister "Bloody" Mary, Ferdinand I officially appointed Holy Roman Emperor after his brother Charles abdicated in 1556
1688
English Glorious Revolution (William and Mary kick James out of throne. move towards declaration/bill of rights)
In early modern Europe, which of the following most directly undermined the guild system?
Entrepreneurial expansion of manufacturing into the countryside
"You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you despise the best one they left behind, the example of a holy life ... If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the Saints." The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following?
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert?
Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods
Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation?
Establishment of the English monarch as head of the Church of England
Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain because
Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity
Which of the following had the largest population in 1763?
France
This document records an oath of unity taken by members of the
French Estates General in opposition to Louis XVI, thus marking the beginning of the French Revolution
1789
French Revolution
The Fronde
French history either of two rebellious movements against the ministry of Cardinal Mazarin in the reign of Louis XIV, the first led by the Parliament of Paris (1648-49) and the second by the princes (1650-53)
Voltaire
French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance. He wrote Candide (1759) and the Philosophical Dictionary
Which of the following contributed to the economic decline of Spain in the seventeenth century? I. The overexpansion of Spanish manufactures II. The loss of a colonial empire III. The debasement of the coinage IV. The expulsion of the Moriscos
III and IV only
The system of intendants was established in seventeenth-century France primarily to
Implement royal policies locally
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Napoleonic Code?
It protected private property and the authority of husbands within the family.
Which of the following is NOT true of the Edict of Nantes (1598)?
It was responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
Which of the following is true of the Romantic movement in early nineteenth-century Europe?
It was, in part, a reaction to the classicism of an earlier period.
All of the following occurred as a result of the settlements reached at the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) EXCEPT -
Italy was unified under Sardinian leadership
The Dutch Republic rose to prominence in seventeenth-century Europe because of which of the following factors?
Its shipping and commerce
The teachings of which of the following had the greatest impact on the Reformation in Scotland?
John Calvin
"Sincerely influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, this monarch abolished capital punishment, established equality before the law, freed the serfs, created a system of primary education, established religious toleration, and tightened the control of the state over the established church." The enlightened despot described above was
Joseph II of Austria
"The salon was a weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies of the society, at which dinner was usually served, cards usually played, but conversation led by the hostess predominated. A few salons were known as having the ideal mixture of leading intellectuals, open-minded nobles, and clever, elegant women." The passage above describes an important aspect of social life in which of the following?
Paris during the Enlightenment
1555
Peace of Augsburg, ended religious civil war between roman catholic and Lutherans in Germany, each German prince power to choice religion of state, failed to provide recognition for Calvinists or other religious groups
Peter the Great
Peter the Great provided a model of how an energetic and ruthless autocrat would change a nation. He successfully transformed Russia into a great power that would play an increasingly important role in European history. Peter the Great's policies increased the disparities between the nobles and the peasants. Millions of exploited serfs formed an estranged class that did not share in Russian society.
The French monarchy in the seventeenth century sought to expand France's borders to all its "natural frontiers" by gaining control of
Poland
During the Renaissance, humanism contributed LEAST to which of the following?
Popularization of medieval legends
The eighteenth-century philosophes believed that society could best achieve progress through
Scientific empiricism
The first political use of the terms "right" and "left" was to describe the
Seating arrangements in the French National Assembly chamber during the French Revolution
The acquisition of which of the following territories during the mid-eighteenth century helped to establish Prussia as a great power?
Silesia
"Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive." This statement was a contemporary characterization of
Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World
Which of the following characterized European warfare between the Peace of Utrecht (1713) and the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789)?
Standing armies pursuing limited strategic goals
Which of the following was the most important factor behind the Price Revolution of the sixteenth century?
Steady population growth and rising food costs
Which of the following was a persistent cause of agitation and protests by the Parisian lower classes in the eighteenth century?
Substantial increase in the cost of bread
In the late seventeenth century, which of the following countries led continental Europe in shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking?
The Netherlands
Which of the following caused the deepest and most persistent internal opposition to the French Revolution?
The enactment of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Which of the following was a primary result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
The limitation of monarchical power
Which of the following was a major result of the Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648)?
The loss of as much as one-third of the German-speaking population through war, plague, and starvation
Which of the following is true of the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-1525?
The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands.
The model of the universe which resulted from the scientific work of Galileo and Newton embraced
The science of mechanics
Which of the following statements best describes the writers of the Romantic school?
They stressed emotion rather than reason
In the first half of the seventeenth century, the Austrian Hapsburgs subdued revolt and centralized control in their territories by doing which of the following?
Waging warfare against rebel groups and supporting the Catholic Reformation
New Monarchs
a concept developed by European historians during the first half of the 20th century to characterize 15th-century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments
During 1793 - 1794, Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety owed much of their influence to the support of
a group of small property owners and wage laborers in Paris who were concerned about high food prices
Peninsular War
a military conflict between the First French Empire and the allied powers of the Spanish Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.
Indulgences
a partial remission of the temporal punishment, especially purgatorial atonement, why Luther first started
Sans culottes
a revolutionary of the poorer class: originally a term of contempt applied by the aristocrats but later adopted as a popular name by the revolutionaries.
According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be
acquired as markets and sources of raw materials
Historically, which of the following factors has proved LEAST necessary for making a successful revolution?
active participation of the majority of citizens
Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus' theories by
demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbits
Which of the following was generally supported by the mercantilists?
development of colonies
99. "The pasturing stock is allowed in peace to eat up the food on the pastures to its utmost limits, thus the stock returns more ample profit to the farmer. In managing arable lands, the farmer derives other solid advantages, such as security against trespass and adoption of correct crop rotation." The eighteenth-century British quotation above is a justification for which of the following?
enclosure of common lands
1648
end of the 30 Year's War by the Peace of Westphalia
Just as the reign of Louis XVI of France is often cited as an example of absolutism, the reign of Joseph II of Austria is often cited as an example of
enlightened monarchy
Poland's decline as a major political entity during the seventeenth century can be attributed largely to
the absence of a powerful central authority
Puritan Revolution
the conflict between King Charles I of England and a large body of his subjects, generally called the "parliamentarians," that culminated in the defeat and execution of the king and the establishment of a republican commonwealth
Which of the following was the primary cause of the Hapsburg-Valois feud, which dominated European international politics in the sixteenth century?
the conflicting political ambitions of the two families
All of the following were invented in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries EXCEPT
the flying shuttle
Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid-to late twenties because
they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family