AP Euro Semester 1 Exam, AP Euro First Semester Review, AP European History 1st Semester Exam Review, AP Europe Final (Semester 1) COMBO, AP euro midterm, ap euro semester 1 final, AP Euro - 1st Semester Final Review (CH 11-20), ap euro semester 1 fi...

Great Fear

The pervasive sense of paranoia mostly among peasants fearing that the nobles and royal forces were going to halt the revolution. Local manor houses and monasteries were pillaged and feudal dues were left blatantly unpaid.

Final Solution

The phrase used by the Nazis for their goal of exterminating all the Jews of Europe. An estimated 6 of the 11 million European Jews were murdered.

Great Plague of London

The plague kills 10,000s of people because they were not prepared for the Plague to come back. However, the blame was not placed on Charles II which shows that Europeans begin to think that Plagues are not religious

Truman Doctrine

The policy, begun in 1947, that the United States would not challenge existing Communist nations' right to exist, but would actively and militarily oppose any further expansion of communism. This policy of containment was followed for decades.

Socialism

The political belief that the government needs to provide extensive social and economic benefits for its citizens. This theory began in the early 1800s largely in response to the suffering of the industrial poor. Socialists also believe that the government's primary concern is the protection and care of its citizens, even if private property needs to be taken.

Which of the following best explains how the printing press contributed to the development of national cultures in Europe?

The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature.

Mass Production

The process of producing a large number of items quickly using an assembly line. Numerous identical items could be quickly and cheaply produced. Modern factory systems of production developed in the mid-nineteenth century as a result.

Tories and Whigs

The largely Anglican Tories believed in a hereditary monarchy and favored allowing Charles II's Catholic brother, James, to become king after Restoration. The Whigs opposed this because of his Catholicism and his absolutist tendencies.

Nicholas II

The last czar of Russia, he abdicated in 1917 and was murdered in 1918 along with his family. Though generally regarded as a decent man, he was an extremely weak and ineffective leader.

THE SECOND ESTATE

The nobility Only 2% of the population but owned 20% of the land Didn't have to pay taxes

Guild system

The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.

Which of the following events marked the effective end of Spain's ability to act as a champion of Catholicism in Europe?

The outcome of the Thirty Years' War (1648)

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther stressed the use of vernacular (non-Latin) languages for religious texts and instruction?

They believed that religious teachings should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible.

The image demonstrates which of the following regarding scientific advances in early modern Europe?

They used information obtained through dissection to reconceptualize the body as an integrated system.

Hasburgs

They will push out Ottomans from Hungary and regain that territory

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

This diminishes church influence in France as it takes church lands, and has church positions of power granted through electors, diodes published by the church no longer are published nation wide and salaries are given by the state. This is extremely radical and makes many upset

Otto von Bismarck

This dude, master of Realipolitik, was chancellor of Prussia from 1861-71. He was devoted to the Hohenzollerns (Prussian ruling family) and the unification of Germany, which occured in 1871. He continued to serve as Chancellor until he was fired in 1890 by William II.

Great Northern War

This is a war between Peter the Great and Charles XII of Sweden. Peter initially fails but Charles XII becomes sick so Peter wins the warm water ports in Latvia and Estonia for Russia

Penal Code

This is an extremely oppressive piece of legislation passed under William and Mary that is against the Catholic Irish. They cannot teach, be in government, or own property

"Iron Curtain"

This phrase, coined by Winston Churchill, in a 1946 speech, referred to the dangers of the increasing Soviet control and domination of Eastern Europe.

The Putting-Out System.

This system had textile workers performing tasks at home, with their vendors leaving raw material and picking up finished products. This was replaced by the factory system.

Second Industrial Revolution

This term refers to the second wave of the late-eighteenth century industrial movement, which was focused generally in the United States and Germany. This second wave, with movement from domestic systems of production to factory systems, involved heavy industry and innovations such as mass production.

War of Austrian Succession

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

This was formed in 1960 to limit oil production. In the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, the group began to use oil production and supply for political reasons.

Peace of Alias

This was passed under Richelieu. Restricts the rights of Hueguenots (Calvinists) in France so they cannot pass religious laws or build fortified cities

War of Three Henrys

This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV/ Navarre/ Bourbon) (1585-1589)

Cardinal Mazarin

This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies

Frederick of Saxony

This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms "the wise"

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Leviathan

Thomas Hobbes' writings in favor of an absolute monarchy

Wrote common sense; advocate of deism and progress and idea of an improved society through natural laws

Thomas Paine

Defender of the Faith

Title given by the pope to England's Henry VIII prior to England's break from the Catholic church. For his critism of Lutheranism.

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.

Henry VIII

Tudor King of England from 1509-47. Established the Anglican Church as the official Church of England when the Catholic Church refused to nullify his marriage. His son, Edward VI, was sickly and died in 1553, leaving the throne to Mary I.

Elizabeth I

Tudor Queen of England. Succeeded Mary I in 1558 and ruled until 1603. In addition to leading the defeat of the Spanish Armada and developing England into a world power, she strengthened Protestantism. Daughter of Henry VIII.

Elizabeth I

Tudor; protestant; tolerant; died in 1603; Queen of England from 1558 to 1603 "I am married to the state." Gave throne to James I of Scotland (Stuart)

Totalitarianism

Type of government in which the state is in almost complete control of its citizens' lives. Individual rights are virtually nonexistent; the welfare of the state is all-important. Stalin and Hitler are considered this kind of ruler.

Real name francois - marie arouet; prolific writer including candide; believed in freedom of speech and religion- believed you have right to say what you want

Voltaire

Confraternities

Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity.

George II

Well liked in England because he oversaw the creation of British India. His financial agreement with Parliament is still used today- 20% of arable English land is given to the Parliament but if the monarchy is ever abolished the royal family would inherit back 20% of the country

Holocaust

The term means "burnt offering" and refers to the Nazi efforts (1933-45) to exterminate the Jews in Europe. Of the 11 million European Jews, 6 million were murdered.

By the time the engraving was produced, the event portrayed had resulted in which of the following?

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas

The Hundred Days

When Napoleon escaped from exile at Elba and returned to France in March 1815, he led an army into Paris, causing Louis XVIII to flee and Napoleon to rule France again until Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Prussia sent troops to stop him.

Elizabeth I

Who: A part of the Scottish line of rulers- the Virgin Queen What: Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife after he formed the Church of England and split away from the Catholic Church and Papal influence. When: (1558-1603) Where: England Significance: The Reformation clearly shows its influence in the Queen's rule.

Creole

Who: A person of European descent born in the Americas. What: In the Sociedad des Las Castas, Creoles were under the status of the Peninsulares who were whites born in Europe. When: Age of Exploration Where: The Americas (specifically the Caribbean and Louisiana) Significance: Creoles developed basically had all of the power in Europe.

Peace of Augsburg

Who: Charles V, Diet of the Holy Roman Empire What: Made it legal for the princes to choose Lutheranism or Catholicism for the religion in their state in the Holy Roman Empire, allowed people to immigrate out of the state if they disagreed with the religion When: 1555, after religious conflicts between the Roman Catholic and the Lutheran German principalities Where: Holy Roman Empire Significance: First legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany

Elba

Who: I mean... it's an island but Napoleon. Is relevant. What: It's an island, specifically the island Napoleon spent his exile. When: Napoleon was there 1814-1815. Where: Tyrrhenian Sea, belongs to Italy. Significance: Napoleon was exiled there and left before the Hundred Days. He gathered up an army and staged a coup, retaking the throne after the Bourbon Restoration. He did not return there after Waterloo.

Boccaccio

Who: Italian Writer, Poet, & Artist What: This Italian Renaissance artist was known primarily for authoring the Decameron, a book of short stories written from the perspective of 10 kids who fled Florence during the plague. When: the Renaissance Where: Italy Significance: This type of novel represented the culture and ideas of Italy. Many of the short stories represented cultural ideas as well as differentiating between classes. The kids who could escape to Tuscan villas were significantly more wealthy and privileged than the average person during the plague. Boccaccio's writings represented some of the earliest humanist ideas in Italy, as well as signifying the revival of Hellensitic ideas.

Mercantilism

Who: Jean-Baptiste Colbert What: An economic system in which countries were told to maximize their economic exports while limiting imports. Countries were supposed to view themselves as a whole and trade with other countries instead of with private businesses. The amount of money in the world was seen as set and a country's goal was to maximize the amount of money they could gain. When: 1500s-1900s Where: Europe, specifically western countries Significance: Mercantilism was one of the first economic theories to focus on worldwide trade and expanding international connections. It gave countries new goals and more incentives to increase production in their respective countries.

National Assembly

Who: Marquis de Lafayette, bourgeoisie What: First assembly of the French Revolution, came out of the Tennis Court Oath When: June and July of 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution Where: France Significance: Drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, established a constitutional monarchy with the king holding a veto power and his power checked by a Legislative Assembly

Sans-culottes

Who: Militant supporters of the French Revolution What: Members of the poor classes who wore trousers that were not of the materials of the trousers that nobles wore When: French Revolution Where: France Significance: Supported the Reign of Terror

Holy Roman Empire

Who: Ruled by the Habsburgs 1452 to 1806, Charles V expanded Holy Roman Empire, first emperor was Charlemagne What: Confederation of German principalities, who had their own autonomy, collectively ruled by an emperor elected by four princely lords and three eccelsiastical lords, fell apart after 30 Years' War, Holy Roman Emperor was stripped of much of his power due to the Peace of Westphalia When: 962-1806 Where: Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Germany, Prussia Significance: Combined the german principalities, allowed Austrian-Habsburgs to rise to power

St. Ignatius Loyola

Who: Soldier for Spain that had a conversion experience after he was wounded during a battle What: Founded the Jesuit Society (Society of Jesus) When: Approved by Pope Paul III in 1540, Counterreformation, founder of the jesuits Where: Spain Significance: Establishment of the Jesuit Society helped defend the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation, encourage revival of Catholicism, reformed Catholicism

Long Parliament

Who: Summoned by King Charles I What: Summoned by King Charles 1 because only Parliament could raise taxes, England needed money for War against Scots. Long Parliament always at odds with Charles, make frequent sessions of Par. a necessity, forbid dissolution without consent of own members. Brought down many of the Kings advisors When: 1640-1660 Where: Great Britain Significance: Building tension between monarchy and Parliament that would continue to build through centuries.

Tallyrand

Who: Talleyrand, Minister of Foreign Affairs What: Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Directory, under Louis XVIII, and under Napoleon. He played a major part in the Bourbon restoration and the Congress of Vienna. When: Active in French government from the French Revolution to the rule of Louis Philippe. Where: France. Significance: He was a major player in the Bourbon restoration and the Congress of Vienna. Some call him a traitor because he turned back to monarchy after the French Revolution and Napoleon. However, he helped in negotiating somewhat favorable conditions for France with the Congress of Vienna, even if it did take Napoleon's land away.

