ap euro first semester final review
compare Martin Luther and John Calvin, how are they similar?
-both protestants -both kept two of the sacraments, communion and baptism
which European ruler posed the biggest obstacle to the spread of Protestantism in the sixteenth century
Charles the 5th: -fought Lutheranism -has peasant revolts
name the first country to introduce African slavery to New World
Portugal
who is most closely associated with advances in human anatomy during the 16th century?
Vesalius
name the enlightenment thinker that has the biggest impact on the philosophy and practices of Fredrick the great
Voltaire (freedom of press and religion)
which Italian city-state dominated the Renaissance during the fifteenth century?
florence
name the principle architect of Prussia statehood and it;s emergence as a European power in the 17th century
Fredrick the great elector
between 1450 to 1550, identify major differences between society in Renaissance Italy and the societies of France and England
the art is different Renaissance Italy: -north had Christian humanism -south had Italian humanism the Italian peninsula goes under attack, helps Machiavelli rise, in which Spain and France rise as a result
name the country that was the most important trade and finance center during the first half of the 17th century
the dutch
why was the Zollverein significant in the mid-nineteenth century?
-economic unification of the German states, to lower tariffs/taxes and toll roads for one another -increased trade among themselves
identify the immediate cause of the English civil war
-Charles I tried to arrest 5 radical puritans from parliament
name the country that was the last to industrialize during the 19th century
-Russia, because they didn't have labor source since they still had serfdom
describe the relationship between the catholic church and Galileo
-they don't like him because he proves helio-centric theory -time period when Protestantism was happening
who would most likely have been opposed to the cruel treatment of American Indians in the 16th century new world?
Las Casas
identify key accomplishments of Peter the Great
developed Russia in the Baltic region
analyze a 1763 map of North America
french and indian war
analyze the woodcut "Adam and Eve" by Durer
(he was northern renaissance) -human body was "perfected" -comes from renaissance
what group strongly supported increased male suffrage in Great Britain
-Chartists: wanted ALL men to vote, not just those who owned land
between 1689 and 1815, what was the central issue in European diplomacy?
-France's power and trying to limit it
what were the results of the treaty of Westphalia?
-HRE shrinks because Switzerland and Netherlands are recognized as a republic
name a sixteenth-century Catholic figure that has a significant impact in promoting emotionalism and a personal relationship with god
-Teresa of Avila -she promotes women in the church and bringing back catholicism
identify several technological innovations used in navigation during the 16th century
-astrolabe -map making -lateen sails(triangle-shaped sails) -caravel (Portuguese boat)
identify how the commercial revolution in the years between 1500 and 1700 has effects on western European society
-commerce = increased trading -middle class and bourgeois gained economical and political power
identify the immediate cause of the 30 years war
-defenestration of Prague (when the hre officials got thrown out of a window by the protestants) -holy roman emperor tells people in Prague they can't be protestant anymore
describe industrialization in continental Europe in the mid-19th century
-delayed because of Napoleonic wars, once he was exiled, they all could focus on industrialization
describe the role of upper class women during the Italian Renaissance
-fluffy education -women declined in political and economic opportunities compared to the middle ages
who was Robert Owen and what were his beliefs?
-he was a utopian socialist -wanted government reforms/factory laws -Factory Act: no kids working under 9 and 12 hour work days changed to 9 hours
what disease did the work of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Edward Jenner pave the way for the control of by the early 19th century?
-helped cure small pox
name a few significant long-term consequences of the industrial revolution for the working class after 1850
-increased rights -women can't contribute to finances due to laws that restrict work limits
why was Francis Bacon an important figure in the scientific revolution?
-inductive reasoning and observation to analyze the physical world
why was the council of trent (1545-1563) significant?
-keeps the 7 sacraments -addresses the abuses in the church (does not include the selling of indulgences) -starts educating the priests
list the conditions that enabled England to industrialized in the late 18th and early 19th century
-land (coal and iron ore, and good transportation system): natural resources, which lead to capital and money -labor: waiting for jobs because of the labor movement -They were able to increase food supply (enclosure movement and agricultural revolution)
identify characteristics of the 16th century work of art, Toledo, by El Greco
-mannerism -rejects renaissance
compare major differences between European society in the Renaissance compared to society in the later middle ages
-more people reading -more access to printed materials
compare Elizabeth 1 of England and Henry IV of France, and how were they similar?
-politique -use of practical compromise to solve political problems
analyze Protestant Reformation woodcuts
-printed easily -used by Protestants -basically calling the Pope the Antichrist -church is corrupt -used for propaganda -people can understand even if they can't read
identify the key to the economic prosperity of the dutch republic in the early 16th century
-really good urban development and cities -religious toleration
know the doctrine of the Anglican church under Henry VIII
-same as Catholic church, but Henry VIII was the head of it -believed salvation could be achieved by good works
identify several characteristics of Italian Renaissance art
-secular -perspective -free standing -classical mythology (not in the north) -use light and dark for depth and perspective
what idea did Jean-Jacques Rousseau advocate in his philosophy?
-social contract: government should rule by the consent of the people, and for the common good of the people
what was the treaty of tordesillas?
-split the new Americas between Portugal and Spain -created by the pope -helped avoid war between Portugal and Spain
name several inventions that were essential to the development of the industrial revolution between the years 1780 to 1850
-steam engine: power source for railroads -cotton gin: increased production -railroad: transportation -puddling furnace: iron to make machines
know several results of the glorious revolution in England
-stronger parliament -throne can only be Anglican -toleration for puritans and quakers, but NOT for Catholics
why was Isaac Newton's Principia (1687) a milestone in science
-use of mathematics in science -explains nature laws in the universe
analyze a political cartoon illustrating Peter the great cutting off the beard of an "old believer"
-westernization
who was Thomas More and what did he write?
-wrote "Utopia" -helps the idea of changing demographic of peasant life -ideas go against Henry 8th
name the ruler that was the most successful in achieving long-term territorial expansion in the 18th century (1700s)
Catherine the Great: Expands all the way to the black sea
identify repressive measures in order to combat heresy within Catholic countries
Igneous Lyola
who was the first European explorer to find an all-water route to India by rounding the southern tip of Africa?
Vasco de Gama (portugese)
name the country that dominated European elite culture in the late 17th century
france
identify important characteristics of the "new monarchs" of the late 16th century and early 17th century
new monarchs: Isabela and Ferdinand -centralized government by reducing power from the nobles
