AP EURO industrial revolution

Crystal Palace

-The location of the Great Exhibition 1851 in London -an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron that helped draw millions of visitors

steam engine - James Watts

-a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump (inefficient) -the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine patented in 1769 -Watt needed skilled workers, precision parts, and capital, and the relatively advanced nature of the British economy proved essential. -Watt found skilled mechanics who could install, regulate, and repair his sophisticated engines -most fundamental advance in technology

spinning jenny -James Hargreaves

-a simple inexpensive hand powered spinning machine created in 1765. -produced an explosion in the infant cotton textile industry in the 1780s, when it was increasing the value of it's output at an unprecedented rate of about 13% each year> by 1790 the new machines were producing 10 times as much cotton yarn as had been made in 1770-waterframe

water frame spinning machine

-a spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that quickly acquired a capacity of several hundred spindles and demanded more power>water power -it required a larger and more specialized milk -a factory -could only spin a coarse, string thread, which was put out for responding in hand powered cottage jennies>>Samuel crompton(alternative technique)1790

First Industrial Revolution

-a term first coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions an economic expansion that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron. -with the quickening of the annual rate of industrial growth in Britain (0.7% between 1700-1760)> (3% between 1801-1831) after the American War of Independence (1775-1783) and just before te French Revolution (1789-1799) -not complete in Britain till 1850>>first revolution is the growth in Britain independently

John Constable "The Haywain"

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William Blake & Wordsworth

Blake-protested against the hard life of the London poor Wordsworth-lamented the destruction of the rural way of life and the pollution of the land and water. (romantic poets-critics of British industrial revolution)

Chartist Movement

British workers also engaged in direct political activity in defense of their own interests. After the collapse of Owens national trade union, many people went into the chartist movement, which sought political democracy. The key chartist demand-- that all men be given male suffrage.

Mines Act 1842

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.

Factory Act 1833

English law that lead to the sharp decline in the employment of children by limiting the hours that children over age nine could work and requiring younger children to attend factory run elementary schools.

Combination Acts 1799

English laws passed in 1799 that outlawed union and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Luddites

Group of handicraft workers who attacked whole factories in northern England in 1812 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work -

coke, puddling furnace, & pig iron

In the 1780s Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke. This technical invention led to a boom in the production of iron. -the use of powerful steam driven bellows in blast furnaces helped iron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke (coal) in the smelting of pig iron after 1770.

class-consciousness

Marxist idea-- Policies aimed at protecting and developing a country's economy -conflicting classes existed in part because many individuals came to believe they existed an developed an appropriate sense of class feeling

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union 1834

Robert Owen - pioneered industrial relations by combining form discipline with the health, safety, and hours of his workers. After 1815 he experienced cooperative socialist communities (new harmony Indiana). Then in 1834 Owen organized one if the largest most visionary of the early national unions.>>1851 crafts union

Agents of Industrialization

The British realized the great value of their technical discoveries and tried to keep their secrets to themselves. Until 1825, it was illegal for artisans and skilled mechanics to leave Britain, until 1843 the export of textile machinery and other equipment was forbidden. -however many new methods were introduced by being illegally let out.

David Ricardo- iron law of wages

Theory proposed by an English economist suggesting the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence level. -because of the pressure on population growth, wages would be high enough to keep workers from starving.

Malthus- Essay on the Principle of Population

Thomas Malthus examined the dynamics of human populations. He argued that population would always grow faster than food supply. Contrary to the belief that it facilitated industrial expansion. He a advised late marriage to slow the reproduction process.