ap euro prothero questions
What form of government did the Dutch establish after gaining independence from Spain?
Republic (no monarch)
Why would Catholic King of France support the Protestant side in the 16th century German civil war?
"The enemy of my enemy is my friend" French foreign policy is to keep Germany divided to prevent the Hapsburgs from obtaining too much power
Who was involved in the War of the Three Henrys?
*Henry of Navarre* (Bourbon, Huguenot) Henry III (Protestant, current king, son of Henry II & Catherine de Medici) Henry of Guise (Roman Catholic)
List the four phases of the Thirty Years' War and describe the events and results of each.
1. In Bohemia, Ferdinand and and *CATHOLICS* vs. Bohemian Protestants 2. In Denmark, Ferdinand and and *CATHOLICS* vs. Danish Protestants 3. Involved successful intervention by Sweden on *PROTESTANT* side; France helped to limit Hapsburg power 4. Direct French intervention on *PROTESTANT* side
By the death of Henry II in 1559, what percentage of the French population was Calvinist?
10%
In what year did the Dutch gain their permanent independence from the Spanish?
1648
How many provinces made up the Netherlands in the 16th century?
17
Name the treaty that declared Dutch independence from Spain.
Act of Abjuration
The Dutch in the 16th century mainly followed what version of Protestantism?
Calvinism
When Louis XIII is king, who runs the government and what does he do?
Cardinal Richelieu turns the French Government into an absolute monarchy in order to eliminate chaos and establish stability (full extent of Machiavellianism)
What two names are given to the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation?
Catholic Reformation & Counter Reformation
In the early 16th century, critics of the Catholic clergy concentrated on what problems?
Corruption of the church and the basic Catholic doctrine itself
What technique did early modern Hapsburg monarchs use to enhance their wealth and territorial acquisition?
Diplomatic marriage with foreign monarchs
What effect did the Protestant Reformation have in Poland?
Doctrinal differences among Calvinists,Lutherans and other groups prevented united opposition to Catholicism. King banned Lutheranism; remained Catholic
Describe the religious situation in England during the reigns of Henry VIII's successors: Edward VI, Mary I (Tudor), Elizabeth I
Edward VI: Protestant Mary I: Catholic; Protestants persecuted Elizabeth I: was Protestant but chose a middle course between Catholicism and Puritans, promoted Church of England
Despite many reasons for the conflict, what event may have sparked the late 16th century Spanish invasion of England?
Elizabeth I (Protestant) executed Mary I (Catholic)
As a result of the English Reformation, Henry VII became the supreme head of the Church of _____.
England
List the three "weak" sons of Henry II who ruled France in chronological order. Who "really" ruled France during the reigns of these three monarchs?
Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III They were ruled by their mother Catherine de Medici
Besides religious reasons, why might Hungary eventually remain Catholic in early modern European history?
Geography Part of Austrian empire In the middle of Austrians and Turks Held on to Catholicism because it was the lesser of two evils (Catholicism vs. Islam)
What was Luther's reaction to the German Peasant Revolts and why? What were the results of these revolts?
German country people protested economic and social injustices, and justified the revolt with (a misinterpretation of) Luthers doctrine. Luther originally supported this, but then changed his mind because he did not want to be affiliated with social revolution, only religious. This rebellion was quickly crushed.
What two European royal families experienced centuries of conflict in early modern European history and why?
Hapsburgs vs. Valois Conflict stemmed from Maximilian I's marriage to Mary of Burgundy Valois feared the potential of the powerful Hapsburg family to become universal monarchs of Europe
Describe the social and political impact that the English Reformation had on English society and government.
Henry seized monasteries and distributed their lands to the upper classes, which strengthened them and tied them to both the Tudor dynasty and the English Church Royal government reformed and centralized New departments of state Surplus funds from all departments were applied to those with deficits Greater efficiency and economy
What county dominated the new Dutch nation and why?
Holland because it had the largest navy and the most wealth
What were the results of the German religious war of the 16th century for the Holy Roman Empire (Peace of Augsburg) and personally for the emperor Charles V?
In general, Lutheranism was recognized in the Holy Roman Empire. For Charles V personally, he became a monk and decided to divide Germany from his non-German territories. His brother, Ferdinand I, inherited Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, and his son, Philip II, inherited Spain.
What social and political consequences can be attributed to Luther translating the Bible into German?
It inspired nationalism and German pride yet simultaneously divided the Holy Roman empire by religion. If it was written in Latin, it would suggest Latin/Catholic superiority.
Explain the results of the Council of Trent and therefore their overall strategy as to how to Catholic Church should respond to the Protestant Reformation.
It laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church. The decision was made to reform the church in two ways: fix corruption (simony, nepotism, etc.) and reaffirm basic doctrine.
How did the early Protestant Reformation affect the role of women in society?
Luther's claim that all vocations have equal merit, the Protestant rejection of monasticism and celibacy, the insistence that all laity (including women) should read the Bible, and Luther's acceptance of sexual desire (within marriage) all contributed to some minor improvement in women's circumstances.
Explain the basic doctrinal arguments that Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, and other early Protestant leaders agreed on in their break with the Roman Catholic Church.
Mainly Eucharist (AKA communion, the Lord's supper, etc) Catholicism: transubstantiation Luther: believed that Christ is present during Eucharist but not because of the priest Zwingli: saw it as a memorial which Christ is present in spirit among the faithful, but not in the bread and wine
Besides religious reasons, why might Bohemia join the Protestant side against the Holy Roman Emperor?