Puritan

Who: religious group What: People who felt the Church of England was too close to Roman Catholicism When: Late 1500s Where: England Significance: By the time of the English Civil War, the Puritans had controlled Parliament leading to the war and the beheading of Charles I and later the Glorious Revolution

National Convention

Who: two factions of Girondins and Montagnards, Maximillien Robespierre What: governed France from 1792-95 after overthrow of monarchy, 2 phases, 2nd phase was after the Girondins were kicked out in 1793 and its role was reduced to approving the Committee of Public Safety's suggestions When: French Revolution (1792-1795) Where: France Significance: Provided France with a new constitution, abolished the monarchy and established the republic, connected to the Reign of Terror era of the Revolution, approved the constitution that created the Directory in 1795

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

William Cockerill and his sons built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium in 1799 after slipping out of Britain. John Cockerill built a large industrial enterprise, which produced machinery, steam engines, and then railway locomotives. This became a center for the gathering and transmitting of industrial information across Europe. (Plus combined efforts of governments, skilled workers, entrepreneurs, and industrial banks).

The patterns in the graph most strongly support which of the following conclusions about witchcraft prosecutions in the early modern period?

Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with religious conflict.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Woman Enlightenment thinker who defended EQUALITY FOR WOMEN and EDUCATION FOR WOMEN.

Renaissance Family Life

Women had to make themselves pleasing to men. Marriages more on ROMANCE...more prostitution. POOR had NUCLEAR FAMILIES while RICH had EXTENDED FAMILIES. DOWRIES IMPORTANT.

Philosophe

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time

The Conditions of the Working Class in England

Written by Engels, this presented a devastating picture of industrial life.

Two Treatises on Government

Written by John Locke. This says that men have the Natural Right to life, liberty and property. If the Government fails to protect our natural rights, the people have the power to overthrow the government.

Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)

Written by Thomas Malthus, he suggested that the population must eventually outstrip the food supply. There was little hope of averting the disaster, except through population controls

Treaty of Tordesillas

a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. Portugal- East trade routes and Brazil; created by the pope

The long-term economic effect in Europe of the establishment of trading networks and colonies such as the one described in the passage was

a shift in the center of economic power from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states

Republic of Letters:

a sort of club for critical thinkers all over the world who would communicate via letters

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.

French and Indian War

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes) 1754 to 1763

Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists

advocated a complete separation of church and state

Concordat of Bologna

agreement giving French kings control over appointment and policies of church officials

Treaty of Paris

agreement that ended the Seven Years' War: Britain take France's territory in North America/India and Prussia maintains control of Silesia

King James Bible

an English translation of the Bible published in 1611

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where members of society came together as individuals to discuss issues relevant to the society, economics, and politics of the day.

Baroque art

art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit

Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the seventeenth century by

articulating theories of the scientific method

romanticism

artistic movement of emotion, freedom of thought, personal connection to God, and anti-Enlightenment ideas

Ivan the IV (the Terrible):

assumed power when he was only 3 years old in 1535. He had to work with the boyars (landowning nobles in Russia) When Ivan becomes an adult he declares himself Czar

Midwives

attendants trained to help women give birth

The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.

battle of peterloo

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established

because the rising differences between the bourgeoisie and the proletarians would eventually become too much to bear and then the proletarians would rise up as the bourgeoisie had before them and take over, thus converting the nation to its final goal of socialism.

Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to

become a wife and mother

The religious revival movement known as Pietism

called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.

St. Petersburg

capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703

At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies

carefully managed the balance of power and embraced conservative restoration, contributing 50 years of peace in Europe.

Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657)

centralized the government in the empire's German-speaking provinces and built a permanent standing army to put down any internal opposition.

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

change the general way of thinking [to teach people how to think critically and objectively about all matters].

pragmatic sanction

charles VI pushed for this to pass and was successful in order to keep the Habsburgs in power and put his daughter, Maria Theresa on the throne

Cardinal Richelieu

chief minister under Louis XIII who essentially controlled France, sided with Protestants in the Thirty Years' War, and minimized power of nobles

the awareness of belonging to a particular socioeconomic group whose interests are different from those of others

class-consciousness

Like those of the Italian Renaissance, the ideas of the Northern Renaissance were strongly influenced by humanists' interest in

classical antiquity

Cornelius Jansen

created Jansenism, called for a return to the austere early Christianity of Saint Augustine, attracted catholic followers eager for religious renewal, especially in France

Council of Blood

created by the Duke of Alba, Spanish governor of the Netherlands, in 1567. The job of this Council was to try cases of suspected treason committed by Protestant rebels against the Catholic government imposed by Spain. Sent by Philip II

The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their

desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church

Other European states reacted to the Portuguese establishment of a trading-post empire by

developing rival colonies and overseas trading networks

open-field system

division of large fields into long, narrow strips that are not communal

Colbertism

economic policy in France developed by Colbert. Inward looking mercantilist policy. prioritises exports and imposes trade tariffs on imports. Controls manufacture and guilds to regulate domestic French production to be sold abroad. Laissez faire policies with the colonies that gives them a sense of autonomy.

Thomas Malthus

economist who believed population will always grows faster than food supply

David Ricardo

economist who came up with Iron Law of Wages

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism - a theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through evidence and experimentation rather than deductive reasoning and speculation.

Glorious Revolution

end of the divine right monarchy in England

A young woman entering domestic service could expect

endless work and little independence - they would do many tasks, like cleaning, shopping, cooking, and child care, while their mistress watched them. These mistresses would also physically and verbally abuse servant girls as well.

the 3 legal categories, or orders, of france's inhabitants: the clergy , the nobility, and everyone else

estates

Great Famine

event in Ireland that led to a 25% drop in population

Sforza

family that came to power in milan 1450. They were a Condottiere family: hired mercenaries. Military power.

Isabelle d'Este

famous female art patron of Renaissance

Tetzel

famous seller of indulgences for the Catholic church; "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." Tetzel's crude methods inspired Luther's actions and sparked the Reformation.

John Calvin

figure of Protestant Reformation who wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" and believed in absolute power of God

Seven Years' War

first "global" war that involved much of Europe, including Britain, France, Spain, and Prussia

Christine de Pizan

first feminist who refuted myths about women

Henry VIII

first head of the Church of England

§ Teresa of Ávila:

founded much more strict training for nuns

Ignatius Loyola

founder of Society of Jesus

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

free competition would best protect consumers from price gouging and give all citizens a fair and equal right to do what they did best. He criticized guilds, state monopolies, and privileged companies for their stifling and outmoded restrictions.

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the

fronde

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

The Social Contract:

general will and popular sovereignty should be central to society

A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.

girondists

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia.

grand empire

The result of 4 years of potato crop failure in the late 1840's in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.

great famine

the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the french countryside and led to further revolt

great fear

A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.

greater germany

Spanish Inquisition

group investigating converts' faith to Catholicism and punishing Jews/Muslims who maintained their original religion

Council of Trent

group of Catholics who reaffirm Catholic principles but take reform measures

Confederation of the Rhine

group of German states controlled by Napoleon's empire

Concert of Europe

group of Great Powers trying to maintain balance of power and prevent revolution

Luddites

group of workers who broke into factories and destroyed machinery

OPEN FIELD SYSTEM

had been used in Europe for many years Divided land into several open fields Traditional village rights: reinforced communal patterns of farming in which villagers rotated field crops, maintained open meadows, allowed the poor to glean the grain, and held surrounding woodlands in common. Sustained fairly large numbers of people, but it did not produce material abundance They began to rotate crops to help with soil

The artist's statement that the kings of France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire "stand united" most clearly suggests that

he hoped the Peace of Westphalia would bring the rival Catholic powers back together

alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe

holy alliance

In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

human beliefs had been extremely varied and very often mistaken; nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt [skepticism].

Lorenzo Valla

humanist figure who exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery

Pico della Mirandola

humanist figure who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man and emphasized potential for human greatness

Castiglione

humanist figure who wrote The Courtier and encouraged personal growth

Machiavelli

humanist figure who wrote The Prince and stated leaders should maintain order at all costs

The Spirit of Laws:

identified three forms of government

conservatism

ideology of preserving tradition, maintaining balance of power, opposing civil liberties, and avoiding revolution

Political power in the Dutch Republic was

in the hands of the people and was exercised through elected representatives.

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

included improvements in the water supply, sewage and drainage of swamps, which helped reduce such diseases as typhoid and typhus, and reduced insect population.

a term 1st coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in britain in the late eighteenth century

industrial revolution

Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level

iron law of wages

A czar (means Caesar)

is an emperor or king in Russia, an absolute ruler.

a political club in revolutionary france whose members were well-educated radical republicans

jacobin club

Gustavus Adolphus

joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen

Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.

karlsbad decrees

Charles VII

king of France who created first permanent royal army through taxes

A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

laissez faire

Age of Exploration and Discovery

late 15th-16th century

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

law requiring clergy to support French National Assembly, making church officials elected, and confiscating Catholic lands (1790)

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European political leaders generally viewed religious toleration as

leading to dangerous civil disorder

The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

liberalism

Stadtholder

local prince who led the provinces of the low countries during times of trouble

salons

locations where rich women hosted discussions about literature, science, and philosophy

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1812 and after, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work

luddites

An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

marxism

The Junkers:

nobility in Prussia Junkers accepted taxation without consent in exchange for authority over serfs

Fronde

noble-led rebellion in France against king's authority and the intendant system

The industrious revolution was a result of

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time in the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

Demographic changes in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Europe contributed to

price inflation and a decrease in real wages

English entrepreneurs financed the establishment of New World colonies primarily through

private funds from the creation of joint-stock companies

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

putting-out system

production of goods where merchants loan materials to cottage workers who return the finished product

cottage system

production of goods within people's homes using hand tools

humanism

program of study through classical works focusing on understanding human nature, reaching ideals, self-improvement, and virtú

The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.

proletariat

Galileo was found guilty of heresy and condemned by the Inquisition on the grounds that he

publicly advocated Copernicus' heliocentric system

virtú

quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will

Anabaptist

radical Christian group that believed in adult baptism and separation of church from state

Amerigo Vespucci:

realizes that Columbus had not discovered Asia but instead a "New World"

The Roman Catholic Council of Trent (1545-1563) had as its primary result

reform within the Catholic church and reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine

the name given to george stephenson's effective locomotive that was 1st tested in 1829 on the liverpool and manchester railway at 24 miles per hr

rocket

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

Eugene Delacroix

romantic artist who painted Liberty Leading the People

Peter the Great

ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia

The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the

scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome

Portuguese commercial expansion overseas in the sixteenth century resulted in

seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases

Ferdinand Magellan

sent in the name of Spain to find the still unfound route to Asia: the route is found but it takes 3 years and many die

a gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner

separate spheres

Habsburg-Valois Wars

series of wars in Renaissance Italy involving Spain, France, Holy Roman Empire, and Italian city-states

Ivan IV

set up secret police, the most powerful of the early czars. Learned, religious, and cruel. Saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongul lands to the east and south of Moscow. "The Terrible"

A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property.

socialism

Philip II

son of Charles V who failed as a leader in the Netherlands and lost battles to English Fleet

Causes of the Reformation

spread of new ideas, corruption of the Catholic Church, invention of the Printing Press

a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas newcome in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James watt's more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769

steam engines

The most important goal of the Council of Trent was the

strengthening of internal Church discipline

Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,

studied physics and mathematics and published scientific articles and translations, including the 1st and only translation of Newton's Principia into French.

