AP Euro: Scientific Revolution, The Enlightenment, Enlightened Absolutism

The Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Reading Revolution

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse

Views of Voltaire

Was radical with religion and philosophy, by a reformer when it comes to society and politics

Cartesian Dualism

The view that all of the universe can be reduced to the mind and matter.

Isaac Newton Cyanide and Happiness comic: http://files.explosm.net/comics/Dave/comicnewton1.png

-Law of Universal Gravitation (F = G*m1*m2/R^2) (http://files.explosm.net/comics/Rob/movie.png) -Great pioneer of mathematics (Quackulus)

Johannes Kepler

-Reinvented astronomy with his three laws and The New Astronomy -Completed Brahe's Rudolphine Tables -Integrated cosmology and mathematics -Pioneered optics

Public Sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during enlightenment, where the public cane together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics.

Pugachev's Rebellion

Emelian Pugachev declared himself the true tsar of Russia and sparked an uprising of serfs

Who was the Aristotle of the world of medicine?

Galen

Aristotle's followers

His followers were mostly Christian because his model made humans the center of the universe and was neat and organized

Ptolemy

Proposed that planets moved in epicycles and in turn moved in larger circles called deferents

Frederick II (the Great)

Quite the enlightened monarch if I do say so myself (snooty laugh) -Seven Years' War -Invaded Silesia and stole it from Hapsburg Maria Theresa

Salon

Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Andreas Vesalius

Studied anatomy of the human body by dissecting it; published On the Structure of the Human Body

What was crucial in kick-starting the Enlightenment period?

The Scientific Revolution

Haskalah

The Shlomo Enlightenment of the 2nd 1/2 of the 18th century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.

What were enlightened writers thinking during this period?

They set an agenda to address problems with humans using science

Immanuel Kant

-Argued that if intellectuals were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would follow -Individuals should always obey laws, no matter how useless or obscure

Maria Theresa

-Austrian Hapsburg emerging from War of Austrian Succession -Church reform -Strengthen the central bureaucracy -Improve the lot of the agricultural population

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

-Believed that rationalism and civilization destroyed the individual -Believed men and women were radically different -Wrote The Social Contract, based on two fundamental concepts: the general will and popular sovereignty.

How were Jews screwed over by the limitations of Enlightened Absolutism?

-Confined to small ghettos -Were excluded by law from most professions -Could be kicked out of kingdom whenever the king wanted

Catherine the Great's goals

-Continue Peter the Great's westernization of Russia -Domestic reform -Territorial expansion

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

-Developed calculus independent of Newton -Proposed that the universe is composed of an infinite number of substances called monads -Wrote Theodicy

Galileo Galilei

-Developed the experimental method, basically saying to not speculate about what could happen, rather about what does actually happen through a controlled experiment -Formulated the law of inertia, which says that the natural state of n object is perpetual motion, rather than perpetual rest, unless acted on by an outside force -Abolished the need for established authority by encouraging new methods to be developed -Was pretty much given the cold shoulder by the Catholic church after the publication of Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World in 1632 -Declared a heretic (awww man)

Rene Descartes

-Discovered analytical geometry after a vision while serving during the Thirty Years' War Decartes--> cartes--> cartesian... CARTESIAN PLANE!!! -Quite the philosophical man if I may add

David Hume

-Emphasised civic morality and religious skepticism -Believed the human mind is nothing more than a bundle of impressions

Effects of Pugachev's Rebellion

-Ended domestic reform under Catherine the Great -Catherine freed nobles from taxes -Nobles benefited mostly

Catherine the Great

-Enlightened -Absolutist

How did France become the hub of Enlightenment thought?

-French was the language of the educated class -Unpopularity of Louis XV and his mistress prompted for reform -Philosophes made it their mission to reach a larger crowd

Robert Boyle

-Helped found Chemistry -Used experiments to discover the basic elements of nature, believing it to be composed of atoms -Created the first vacuum -Discovered Boyle's Law: pressure = some constant/volume

Scientific Revolution practical concerns

-Industrial Revolution -Artisans and craftsmen developed strong interest in science, which in turn made scientists depend on artisans and craftsmen

Reasons Copernicus is in fact a nut case

-It put the stars at rest, destroying the theory of crystal spheres capable of moving stars -If stars remained relatively fixed in the night sky over the course of a year, then the universe in unthinkably large -Used mathematics instead of philosophy, displacing the hierarchy of disciplines -By making Earth just "one" of the planets, he destroyed the ideas of Aristotle

Francis Bacon http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wTNc9sx5zsU/Tz0DyfGbVcI/AAAAAAAABXY/4bAhHxERCSI/s400/ch2.jpg

-Loved the experimental method -Developed empiricism, which is the theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reasoning and speculation -His followers created the Royal Society, which met (and still meets) weekly for discussion of the latest science gossip http://files.explosm.net/comics/Kris/same.png

Voltaire

-Most famous philosophe -Very similar to Montesquieu in terms of beliefs

What didn't change?