Opposed to the Catholic Hapsburgs "the enemy of my enemy is my friend"
Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire originally settled their differences by what agreement in 1555?
Peace of Augsburg (however, this lost support over tie as both Protestants and Catholics wanted to advance their causes)
Which countries composed the two sides of the Thirty Years' War?
Protestant Germany (Protestant Union), Denmark, Sweden, and France VS Catholic Germany (Catholic League), Austria, and Spain
Religiously, as a result of the Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, the northern Dutch counties were ______ and the southern Dutch counties were ______.
Protestant; Catholic
2 parts of the counter reformation
REFORM: fix corruption & reaffirmation of beliefs END PROTESTANTISM: intellectually (spread Catholicism and re-convert) and through force (inquisition of heretics, and war with Protestants)
Lutheranism spread fairly quickly to what region of Europe to the north of the Holy Roman Empire?
Scandinavia
Why wouldn't the pope grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?
She was the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, and doing so would create animosity from the Holy Roman Empire
What was a source of the great Dutch wealthy in their early history?
Shipping because of their good fleet
What were the results of the Hapsburg-Valois Wards of the early to mid-16th century?
Spain emerged victorious France had to acknowledge Spanish dominance in Italy Conflict still continued (politically and religiously) France had to increase taxes and borrow heavily
What were the consequences of the English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588?
Spain rebuilt navy to be even stronger than before War between Spain and England dragged on for years Prevented Philip II from reimposing Catholicism on England by force Increased nationalism in England
What name is given to the southern Dutch counties that remain part of the Spanish empire after the Dutch revolt? What is this region of Europe called today?
Spanish Netherlands Belgium
Why would England support the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish?
Support of Protestantism "The enemy of my enemy is my friend"
Why might loyalty to the Catholic Church have remained strong in Ireland?
The English tried to impose their church on Ireland, but they remained Catholic because of their opposition to England
When Luther's rebellion resulted in war, what factor besides religion divided the Holy Roman Empire?
The desire for states' rights
Why might the rise of Protestantism in Spain and/or France be more easily squelched?
The rulers in these countries are both strict and devoutly Catholic.
Why would the Catholic French support the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War?
Their foreign policy is to weaken Hapsburg power by whatever means necessary in order to prevent universal monarchy
In general, describe the different approaches demonstrated by the Medieval popes, Renaissance popes, and the Counter Reformation popes, concerning their leadership of the Catholic Church.
There is a strong correlation between the power of papal authority and the pope's involvement in the world (involvement increases when authority is decreased and vice versa) MEDIEVAL: unquestionable power, so involvement in the world was unnecessary RENAISSANCE: worldliness increased during Renaissance so popes became more involved to reclaim power; popes were worldly and corrupt COUNTER REFORMATION: models of decorum and piety, fought back and declared authority like late Medieval popes
Why would the French government not have a "political need" to rebel against Rome in the Protestant Reformation?
They had already formally parted from Rome, forming their own Gallican church, so anything wrong with the Roman Catholic Church was irrelevant to the French.
Why would popes resist calls for a general council representing the entire church?
They realized that a general council would lessen their power, but since many people opposed the total authority held by the Pope, they did it anyway in an attempt to win back the favor of the people
Besides those Germans that supported Luther due to religious agreement with him, what other reasons might have drawn certain Germans to his cause?
They used him as a symbol and a weapon of not only religious, but also social and political revolution.
What did Henry IV mean when he was quoted as saying, "Paris is well worth a Mass"?
While Henry IV was originally Protestant, he converted to Catholicism because in his eyes, it was a small sacrifice if it meant he could be the King of France.
What name is given to the newly independent northern Dutch counties after their successful independence movement against the Spanish?
United Provinces of the Netherlands
Explain the "Protestant Work Ethic" as it related to 16th century Calvinism.
the belief in predestination led to an emphasis on being hardworking, thrifty, profitable, conservative, and moral
The reign of Henry IV prepared a way for French ________ in the 17th century by helping restore internal peace in France.
absolutism
What city became a model Calvinist community in the 16th century, and what type of lifestyle would be emphasized by Calvinist leaders?
city: Geneva lifestyle: theocratic government; Protestant work ethic
Describe the doctrinal practices of the Church of England.
essentially the same as the Catholic doctrine
Part of the resistance to Catholic Rome was fueled by nationalistic resentment by those who saw church leaders in their regions as _________.
foreign
In the Netherlands, what began as a movement for the reformation of the church, developed into a struggle for Dutch __________.
independence
Rapidly reproducing and making known his ideas, Luther's fame and success can be somewhat attributed to the invention of the _________ _____.
printing press
List and explain the importance of the results of the Thirty Years' War (Peace of Westphalia).
reconfirmed Peace of Augsburg and added Calvinism German states became virtually sovereign France gains rights in Alsace and Lorraine Sweden gains northern German territory Dutch Republic gains permanent independence Swiss cantons gain independence
What characteristic of the new Dutch republic enabled them to attract a great dal of foreign capital, investment, and talent?
religious toleration
The Dutch provinces of the 16th century were _____-governing, and made their living how
self
List some consequences of the Peace of Westphalia.
weakened Hapsburg states of Austria and Spain strengthened French position in Europe ended Age of Wars of Religion introduced new method of peace negotiation recognized Europe as a group of independent states with the ability to negotiate for themselves marked the beginning of what became known as the "modern state system"