Baroque

style of art/music that is ornamental and emotional, commonly associated with the Catholic Reformation

The ability of relatively small European forces to conquer the powerful Aztec and Incan empires can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT

successful European missionary activity

Martin Luther's response to the German Peasants' War of 1524-1525 demonstrated his

support of the prevailing social and political order

robot

system of forced labor in Eastern Europe

constitutionalism

system of government based on a written document of basic principles

taille

tax on land

Huguenots

term for French Calvinists

In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by

the uprisings of French peasants against their lords. By a decree of the Assembly, all the old noble hunting rights, fees for having legal cases judged in the lord's court, the right to make peasants work on the roads, and a host of other dues - were abolished along with the tithes paid to the church.

According to Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was

theft and was stolen from the worker, it was the source of all wealth.

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.

empiricism

theory that knowledge comes only from sensory experience

a reaction to the violence of the reign of terror om 1794 resulting in the execution of robespierre and the loosening of economic controls

thermidorian reaction

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because

they cherished the culture of classical Greece; Russians admired the piety of their Orthodox brethren. Writers and artists moved by Romantic impulse, responded enthusiastically to the plight of the Greeks.

Battle of Waterloo

this was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler

❏ LIBERALS:

those who supported individual human rights. Wanted to be able to worship freely, end censorship, freedom from arbitrary (random) laws

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

thousands of French Huguenots and other Protestants killed at wedding of Henry of Navarre

Lorenzo Valla's demonstration that the Donation of Constantine was fraudulent weakened the papacy's claim

to extensive territories in Italy

guild

trade based-association with a monopoly over its own trade, special privileges for members, and assurance of high-quality goods

enclosure

transition from open-field system to fenced-in fields, farming more effectively

Pragmatic Sanction

treaty violated when Frederick the Great takes Silesia from Maria Theresa

Wrote The Persian Letters:

two fictional Persian travelers comment on European societies as outsiders

politique

type of leader who puts order ahead of personal beliefs

The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded

universal male (but not female) suffrage; complete political democracy and rule by the common people.

Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic church on the grounds that it

used indulgences as a fund-raising device

Jacobins

very radical republicans who wanted the execution of the king

Glorious Revolution

when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange -sign rights for limited power -supremacy of England parliament recognized -English bill of rights

The presence of Bellona and the statement that "the people are obedient under you, o great Philip" best support the argument that the artist

wished to portray the Catholic Habsburgs as the victors

Daniel Defoe

wrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel; also wrote in favor of cottage industry, saying it improved the lives of those involved

Religious wars

§ Rulers determined official religion § Few believed in religious liberty § German rulers influenced by Lutheranism § Charles V was a defender of Catholicism · Huguenots were French Protestants · There was constant war

COPERNICUS

§ The sun is the center of the Universe not Earth § All planets rotate around the sun

FAITH HEALING & GENERAL PRACTICE

§ Traditional healers, apothecaries (pharmacists), physicians, surgeons, and midwives. § Traditional healers used folk knowledge: used herbs or exorcisms § Apothecaries sold herbs, drugs, patents § Apothecaries advertised their wares § Diagnosed through oral dialogue without official examinations § Physicians came from prosperous families § Stress on purging and bloodletting

Council of Trent

§ reaffirmed the seven sacraments and the teaching on transubstantiation, gave equal validity to the Scriptures and to tradition as sources of religious truth and authority, and tackled disciplinary matters such as pluralism, simony, and the sale of indulgences. § The council required every diocese to establish a seminary to educate and train clergy and laid great emphasis on preaching and instructing the laity, especially the uneducated.

Black Death

· Appeared in western Europe in 1347 · Normally afflicts rats and is passed through the fleas that live on them · Originated in western China and then spread throughout multiple radiations into Europe, Africa, and elsewhere in Asia · Medieval conditions were ideal for spread of disease: (Narrow streets filled with refuse, human excrement, dead animals, poor personal hygiene, lack of quarantine measures, etc.) · Florence lost between 1/2 and 2/3 of their population when the plague hit in 1348

Calvinism

· Did not believe humans had free will · Believed in predestination

Criticism of the Church

· During the times of the Black Death) Members of the clergy challenges the power of the pope, and laypeople challenged the authority of the churches itself

Famine

· Great Famine = 1315 - 1322 · Prices increased · Increased prices = fewer people could afford to buy food · Reduced calorie intake = increased susceptibility to disease and less energy )resulting in lower productivity, lower output, and higher grain prices)

Swedish decline in the 18th century

-30 years war ended Sweden's control over the Baltic -defeated by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava -weak economy -noble disputes

Classical Humanism (Renaissance)

-Admiration for Greece and Rome -Reviving the Greco-Roman ideals -Glorification of Greece and Rome -Questioning

absolute monarchs in eatern Europe

-Austria: hapsburgs, multinational empire, Ferdinand II, Ferdinand III, Leopold I, Charles VI, Maria Theresa -Prussia: Hohenzollern, Frederick William, Frederick I, FW I -Russia: Peter the great, height of absolutism, westernize

Newton and his many discoveries

-English mathematician/scientist, key figure in the scientific revolution. -created the rules of classical physics and calculus and best known for his rules of gravity. 3 laws of motion, diffraction of friction

Eastern Europe serfdom

-Pugachev Rebellion(1773): led by a former soldier who led a violent insurrection in the Ural mts bc he wanted a male ruler -Catherine the Great took back all the rights of serfs

symbols of Louis xiv

-Sun King: center of French power -Versailles palace

Cahiers

-a report of the proceedings of a parliamentary body -the estates to set boundaries and rules

Robespierre and the Reign of Terror

-beheaded bc he was too radical about killing everyone -Thermodorean Reaction occurred after

Societal differences in Italy from rest of Europe

-believed they had witnessed a rebirth of antiquity -urban society -time of recovery -FLorence regained it preeminence in banking -value in family, arranged marriages

Olivier Cromwell

-created New model army -executive power and known as lord protector -victory in English civil war -made first written constitution

Louis XIV's Wars

-destroyed France's economy - Balance of power system develops -Dutch wars: France wins marginal land, Dutch flood their land to prevent destruction -9 Years war: Louis again invades Spanish Netherlands, league of Augsburg forms -War of Spanish succession

Capitalists' use of the putting out system/ cottage industries

-domestic system primarily in order to operate outside the restrictive gold system

Motives for Spanish exploration

-gain greater resources greater empire-more money -god, glory, and gold

Continental system

-goal was to isolate Britain -helped England so they industrialized

Napoleon and 100 days

-had 100 days of expansion of the French society

renaissance humanism

-humanism is a literary movement in italy -studied classical greek and roman works -Petrarch was the father of humanism -allowed for a new style of life that went against original ideas

labor legislation

-in Britain bc of industrialization -looking our women n children -factory acts of 1833 -10 hours act -Robert Owen -Chartists

Individualism (Renaissance)

-Man emphasized himself as a person -Wouldn't do before because it was pride (deadly sin) -Portraits, self portraits, biographies, autobiographies

Partition of Poland

-Monarchy failed -voting in parliament was unanimous so they couldn't take control of the nobles -divided, no longer independent

Portuguese commercial expansion in the 16th century

-Naval and exploration advancements made ocean trade an advantage -strong naval for defense -planting trading posts in Brazil, middle east, india, china -profited from space trade in those regions -dominance went away as spain surpassed it in population and materials through military

Jacques Louis David's painting of Napoleon as Emperor

-Neoclassicism -monarchy, supposed to be republic of France -priest is w him -Catholic Church -state and church intertwined, made peace, let the people who fled come back, concordat of 1801

Italian Renaissance masters

-Niccolo Machiavelli=The Prince, politics -Petrarch=father of italian renaissance humanism, secular classics, latin manuscripts -Mirandola=oration of the dignity of man, human potential -Masaccio=tribute money -Pollaiuolo-the martydom of saint sebastian -Boticelli=primavera -Donatello=david -Brunelleschi=interior of saint lorenzo -Leonardo da Vinci=Last Supper -Raphael= School of Athens -Michelangelo=Sistine chapel in rome, creation of adam, david

Joint stock companies

-individuals invested in merchants -received dividends on their investments -Dutch east India company: spice trade, mercantilism,Netherlands to expand trade and promote relations between the Dutch government and its colonial ventures.established a colony at Cape of Good Hope -British East India company: Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed. It would take Indian-made cotton goods from a port in Madras to the East Indies, traded those for spieces, and took the spices home.