-Nature is still depicted as a female for which male scientists need to penetrate and unveil -Gender inequality wasn't targeted, maybe even made worse (however, Italy offered posts for woman in universities)

Effects of the rise of modern science

-New social group: international scientific community -The new social group became closely tied to the state and its agendas, strongly endorsed by Bacon -Academies were created in Paris 1666, Berlin 1700, then the rest of Europe -Scientists developed critical attitude towards established authority that inspired thinkers to question in other fields

Causes of Scientific Progress

-Patrons funded scientific investigations -Artists' desire to integrate realism in their paintings resulted in them observing the natural world, which led to the discovery of Ptolemy's Geography in the Byzantine Empire -Developments in technology such as printing allowed knowledge to spread quickly -Navigational problems

How did Enlightenment ideas spread so quickly through the general public?

-Production and consumption of books grew significantly -Conversion, discussion and debate

Nicolaus Copernicus

-Proposed the "radical" idea of a heliocentric universe (this guy is a nut, right?) -Wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, but did not publish it until 1543, the year of his death

Three central concepts of enlightenment thinking

-The methods of natural science are used to understand aspects of life, meaning "reason" -The scientific method can be used to discover the laws of human society -Progress

Baron de Montesquieu

-Wrote The Persian Letters and The Spirit of Laws -Used wit to criticize government and showed that governments is shaped by history and geography -Argued for Separation of Powers

Adam Smith

-Wrote The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which stated that the thriving commercial life of the 18th century contributed to civic virtue through competition, fair play, and individual autonomy

Sensationalism

The idea that all human ideas and thought are produced from your senses

Rococo

18th century style in Europe known for soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.

Philosophes

A group of french intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment

Rationalism

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted by faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.

Whose ideas was natural philosophy based on in the early 1500's?

Aristotle

How did the enlightenment affect the concept of races?

As a result of The System of Nature by Carl von Linné who argued that nature was ranked in hierarchies, resulting in classifications of humans. Europeans began to think that they were biologically superior to other "races."

Who opposed Descartes' idea of cartesian dualism?

Baruch Spinoza

Tycho Brahe

Believed that all planets except the earth revolved around the sun and that the entire group of sun and planets revolved in turn around the earth-moon system

Thomas Aquinas

Combined Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine to produce the theory that the Earth is the center of the universe

Descartes vs. Bacon

Descartes--> deductive mathematical reasoning Bacon--> inductive experimentalism

William Harvey

Discovered circulation in the veins and arteries in 1628; explained that the heart worked like a pump

Natural Philosophy

Focused on the fundamental questions about the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned, basically encompassing what we call "science" today

Pierre Bayle

Huguenot who fled from France to the Netherlands after developing the idea of skepticism, where nothing can ever be factually known, arising from how many cultures in the world have a very wide, and often wrong, idea of religion and the world.

Paracelsus

Implemented the experimental method in medicine and promoted the use of drugs and chemicals to address chemical imbalances.

Whose essay called Essay Concerning Human Understanding contributed to the idea of sensationalism?

John Locke's

Joseph II

Liberal successor of Maria Theresa -Abolished serfdom -Welcomed Jews

Leopold II

Opposite of Joseph II -Repealed Joseph's liberal acts and legalized serfdom

Enlightened Absolutism

Rule of 18th century monarchs who, without compromising their absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.

Madame de Chatelet

Translated Principia into French

Cameralism

View that the monarchy is the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.

What is the difference between medieval/renaissance thinkers and enlightenment thinkers?

Whereas medieval/enlightenment thinkers tried to relight the antiquity, enlightenment thinkers believed that they went far beyond the enlightenment and that intellectual progress was very possible.

Encyclopedia

Written by Diderot and d'Alembert