Price Revoution

-large inflation which came around in 16th -17 the century -Europe -everything was harder to get bc more money per item, less job money -result of commercial revolution -money lost value

Neoclassicism

-late 18th century movement that emerged in france, sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity of classical system of ancient greece and rom -Jacques-Louis David:artist

Napoleonic Code

-legal system of laws -ensure land was kept among others

German Peasants' Revolt

-lord's abused peasants -peasants wanted support of martin luther -Muntzer provoked them to revolt

putting-out industry

-make materials to rural producers -worked out of their own homes -workshops

marriage patterns before 1750

-male dominated -women make and raise children -men make all the money

Council of Trent & actions there

-met three times -catholic teachings> Protestant beliefs -7 sacraments -clear body of doctrine & church under others including the pope -strengthened internal church discipline

Concept of European Balance of Power

-prevented a nation(nation) from overpowering another -if one state got too powerful another could also exercise its military power

16th century witch trials

-reflected religious uncertainties -witchcraft=pack made w devil -usually tortured until "confessed" -hung or burned -majority were female

Martin Luther

-reformer who critiqued the catholic church -people saved by faith in god and not by paying indulgences -95 theses-expressed displeasure of indulgences -no images but yes to music, no to celibacy, each priest must work for themselves -excommunicated for writings , became an outlaw, and teachings were burned -theses caused people to question church and led to the catholic reformation

English Reformation

-series of events in 16th century England -church broke from authority of church

Dutch Paintings of the Golden Age

-showed realism -household outlines -Jan Vermeer -good w money> made lots of money

Mercantilism

-society demanded supply of good and silver -role in trade and economy -economic system in which the government controls the economy in order to increase the power and wealth of the nation

Elizabeth I vs Philip II

-spanish armada (not successful) -nothing Philip planned came across to work out -England vs Spain -EI: religious compromise, act of supremacy -PII: Catholic, absolutist militant, wanted dominant power

Catholic Counter Reformation

-stop spread of everything except Catholicism -older orders renewed w education -revived papacy

mercantilist policies

-supported in France by Jean Baptist Colbert, who believed that France should be self-sufficient -mercantilism is an economic theory that held that a nations prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver -way to increase power and wealth -balance of trade, sell more than purchase

Stages of Mercantilism

1) Initial European discovery and conquest 2) Mercantile empires and slavery 3) Empires in Asia/Africa etc. 4) Decolonization

Status of Women in the reformation

-while Mary was queen -still inferior -make children and house

Anabaptists

-working class church=voluntary, spiritual rebirth -all were equal -God had power over all -radical reformation, attracted those who were economically affected

Machiavelli's The Prince

-wrote "The Prince" for the Medicis in hope that they would learn from his book to save Italy. -major concern was the acquisition and expansion of political power as means to restore and maintain order in his time -POV: A prince's attitude toward nature must be based on a thorough understanding of human nature. Must be firm in his order and not limit political actions based on moral and ethical principles -prince must act for the state and its well being

Christopher Columbus (Spain)

1. 1492 2. Sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabella 3. Thought he could get to the east by sailing west 4. Landed in the Bahamas 5. Made four journeys to the New World but never realized where he was 6. Claimed the area for Spain Started the Spanish conquest of the Americas

Armada Invasion

1. 1588 2. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of Spain's decline as a great power (Rise of England) -Spain was too dependent on riches from the New World -Not a diversified economy -Persecution of non-Christians also affected the economy (middle class/usury)

Glorious Revolution

1. 1688 2. Bloodless revolution. 3. Power is more Parliament now than monarch

Important Spanish Explorers (know at least one)

1. Amerigo Vespucci—1503 -First to realize that Columbus discovered a new world (NOT India) -Americas are named after him 2. Vasco de Balboa—1513 -Exploring Panama -First European to see the Pacific Ocean 3. Ferdinand Magellan—1519-1521 -Circumnavigation -Killed in the Philippines -One of his ships made it back to Spain 4. Juan Ponce de Leon—1513 -Conquistadors -Searching for the Fountain of Youth -Found Florida 5. Hernando de Soto—1519 -Explored the Mississippi River Claimed more land for Spain -Also explored in the Carolinas and Georgia

Important Portuguese Explorers (know at least one)

1. Bartholomew Dias—1488 -Sailed to the tip of South Africa -Returned to Portugal 2. Vasco da Gama—1497 -Followed Dias' route -Made the turn to India -Established Portuguese trading posts in India 3. Pedro Cabral—1500 -Was traveling to India -Was blown off course and landed in Brazil -Claimed Brazil for the Portuguese

Louis XVI (r. 1774-1793)

1. Basically a nice guy—20 years old 2. Inherited an indebted France 3. Marie Antoinette—wife -They're complete opposite personalities -Home girl spent A LOT 4. Many expenditures 5. Advised to tax the nobles -Necker, Calonne, de Brienne—all tax advisors who told Louis to tax the nobles -He refused to tax nobles

Italian examples of Humanism

1. Botticelli -Birth of Venus portrays Greek/Roman God 2. Raphael -School of Athens portrays the Greek city of Athens

Causes for Henry VIII creating Reformation in England

1. Catherine of Aragon (1st wife) could not have a son 2. Henry wanted a son, and he already had another woman to marry—Anne Boleyn—and she was pregnant 3. Henry also wanted to keep the Pope from meddling in his affairs, and he wanted to gain church lands for England (taxes, funds, etc..) 4. He asked for an end to the marriage on the grounds that his marriage was displeasing to God 5. The Pope refused 6. Creates his own church 7. Henry issued the Act of Supremacy which declared that England separated from the Catholic Church 8. Creates the Church of England 9. Seized church land and sold it 10. The Anglican Church was basically just like the Catholic Church -Same - Latin services, priests couldn't marry, same sacraments -Different - No Pope, could get a divorce 11. Henry was the head of the church

Northern Renaissance examples of Individualism

1. Cervantes -Don Quixote 2. Hans Holbein -Court Painter for Henry VIII

the Printing Press

1454

War of the Roses

1455-85. Great Britain. House of LANCASTER vs. House of YORK. Won with the TUDORS.

Columbus' Voyage

1492. Landed in SAN SALVADOR. Marked beginning of SPANISH EMPIRE in Americas

95 theses

1517

Ferdinand Magellan

1519; mariner for Spain; circumnavigated the globe

Peace of Augsburg

1555

England defeats the Spanish Armada

1588

English defeat of Spanish Armada

1588. PHILIP II (Spain) vs. ELIZABETH I (England) on England's Protestantism. Defeat marked DECLINE of SPAIN'S GOLDEN AGE.

Edict of Nantes

1598. By Henry IV. Assured RELIGIOUS TOLERATION for HUGUENOTS in France within their own territories. Catholics disapproved. "Long hot war" --> "Long cold war".

English Civil War

1642-1649

Peace of Westphalia

1648

Fronde

1649-1652. French noble REVOLTS against MAZARIN. The humiliation forced Louis XIV to carefully control nobility.

Glorious Revolution

1688-1689

Peter the Great comes to power

1689

Toleration Act

1689 law passed by Parliament granting some religious freedoms to dissenting Protestants who had broken away from the Anglican Church. However, this prohibited them from holding public offices.

Age of Religious Wars

16th-17th centuries

Act of Settlement

1701 law by Parliament stating that should William III die heirless, Mary's Protestant sister, Anne, would take the throne, thereby protecting Protestant rule of England.

Peace of Utrecht/End of War of Spanish Succession/Wars of Louis XIV

1713

Cathrine the Great.

1762-1796, German princess who ruled with absolute authority, but took steps to modernize Russia. "Enlightened Despot." She believed in religious tolerance, abolished torture, and corresponded with Enlightenment figures. Extended serfdom and acquired a warm water port.

Treaty of Paris

1763. Prussia gets Silesia. Britain gains ALL of France's North American COLONIES.

Dutch Golden Age

17th century

Scientific Revolution

17th century

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Concordat

1801 agreement with the Pope engineered by Napoleon to end the rift after the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This recognized France as largely Catholic but guaranteed religious freedom. The Church agreed to give up claims to lands the revolutionaries had seized and sold.

Grand Remonstrance

200 reasons why the Parliament does not like Charles I

French Civil Wars/War of 3 Henrys

2nd half of the 16th century

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Constitution of 1791

1. Finally written 2. Called for a limited monarchy 3. King still had veto power, control of military and foreign affairs. 4. Divided France into 83 departments and did away with the French provinces 5. Gave voting rights to males over 25 who could pay a fee 6. Created a new government—Legislative Assembly

Pazzi

A powerful, rich family in Florence who rivaled with the Medici. Eventually, they plotted with the pope in an attempt to assassinate leaders of the Medici family.

REVOLUTION

A radical, forcible overthrow of government or social order in favor of a completely new system

Thermidorian Reaction

A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls.

Humanism

A renewed Renaissance and SCHOLARLY INTEREST in Greek and Roman CLASSICS. Advocates the LIBERAL ARTS. Inspired secularism, individualism, and humanist religious reform

Politique

A ruler who puts the interests of his or her COUNTRY before his or her personal needs. Examples: Henry IV (France) or Elizabeth I (England)

Politique

A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France).

Sola Scriptura

"Scripture alone." It is the belief that all man needs for salvation is the Bible. This is a tenet for most Protestants.

Montesquieu

"Spirit of the Laws" Believed BRITISH had the best government and the best political system depended on various FACTORS about the country. (Size, culture etc). Believed in DIVISION OF POWER in gov't...judicial/executive/legislative.

Frederick II of Prussia

"The Great"; enlightened Prussian/German despot who pushed religious tolerance. Divided up Poland in the Partition of Poland, and took Silesia from Maria Theresa in the War of Austrian Succession

Frederick I of Prussia

"The Soldier King"; He was of the Hohenzollern Dynasty and first king of Prussia. He was the elector of Brandenburg. He made an agreement with Austria and the HRE against France in the War of Spanish Succession to gain his "king" status.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

"Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man," which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance."

Bartholomew Diaz

(1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa in 1488. Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope, but was forced to turn back. "To give light to those who are in darkness and to grow rich."

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Ludwig von Beethoven

(1779-1827) Is most known for his powerful nine symphonies. He also introduced innovations in the type and number of instruments used in performances.

Winston Churchill.

(1874-1965) held numerous government offices, but is most famous for his service as Prime Minister from 1940-45 and 1951-55. His stirring speeches and refusal to surrender during the darkest days of World War II inspired the free world. He advocated strengthening ties between the United States and Britain.

Catherine the Great

(Russia) -Corresponded w Voltaire, Diderot was patron -Reforms: codified some laws, restricted uses of torture, certain degree of religious toleration for non ortho christian, attempted to reform education Despotic traits: further entrenched serfdom after Pugachev's rebellion, unfair taxation, increased autocracy -created russia's first navy

The Continental System

After Trafalgar France destroys all trade with Britain which destroys the French economy

Dawes Plan

After World War I, Germany was forced to pay reparations to the Allies. Germany was not able to keep up payments, and in 1924 an American reorganized the repayment plan. The United States also made loans to Germany as part of the plan.

Berlin Airlift

After World War II, Berlin was divided into eastern and western sectors, with the USSR controlling the east and Britain, France, and the United States controlling the west. From 1948-49, the Soviets used a blockade against West Berlin. However, Western nations used airplanes to supply West Berlin, and the USSR eventually ceased the blockade.

Nuremberg Trials

After World War II, the victorious Allies convened a multinational judicial panel to try Nazis accused of crimes against humanity. Held in Nuremberg, Germany, the trials lasted from 1945-46. The highest-ranking Nazi tried was Hermann Göring, who committed suicide before his death sentence could be carried out.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution; wrote "Common Sense"

Jonas Salk

American doctor who invented the polio vaccine in 1953. Polio crippled and killed millions worldwide, and the successful vaccine virtually eliminated the scourge.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

The leading economic center of early seventeenth century Europe was

Amsterdam

Which of the following cities dominated European trade and finance in the early seventeenth century?

Amsterdam

U2 affair

An American secret spy plane that was shot down in 1960 while spying on the USSR. The pilot, Gary Powers, was captured alive. The United States had insisted it was not spying on the USSR, and the event caused great embarrassment to the United States and increased tensions in the Cold War.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian doctor credited as being the "father" of psychology. He studied and wrote extensively about the importance of dreams and developed psychoanalysis.

Theodore Herzl

An Austrian journalist (1860-1904) who called for the creation of a Jewish homeland. This movement, called Zionism, spread throughout Europe and the United States.

Josiah Wedgwood

An English maker of pottery and china, he developed the pyrometer (measures temperature in kilns) and was able to produce inexpensive china. He is also noted for introducing mechanization to the porcelain industry.

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book "The Courtier" in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.

Five Great Farms

An area within France that does not have tariffs so there is a free trade zone that opens up immense wealth

Jacques-Louis David

An artist who works for Napoleon to create Propaganda -Death of Marat -Napoleon crossing the Alps

Romanticism

An artistic movement in art, literature, and music popular in the nineteenth century. Mystic, exotic, and foreign topics were popular, as were ancient and medieval history and topics like the glory of nature.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic adviser to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient.

Incan Empire

An empire in Modern day Peru conquered by Francisco Pizarro and conquistadors in the early 16th century

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Expressionism

Beginning in the early 1900s, a school of art that focused on the emotional reaction to a subject. Paintings usually have strong lines and bold, vibrant colors. Masters of the style include Georges Rouault, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Gaugin.

Deism

Belief in a RATIONAL GOD who created the universe but then stepped back and let it function WITHOUT His interference

nationalism

Belief that one is part of a distinct nation that has its own language, culture and history. This nation is the primary source of a person's loyalty and sense of identity. Spread through the print culture

Clerical absenteeism & pluralism

Bishops not residing in one or more of their dioceses because they hold multiple offices

Realpolitik

Bismarck's political policy of doing whatever is necessary to promote the power of the state.

Philosophes

Body of the Enlightenment thinkers. Most famous for writing "Encyclopedia", a handbook for Enlightenment ideas, edited by Denis Diderot. French term for "philosophers".

The Wealth of Nations (1776)

Book by Adam Smith , capitalism, lassiez faire, "invisible hand" = competition

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe

In which of the following ways did monarchs in the 1400s and 1500s seek to create more centralized states?

By curbing the traditional power of the nobility to administer justice

St. Teresa's text is best understood as a direct part of the

Catholic Reformation

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

City of Florence

Center of ITALIAN RENAISSANCE. City of DE MEDICIs.

Scientific Revolution Worldview

Changed 17th and 18th century by making it more SECULAR, advancing EXPLORATION, and advocating EDUCATION.

War of the Roses

Civil war for the English crown between the York (white) and Lancaster (red) families

Constitution of 1791

Constitution created by the National Assembly in the moderate phase that had a limited monarchy

Edict of Nantes

Decreed by French King Henry IV in 1598, it granted Huguenots limited political freedoms and the freedom of worship and brought temporary civilian peace. Very unpopular in France among Catholics. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, leading to a massive emigration of French Huguenots.

1588

Defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British

Charter of the Nobility

Defined rights of Russian NOBILITY, as long as they SERVED THE STATE voluntarily. Rights: no taxes, power over serfs, hereditary nobility.

Rococo Art

Depicted FRENCH NOBILITY, and was PASTEL AND PLAYFUL. Post-Baroque

Cartesian Dualism

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.

Descartes and Bacon

Descartes: -proposed a diff approach to scientific method by emphasizing deduction and mathematical logic -separation of mind and matter -practiced relying on observation and experiment, empiricism -rationalism Bacon: -scientific method based on inductive principles -concerned more on practicality then pure science

Charles I (r. 1625-1649)

ENGLAND 1. Parliament handed Charles the Petition of Rights—document that would give more rights to people. 2. He refused to sign it and dismissed Parliament from 1629-1640. 3. The Scots rebelled, which caused Charles to reconvene Parliament. 4. Parliament made demands on Charles. -Asking him to sign the Petition of Rights again 5. He refused to cooperate/sign it and the English Civil War began 6. (after war) Charles was found contacting the French and was beheaded for treason

William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)

ENGLAND 1. They ruled together. 2. Also ruled the Netherlands. 3. Fought in wars against Louis XIV while in Netherlands and brought England into those wars -France kept invading the Netherlands so William was anti-Louis 4. Parliament gained: -Bill of Rights - Rights for the people of England -Act of Settlement (1701)—ruler of England must be Protestant.

Margaret Sanger and Marie Stoopes

Early crusaders for women's reproductive rights.

Petrarch

Early humanist from Florence who studied the classical Latin manuscripts, particularly writings of Cicero. Believed studying the ancient models could bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement

Adam Smith

Economic Liberalism Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) Self-interest will lead to a competitive market Limited government intervention Felt guilds should be abolished Regulations on business should be let go

Laissez-faire

Economic philosophy of a "hands off" approach. Advocates that governments should not in any way interfere with business, as the marketplace provides an "invisible hand" to steer the economy. An early proponent was Adam Smith.

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian leader who began a policy of cooperation with the United States and Western Europe. Under his leadership, Egypt was the first Middle Eastern nation to recognize Israel. He was assassinated in 1981 by a group of fundamentalist officers.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Age of Enlightenment

Eighteenth-century period of scientific and philosophical innovation in which people investigated human nature and sought to explain reality through rational, logical thinking. This period formed the basis of modern science.

Elizabeth I

Elizabethan Era Tudor queen. Established MODERATE PROTESTANTISM in Church of England (39 Articles), avoiding Catholic/Protestant extremism. Naval wars with SPAIN led to defeating SPANISH ARMADA in 1588.

William Shakespeare

Elizabethan era PLAYWRIGHT. Works widely read and reflects many RENAISSANCE CONCEPTS.

Joseph II of Austria

Emperor of Austria. Bans capital punishment and torture. He makes aristos pay taxes and makes it so that they are equal in the law. Abolishes serfdom, but it returns after his death. Establishes a 3 year public education system. He is hated by aristos and loved by peasants so he must create a secret police

Neoclassical Art

Emphasized a RETURN TO THE PAST with MORAL THEMES and ideas from CLASSIC GREEK/ROMAN stuff.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire. Enlightened despot

Act of Union 1707

England and Scotland become Great Britain

Jamestown

England's first permanent settlement (1607) in North America, it was located in what is today Virginia.

James I

English monarch who believed in divine right to rule and absolute power; battled with both Parliament and Puritans

Charles I

English monarch who fought Parliament during English Civil War and was executed for treason

Thomas More

English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women. Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Joseph II

Enlightened monarch. Austria. Centralized Authority, ecclesiastical policies, economic and agrarian reform

Demands for liberty and equality (causes for revolution in general)

Enlightenment ideas on liberty and equality Influence of the American Revolution

Black Death

Epidemic that broke out in 1347 due to growing urbanization and unsanitary conditions. It spread along major trade routes, and may have killed nearly 30 percent of Europeans between 1347-51. Also known as the Bubonic Plague.

Renaissance

Era from 1300-1500, sometimes called the "age of transition," as it marked a period of innovation toward modern Europe from the Middle Ages. Literally meaning "rebirth," this epoch saw a return to classical Greek and Roman concepts and a flourishing of humanism.

Wrote praise of the folly wanted to reform within the catholic church translated the new testament from Greek and Latin

Erasmus

Table of Ranks

Established by PETER THE GREAT to draw NOBILITY INTO STATE SERVICE. Equated social status with rank in bureaucracy/military instead of lineage.

Council of Trent

Established by church to ADDRESS CATHOLIC DOGMA and make necessary reforms. Important reforms regarded INTERNAL CHURCH DISCIPLINE. Curtailed simony, rules established for bishops, required seminaries etc. Counter-Reformation. Frequently interrupted by war, plague, politics.

Jamestown, VA

Established in 1607, it became the first permanent English settlement in the New World.

"ethnic cleansing"

Euphemism given to genocide committed in the 1990s in former Yugoslavia. This was a Serbian policy directed against Muslims in the region. Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic was arrested and awaits trial at The Hague.

Enlightened Despots

European rulers who sought to apply some of the reforms of the 18th century Enlightenment to their governments without giving up their own absolutist authority. These rulers were characterized by legal, administrative, and educational improvements when it suited the state and as a means to enhance its power. Examples of these rulers include Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786), Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796), and Joseph II of Austria (r. 1780-1790).

Mestizos:

Europeans (mostly Spanish) and Native Americcan

Blood sports

Events such as bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular with the eighteenth-century European masses.

THE THIRD ESTATE

Everybody else: 97% of the population Will eventually call themselves the National Assembly Made up of three different types: Bourgeoise: educated middle class Urban Workers: city workers Peasants: poorest, half of their income went to King, church, and nobles

Carlsbad Decrees

Extremely repressive laws adopted in 1819 in Prussia and the German Confederation. The decrees were meant to discourage liberal views and movements.

Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain because

Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on their know—how and international reputation.

Considered the father of humanism first great humanist and scholar of Latin

Francesco Petrarch

Huguenots

French Protestants

Lord Byron

George Gorden, better know as this, was an important British Romantic poet. His works include "She Walks in Beauty" and the unfinished "Don Juan". Many consider him to embody the spirit of Romanticism. He died from an illness contracted while in Greece, where he was supporting their independence movement.

Bauhaus

German architect Walter Gropius (1883-1969) founded this School of Architecture. He favored clean, streamlinded buildings. Other pioneers of this "International Style" were Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.

Albrecht Dürer

German artist who lived from 1471-1528. Famous for his woodcuts and copper engravings. Influenced by Venetian artists, he was versed in classical teachings and humanism. He was also the first to create printed illustrations in books.

Scientific Revolution Religion

Increased SECULARISM from interest in the sciences. Pascal and his famous WAGER.

The following question refers to the topic of the printing press. Which of the following most facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe in the last half of the 1400s?

Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper

Jawaharial Nehru

India's first Prime Minister from 1947-64.

Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?

It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.

Warsaw Pact

It was essentially the response of the USSR to the creation of NATO. The Pact began in 1955, with European communist nations pledging mutual military support to one another. It ended with the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

European Community

It was formed in 1970, and was an outgrowth of the Common Market nations. European nations allied economically in order to compete against larger nations, such as the United States and Canada. Original members included France, Italy, England, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Finland, Ireland, and Sweden.

Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the passage regarding the possible benefits of sailing beyond Cape Bojador and the Canary Islands?

It would aid in trade and in spreading the Christian faith.

In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect?

Its importance in community life

1607

Jamestown, VA founded

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean Baptiste-Colbert.

The most influential religious order associated with the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) was the

Jesuit

Credited as the first to create a printing press with moveable type in Europe

Johann Gutenberg

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach.

Assistant to tycho brache; discovered laws of planetary motion that helped newton's theories on gravity

Johannes Kepler

Two treatises on civil government; humans have natural rights (life, liberty, property); ppl have right to replace government

John Locke

Tabula rasa

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank slate ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

Pragmatic Sanction

Just before his death in 1740, Charles VI released this sanction. It urged all constituent Austrian lands to allow his daughter, Maria Theresa, to inherit Austria and other Hapsburg lands, despite the fact that she was a woman.

Corvee

Labor tax created under Richelieu placed on peasants so whenever infrastructure improvement was need, peasants could be used as free labor

Protestant Reformation - Economic Causes

Large gap between lower and upper classes/domination by lords. Invented PRINTING PRESS spread ideas.

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Leonid Brezhnev

Leader of the Communist Party and in effect the leader of the USSR from 1964 until his death in 1982. Insisted the Soviet bloc nations defer to him. He also followed a policy of building up the Soviet military.

Nikita Kruschev

Leader of the USSR from 1953-64. While famous for his "we will bury you" comment to the United States, he also opened communication with the West, particularly the United States. He also ended Stalinist purges in the USSR.

Emmiline Pankhurst

Leader of the WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union), which fought for women's suffrage in Britain.

Oliver Cromwell

Led ARMY for Parliament during ENGLISH CIVIL WAR. Established himself as head of a PURITAN REPUBLIC .

Henri Petain

Led the French army at Verdun and eventually became Commander of the French Armies. He served as Prime Minister in 1940. When German forces deleted France, he took control of the Vichy area in 1942. Because of his cooperation with the Nazis, he was arrested and imprisoned until his death in 1951.

Seven Years War

Left France and England in Major debt France lost much of its territory to Britain as a result France will see no other choice but to rely on heavy taxes in order to make up the difference

National Convention

Legislature formed in 1792 during the radical revolution that declares France a republic

"He desired glory and excellence beyond that of anyone else. He showed favor to vernacular poetry and all the fine arts. Under him the city was not free, but it would have been impossible for it to have had a better or more pleasing tyrant." The passage above most accurately describes

Lorenzo de' Medici

Aka the magnificent was a major patron of the arts inspiration for the prince

Lorenzo de' Medici

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Phillip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.

Flight to Varennes

Louis XVI tries to leave with his wife and children in disguise, however they are caught and put under house arrest. This confirms the conspiracy theories that Louis is out to get revolutionaries

Negative conditions of agriculture

Low output Poor climate conditions Soil exhaustion: overuse strips soil of its nitrogen Eastern Europe: serfdom used, farm workers tied to the land, in debt, very little freedom Western Europe: serfdom not common anymore, people were either small land owners or laborers High taxes, high rents on working poor

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

Which of the following pieces of evidence in the passage does NOT support the claim that Tetzel's treatment of indulgences was viewed as corrupt?

Luther's following of academic custom in publishing his Ninety-Five Theses

Justification of Faith Alone

Luther's ideas resolved around this central tenet that people were led to salvation only through inner faith in God, rather than by participating in worldly rituals and good deeds.

Priesthood of All Believers

Luther's revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the Bible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church's position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so.

Enlightened absolutism

MONARCHIAL government in which absolutist power was STRENGTHENED at the cost of others.

"If a Prince wants to maintain his rule, he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to his need." The passage above best reflects the argument of

Machiavelli

"They are ungrateful, changeable, simulators and dissimulators, runaways in danger, eager for gain; while you do well by them they are all yours; they offer you their blood, their property, their lives, their children when need is far off; but when it comes near you, they tum about." The political assessment above of Renaissance citizens can be found in

Machiavelli's The Prince

Enlightenment Women

Mainly SPONSORED SALONS for philosophe discussion. Argued for higher women's EDUCATION since they were stuck in DOMESTIC gender spheres.

Diplomatic Revolution

Major reversal of diplomatic alliances. Great Britain reversed its alliance with Austria and forged a relationship with Prussia, causing France to join with Austria and Russia to check Prussian power.

Renaissance Art

More SECULAR themes, a focus on naturalistic things, study of PERSPECTIVE, CHIAROSCURO. Developed FRESCOES and OIL paints. HUMANISTIC ideals and EMOTION. PATRONIZATION by Renaissance merchants.

Financial Revolution

More private banks open More credit can be given to individuals

Max Weber

German philosopher and author who founded the field of sociology. He also stressed the importance of the Protestant work ethic in industrial society.

Johann Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press

1688

Glorious Revolution in England put William & Mary on the throne, replacing James II

Reasons for Exploration

Gold, God, and Glory

The National Convention

Governed by the French Republic from 1792-95, members were elected through universal male suffrage and became divided along political lines. Declared the end of the monarchy. Brought Louis XVI to trial and executed him and his wife.

Saint-Domingue

Haiti half of island of Hispaniola; where the Toussaint L'Overture revolt occurred

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

He was Toussaint L'ouverture's general, and took up the fight for the freedom of slaves in Saint Domingue on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean sea. In 1804, he declared the slave colony an independent country, the first black country to free itself from European control, and named the country Haiti.

Thomas Malthus

He was a British author who believed that population growth was a great danger. He believed that it was impossible for agricultural output to keep pace with the expanding population and that social, political, and economic crisis would ensue if population growth was not checked.

Mirandola

He was an Italian Renaissance philosopher known for his Oration on the Dignity of Man. In his works, he expressed the opinion that there were no limits to what man could accomplish. The Oration has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance" God gave man will to decide.

John Wesley

He was the British founder of the Methodists. He stressed the need for piety, devotion, and acceptance of one's lot. He died in 1791.

Bourgeoisie

Highly educated and wealthy such as doctors, lawyers and management positions. Pay taxes at 6%

Frederick William

Hohenzollern ruler of Branderbug, Prusia, after the end of the Thirty Years' War. Known as "the Great Elector" who improved and rebuilt the state.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.

Maximilian I

Holy Roman Emperor elected in 1273. He began a long line of Hapsburg emperors. His marriage caused the Holy Roman Empire to gain the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy.

La Rochelle

Huguenot rebellion in 1627 in La Rochelle, supported by English, was ended by Richelieu and the Peace of Alais. Centralized power in France.

The massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day (1572) was directed against

Huguenots in France

Agricultural Revolution

INNOVATIONS in FARM PRODUCTION in 18th century that led to SCIENTIFIC and MECHANIZED agriculture.

Believed freedom of press will result in En; science and mortality should be separate and distinct branches of knowledge

Immanuel Kant

Catherine de Medici

Mother of 3 sucky French kings and CONTROLLED THEM ALL. Fought to maintain CATHOLIC DOMINANCE in France. Ordered the killings of St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Motto of the French Revolution

Jansenism

Movement within the seventeenth-century Catholic Church. It opposed the Jesuits and advocated that humans could only achieve salvation through divine grace, not through good works.

Island of Elba

Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled here and given troops, he only stayed 10 months before he escaped.

Bank of France

Napoleon establishes this and it is still around today. It collects and distributes taxes fairly, no one is exempt

Concordat of 1801

Napoleon promises church that a majority of Frenchmen will be Catholic

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

National Assembly proclamation that men are born free and equal before the law. Also granted freedom of religion, speech, and the press. asserted that all men have right to seek public office and have a fair trial.

Constitution of 1791

National Assembly's constitution that limited the king's authority and divided the government into three branches- judicial, executive, and legislative. The resulting government proved week and feel prey to radical control.

Rudolphine Tables

New and improved table of planetary motions created by Brahe. Named after patron, Rudolph II of HRE, and used by Kepler to form his planetary laws

Based on the rebels' demands, it can be concluded that Charles V sought to implement in Castile policies characteristic of

New monarchs

National Convention

New representatives are elected and this takes over as the parliamentary system during the radical phase

Descartes' understanding of the human body, as shown in the image, is most similar to which of the following?

Newton's notion of a mechanistic universe

Period 2 Scientists

Newton, Priestly, Lavoisier, Boyle

Thomas More

Northern HUMANIST. Wrote UTOPIA, describing a PERFECT world which mixes civic humanism with religious ideals.

Olympe de Gouges

Parisian playwright who led a group of women to create the "Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizenesses", which appealed (unsuccessfully) to the National Assembly for women's equality.

Long Parliament

Parliament convened by Charles I in 1640. It officially lasted twenty years and was involved in the civil war against Charles I.

Act of Supremacy

Parliament declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Act of Supremacy

Parliament ends the authority of the pope in England, leading to the formation of the Anglican Church

Great Fear

Peasants are fearful of being attacked by the kings troops so they of to the countryside and burn down the chateaus of the nobility which causes the nobility to leave France. Leads to Night of August 4 where the nobles give up their claims to serfdom.

Battle of Lepanto

Philip II defeats Ottoman Turks and prevents their further invasion of Europe

Voltaire

Philosophe who views institutionalized religion as a bad thing. He believes in Freedom of Expression for the aristocracy. He believes that the common people are incapable of governing themselves.

Voltaire

Philosophe who wrote "Candide", satirizing prejudice, oppressive government, and bigotry. Championed freedom of religion and thought.

Montesquieu

Philosophe who wrote "Spirit of the Laws" in 1748. He described the British model of divided branches of government with checks and balances as the ideal system, later influencing the framing of the U.S. Constitution.

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically.

Commercial Code

Quality regulation of goods that was established under colbertism. This destroys the guild system and allows merchants to be sure of the quality of their goods

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her Austrian heritage, her extravagance, and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband

Ivan III (r. 1462-1505)

RUSSIA 1. The great 2. Rurik Dynasty 3. Defeated the Mongols and stopped paying taxes to them. 4. Officially a Grand Prince of Moscow. 5. Married a Byzantine princess which gave him access to Byzantine symbols and titles including term—tsar. -Pope married princess (Sofia) off to Ivan -This allows Moscow to become a powerhouse of Christianity in East Europe since Constantinople is now Istanbul and Muslim 6. Established Moscow as the Third Rome since Constantinople had fallen to the Turks in 1453. - (Rome is Rome 1, Constantinople is Rome 2, Now Moscow is Third Rome) 7. Succeeded by his son who died and left a young son to rule. Wife would be regent but she was murdered. 8. Ivan the Great's grandson is Ivan the Terrible

Anabaptists

Radical Protestant group that believed only ADULT BAPTISM conformed to Scripture. Established Old Testament theocracy in Münster; allowed polygamy. Rebaptism becomes capital offense in HRE.

Separatists (Puritans)

Radical Protestants in England who believed Henry VIII did not take extreme enough measures in merely creating the Anglican Church. They favored "purifying" the new Anglican Church of all similarities to the Catholic Church.

Peter I of Russia

"The Great"; This tsar did everything in his power to Westernize Russia so that he could compete with the powers of Europe. He made great military reforms in order to regain the Baltic Sea ports that had been lost to the Swedes. By creating a standing army full of branded conscripts and well-educated officers, all of whom were judged and promoted on personal merit

Suleiman

"The Magnificent"; Great Ottoman leader, expanded land area of Ottomans, and restructured system of law.

Frederick I:

"The Soldiers' King" (r. 1713 - 1740) Creates best army in Europe Expansion of the army through conscription King enlisted the Junkers to lead the army Foundations for a rigid and militaristic country

Maximilien Robespierre

"The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue.

Changes in Education

- Humanists thought that their recommended course of study in the classics would provide everyone essential skills · Humanists opened schools, courts, and academies in 15th century · Humanists disagreed about education for women because they saw the value of exposing women to classical models of moral behavior and reasoning, but also questioned whether a program of study was proper for a woman · In his book on the family, Alberti stressed that a woman's role was in the house · Some women became educated in the classics and were successful

Women in Renaissance

- girls parents decide who they're going to marry and pay the husband a dowry -managed household-upper class stayed home - purpose was to make babies - men could cheat, women can't -Christine de pisan

The three estates

-1-clergy -2-nobility -3-everyone else

Edict of Nantes

-1598 -guaranteed Huguenots the right to worship in selected placed in every district for protection -got political privileges like holding public offices -ended French wars of religion -Henry Iv of female signed -made Catholicism official religion of France

Thirty Years' War(all 4 phases)

-1618-1648 -Bohemian Phase(1618-1625): Catholics vs Protestants(Calvinists), forced Ferdinand to leave>Frederick V>Army, Battle of White Mn, Protestants crushed, mercenaries inspired w money, Wallenstein(catholic-fought), Hapsburg attack, Fred V lost -Danish Phase(1625-1629)King Christian IV of Denmark for Protestants, Edict of Restitution in 1629 outlawed all forms of religion but Catholicism and Lutheranism, 1630-Hapsburg almost control Germany, empire pulls Wallenstein back> end to his atrocities -Swedish Phase(1630-1635)King Gustavus Adolphus(protestant) enters war-catholic support(want to undermine Hapsburg), Adolphus=success> emperor brings back Wallenstein, adolphus dies, 1634 swedes defeated -French Phase(1635-1648)>Wallenstein turn on empire and made own army- empire bought mercenaries to kill Wallenstein, protestant princes join empire, king christian of Denmark-only person w true standing army, 1643 everyone tired, 1648-peace of Westphalia signed-recognize sovereighnity

Work for peasant women in western europe

-18th century -wester Europe increasingly left home to work as domestic servants -cottage industry-cotton in the home

Old regime in France in 18th century

-1st-clergy -2nd-nobles -3rd-everyone else, equal representation as other estates -bourgeoise

Social Groups who benefited from Revolution and Napolean

-3rd estate

Enclosure movement

-British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops -Enclosure Acts led to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners. -land enclosed by parliament -small scale farmers became tenant farmers

Transformation of English Parliament(English Civil war)

-Charles and the parliament had War -10 year civil war -Cromwell took over -Charles beheaded -parliament kept much of the power

revocation of the edict of Nantes

-Edict of fontanbleau by Louis xiv of France -took away Huguenots rights -no religious toleration -Louis did it for his own use/power -where Louis conferred himself as an absolute ruler -he considered himself head of state, not pope(not very Catholic)

Secularism (Renaissance)

-Emphasis on the worldly not spiritual. -"Naturalism" -Not religious -People look like real people, nature looks like real nature -Realistic

Huguenots

-French Calvinists(Protestants) from all levels of society=artisans: shopkeepers -40%-50% of French nobility -threat to monarchy -killed during st Bartholomews Day massacre -gained rights through the edict of Nantes

Edmund Burke and conservative critique of French Revolution

-French Revolution>conservative -criticized others bc he didn't want to change

Scientific Academies/ Royal societies

-French Royal Academy of Sciences:society funded by Louis XIV, which was thought to benefit the king and state and emphasized practical science for new tools and machines -English Royal Society:society funded by merchants and scientists and emphasized theoretical science, which allowed them with more options

Printing Press

-Gutenburg created the first one -impacts: spread by reading, spread scientific research, spread religious ideas, increase in literate people -most were religious texts

Lorenzo de 'Medici

-Head of Medici family towards the end of Early Renaissance, beginning of High Renaissance, was nearly assassinated, major patron of the arts, depicted in several works of Renaissance art, opened up banking between the pope and Medici --florence's leading citizen , started sense of invention -got a lot of money because of the artists of the renaissance art

Why were Holland and England the leaders in agricultural innovation?

-Holland - the area was one of the most densely populated in Europe. The Dutch were forced to seek maximum yields from their land and to increase the cultivated area through the steady draining of marshes and swamps. The growth of towns and cities provided Dutch peasants with markets for all they could produce and allowed each region to specialize in what it did best. -England - The English were among their best students. English farmers borrowed the system of continuous crop rotation from the Dutch. They also drew on Dutch expertise in drainage and water control.

St Bartholomew's Day Massacre

-Huguenots response for their new religious freedom -murder of French Huguenot began in Paris -Catherine de' Medici ended it -1572

Peace of Augsburg 1555

-Lutheranism had equal legal standing w Catholicism -Germans determined religion of his subject (Catholic or Lutheran) -division of Christianity -between HRE(Charles V) and schmaldabalvic league -

Nationalism (Reniassance)

-Pride in one's country -Landscape -Language -Use of vernacular

Adam Smith & the role of governments

-Scottish physiocrat -favored the labor thoery of value -laissez-faire: people do as they choose, buy and sell freely -state shouldn't interfere in economic matters -wrote Wealth of Nations: Government should be limited, and perform 3 main functions (1. infrastructure 2. education of the youth 3. education to people of all ages)

cause of price inflation in the 16th century

-The crops were not as reliable and there were less of it -price revolution, prices increased, wages failed to keep up with price increase -increase in population

John Calvin

-Theoligical writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. -Developed Calvinism at Geneva. -Wrote Institutes for Christian Religion -The Calvinist form of Protestantism is has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Hugeunots. - believed was that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell, by predestination

Thomas More

-Wrote "Utopia" -Believed everyone should be loyal to search and religious devotion is search and religious devotion is greater than the king - went against Henry VIII &was beheaded

Characteristics of enlightened monarchs

-believed absolute rulers should promote the good of the people -agreed with Thomas Hobbes: masses could not rule -Reforms:religious toleration, streamlined legal codes, increased access to education, reduction or elimination of torture and death penalty

Peace of Utrecht

-between Louis Louis xiv and grand alliance -ending Louis xiv expansion, checked by balance of power -it said Charles and Louis will not collaborate

reforms of Peter the great

-changed the army: payed better, drafted peasants. offered training -large navy -merit based govt -no women restrictions -western look

Voltaire's views

-criticized royal absolutism, lack of religious toleration and freedom of thought -Deism view: God existed but did not do anything -rights of individual, human reason -separation of church and state

Peace of Westphalia

-end 30 years war -fighting ends, no real resolution, pope denounced, protestants betrayed, German princes free of control from HRE, dutch=independent, France gains territory, Sweden gets N Germany, Calvinists and Lutherans get same privileges

Dutch republic 17th century

-first half was golden age -oligarchy w representative provinces -religious toleration

The salons

-gatherings of philosophes to discuss the ideas of enlightenment -how ideas spread among the literate elite

Estates General Meeting in 1789

-general assembly representing the French estate of the realm -first meeting since 1614 -general assembly representing the French estates of the realm

Frederick William the great elector&accomplishments

-granted toleration, strict Calvinist -admired Swedish govt -greatest army in euro, tax and used military powers to unify -taxed Prussian nobles -Junkers formed the the military

Abbe Sieyes

-member of first estates -writes a poem about third estate -encourages 3rd estate to rise up

Galileo & why he was found guilty of heresy

-physicist and philosopher during scientific revolution -improvements to the telescope, support for Copernicanism, heliocentric solar system -The Church of Rome did not support his theory, & the Pope found Galileo guilty and sentenced him to life under house arrest

Rousseau and the general will

-political philosophe of the enlightenment -Social Contract- harmonize individual liberty w gov authority, part of society to be governed by its general will which controls a nation and comes from self interest -against the equality of women and said they just had traditional roles, naturally inferior to men

Baroque art and painters

-reaction to Protestant reformation -replaced mannerism -use of dramatic effects to a douse emotions -reflected the search for power -Rubens(The Descnent from the cross- full of curves and dramatic lighting on Christ --Bernini(Saint Peters Basilica-portraits of aristocrat, long elongated figures), -Rembrandt(self portrait-shadows)

Reconquista of Iberian Peninsula

-reunited Spain bc Ferdinand and Isabella connected -got the Jews out of Spain -get the whole of spain unite -Christian crusade to get Muslims out -Grenada was last Muslim kingdom to fall in 1492

factors that estb French absolutism

-strong army -complete power -divine power -Louis xiv wanted major power, built Versailles,

Agricultural revolution's origins

-the application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity -characterized in food production to 4 factors: more farmland, increased yields per acre, healthier livestock, improved climate -open field system>cooperative farming -parliament allowed lands to be legally closed which led to the land of large estates -suited for large scale farms

Castinglione

-the book of courtier(1528)=included certain ideas to be expected of the aristocrat , became a fundamental handbook for european aristocrat -Discusses ideal men & women -Believed men should be talented in many fields

English Navigation Acts

-the result of the English desire to increase both military power and private wealth was the mercantile system of the Navigation Acts -Oliver Cromwell established the first of these laws in 1651 and the restored monarchy of Charles II extended them -required that most goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article, ave British merchants and shipowners a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies -economic warfare -colonists were required to ships their products on British (or American) ships and to buy almost all of their European goods from Britain

Peter the Great

-tsar of Russia -height of absolutism in Eastern Europe - military power is greatest concern - Great northern war: gained access to Baltic Sea - modernize and westernize - made St. Petersburg the capital

Wars of Spanish succession

-will of Charles ll (Spanish) gives all Spanish Territory to grandson Louis xiv, other European powers see the threat of Spain and France united, and don't want them to collaborate -grand alliance emerges -Louis xiv signs the treaty of Utrecht (says he won't collaborate w them)

attitude towards children

-work w what parents did -work under and adviser and sent away for work

Women's march to Versailles

1. 1789 2. Women were tired of not having food for their families 3. Demanding bread, rights, royals 4. Would have killed Marie Antoinette 5. Captured royals 6. Royal family was taken back to Paris; placed in prison (Tuileries)

Main Beliefs of Martin Luther/Lutherism

1. Become the main beliefs of Protestantism 2. Salvation by faith alone -Catholics believe in faith AND good works -Luther says good works don't get you into heaven, unless you have faith 3. Supreme authority of the Bible 4. Use of native language as opposed to Latin 5. 2 sacraments: baptism and communion 6. No saints or relics 7. Church and state separate Priesthood of all believers: everyone equal in the eyes of God -Luther is enabling his followers to act like a priest -Equal in eyes of God (NOT socially or economically)

Italian examples of Individualism

1. Castiglione -The Book of the Courtier which is a self help guide on how to be a Renaissance man 2. Machiavelli -The Prince showed how a ruler should govern 3. de Vinci -Mona Lisa was a portrait of a famous woman

Children and Education (Europe Era of Expansion)

1. Challenges for children's health -Diseases, dehydration -Mother's dying from childbirth -Breastfeeding and wet nurses →Women of lower classes tended to breastfeed their own children →Women of higher classes tended to use wet nurses →Wet-nursing became a "business" and contributed to the high levels of infant mortality →Wet-nursing was more common in France than in other places. 2. Foundlings and deaths of infants -Abortions were not available. -Foundling homes were orphanages. -Different reasons children were abandoned. -High death rates in homes 3. Attitudes toward children -Parents were not emotionally attached to their children. -"Spare the rod and spoil the child" -Attitudes changed because of the Enlightenment →Writers advocated different methods of raising children 4. Growth of Elementary Schools -Both Protestants and Catholics promoted education. -Maria Theresa → Advocate for children's education

Spain in the 1500's

1. Charles V (r. 1509-1556) (HRE) -Refused to sign the Peace of Augsburg -Split his vast empire between his brother Ferdinand and Son -Philip (Charles V's son) received Spain, the Netherlands, and the New World 2. Philip (r. 1556-1598) -devout Catholic → persecuted non-Catholics (Inquisition) Problems faced by Philip -The Netherlands a) Area became Protestant (Calvinist) b) Philip sent Inquisition to country c) Dutch revolted d) Dutch aided by Elizabeth I e) Philip was unable to subdue the Dutch, Dutch became independent (even though William the Silent was assassinated) -England (on England's slide)

Effects of Exploration

1. Commercial Revolution -Trade shift from the Mediterranean (Italy dominated) to the Atlantic Spain, France, England, Netherlands) -New businesses like insurance companies and joint-stock companies 2. Beginnings of slavery—1441 -Portuguese were the first -European slave traders -Plan was to subjugate the Natives but smallpox ruined that -Bring in African slaves who didn't know the land or climate 3. Mercantilism -Economic concept of a favorable balance of trade—sell more than buy -Force colonies to buy stuff and sell stuff to you cheaply 4. Change in daily life and the Columbian Exchange -New plants and animals exchanged between Europe and New World -Rise in the standard of living for Europeans—different foods more readily available 5. Creation of a Colonial Empire a) Integrating Christianity b) Expanding Language

Spanish Conquistadors (know at least one)

1. Conquistadors—conquerors of Central and South America 2. Hernando Cortes—1518-1520 - Conquered the Aztecs of Mexico 3. Francisco Pizarro--1532 - Conquered the Incas of Peru Incan Empire was huge 4. They were able to conquer these powerful native groups because of horses, weaponry, and disease 5. In the areas conquered by Spain, Spanish became the official language, and Catholicism became the official religion.

Napoleon Bonaparte - Background

1. Corsica 2. Military school—scholarship 3. General by age 25 4. Put in charge of the French army in Italy—fighting the Austrians -Proved he was an able military leader and good administrator -Brought back to develop a plan to defeat England 5. Plan to defeat England involved attacking Egypt -Plan failed -Note discoveries like the Rosetta Stone 6. Came back to France -Directory was failing -Was able to take over the government -Consulate—new government -Later became emperor in 1804

Counter Reformation

1. Council of Trent (1545-1563) convened by Pope Paul III -Call together council to counter act Protestants 2. Main ideas -Did not change any church doctrines (kept Latin, sacraments, relics to be used properly, etc...) -Got rid of corruption (could not pay for indulgences, no simony, nuns and monks were to be housed separately...) -Set up seminaries to train priests so that there was consistency in teachings/educated priests -Created the Index—a list of prohibited book—to protect and provide conformity -Created the Jesuits (Society of Jesus)—a group of missionaries whose job was to win people back to the church—founded by Ignatius of Loyola 3. Some people did return to the church—especially those who left because of the corruption 4. Counter Reformation Baroque art comes about -Bernini -Sculptor -Same Realism seen in Renaissance a) Much more emotional -Way to win people back to the Catholic church through the arts

Napoleon at War

1. Created the Confederation of the Rhine which reduced the number of German states 2. Continued fighting: Austria, Russia, Prussia, England, Spain -Defeated both Austria and Prussia in battles (Austerlitz and Jena) -Put his brother, Joseph, in control of Spain -Forced Russians into alliance -Not able to defeat England militarily—decided to use economics. He imposed a boycott of England called the Continental System.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

1. Declared what the revolution was for and which rights people should have 2. Similar to a Combo of Declaration of Independence and the Constitution 3. Women's rights (social) Right to bear arms, own property, etc

National Constitutional Convention

1. Dominated by the Jacobins -New element—sans culottes (without weird fancy French pants) or workers →RADICAL - No need for Louis →Push for the end of the monarch -The Mountain was the most radical part of the government 2. Jacobin leader—Maximillian Robespierre 3. Louis XVI was put on trial for treason. -Executed in 1793 -Guillotine used—not a pretty execution because the blade stuck and had to be manually pushed through Robespierre's goals-Suppress anarchy and counter-revolution in France. Put together the Committee of Public Safety to investigate opposition groups. Began the Reign of Terror (1793-1794). Directed at real and assumed enemies. Victims came from all classes—8% nobles, 6% clergy, 14% bourgeoisie, 70% peasant, 2% other. Guillotine ran non-stop; even sent portable ones to countryside. 40,000 deaths Marie Antoinette killed. -Winning the war -Instituted conscription -Everyone expected to serve in some way -If hindered war effort, considered a counter-revolutionary →Conscription - draft of soldiers →Levee of people -New calendar that represented the revolution and wiped out religious holidays -Public education reform -Agrarian reform -Abolished slavery in the colonies 5. War was going well for the French, and people decided it was time to stop the Reign 6. Robespierre and his supporters were captured and killed by the guillotine 7. Temporary government was brought in—Thermidorean Reaction 8. Thermidorean Reaction stayed in power until order was restored and Jacobin groups were eliminated.

Italian examples of Secularism

1. Donatello -Bronze David looks like a real person 2. Michelangelo -Marble David is super detailed down to realistic hands

Northern Renaissance examples of Secularism

1. Dürer -Praying hands are realistic

Henry VIII's children (heirs in order)

1. Edward VI (r. 1547-53) -He was 9 - Needed a Regency -Regents were Protestant a) Church became more Protestant—priests could marry, use of English in services b) Book of Common Prayer put together by Thomas Cranmer -Sickly child who dies before he could get married and produce an heir 2. Mary I (r. 1553-1558) -Married to Philip II (ruling Spain) -Created an alliance -Switched England back to being Catholic -Killed thousands of Protestants/Heretics a) Bloody Mary -Died without an heir (stomach cancer) 3. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) -Anglican/Protestant -Focused on what was best for England—worked for balance a) Catholics try to kill her b) Understood she can't force everyone to switch to protestantism - Did not marry a) Allows Anglican Church to develop because all suitors were Catholic

England in the 1500's

1. Elizabeth I -25 yrs. Old -Never married—created a succession issue 2. Problems faced by Elizabeth -Religion—Catholics still wanted to kill her -Money -Scotland & Mary Stuart (Elizabeth's cousin) a) Mary Queen of Scots married Lord Darnley (not important) in Netherlands b) Darnley killed c) Mary implicated d) Abdicated and fled to England e) House arrest for 20 years- Elizabeth Keeping her "enemy" closer f) Elizabeth found out about her plotting with Philip II of Spain g) Beheaded -Spain & Philip II a) Elizabeth refused to marry Philip b) Use of sea dogs c) Attack Spanish treasure ships - Elizabeth is antagonizing Philip d) Aided Dutch in their revolt against Spain e) Beheading of Mary of Scots (1587) f) Defeat of the Armada—1588 (Spain had the BEST navy in the world)

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

1. English 2. Laws of motion and gravity—Principia: 1687 (story about fruit falling from a tree) 3. Tides and lunar activity 4. Study of light 5. Saw gravity as created by God

Influence of John Locke (1632-1704)

1. English writer 2. Natural rights 3. These are rights that cannot be taken away; you are born with them 4. Life, liberty, property 5. Government is supposed to protect those rights 6. If it doesn't, replace the government

Other Inspirations to the Revolution

1. Enlightenment—writings inspired revolutionaries -Bourgeoisie have read these works 2. American Revolution -Americans inspired the French -French helped Americans—more debt →Take the "L" Britain -French soldiers, like Lafayette, came back to France to help lead the revolt

Northern Renaissance examples of Humanism

1. Erasmus -Critical of the Catholic Church and a Christian Humanist 2. Brueghel -The Harvesters

Legacy of Napoleon

1. Europe had to be restructured 2. Spread the ideas of the French Revolution 3. Europe would not be able to go back to pre-1789

Medical Practice

1. Faith Healers, apothecaries, physicians -Faith healers believed that patients were possessed by evil spirits—must pray, lay on hands to heal -Apothecaries developed herbal treatments →Did help in some areas like laxatives →Became part of the new consumer culture -Physicians were apprenticed →Willing to try new methods →Still relied on bloodletting 2. Hospitals and Surgery -Surgeons gained experience with amputations because of war -Hospitals were unclean; anesthesia not used 3. Midwives -Women trained in helping deliver children -Sometimes criticized 4. Smallpox -Biggest problem after the plague ended -Early vaccinations

Netherlands (absolute monarch/constitutionalism)

1. Financial and commercial center 2. Amsterdam—noted for shipbuilding 3. Government alternated between the monarchy and the Mercantile Party. 4. People eventually settled on the monarchy under the House of Orange—focused on commerce. (William III - marries into England) 5. Reason the monarchy was chosen was because of the wars being fought against Louis XIV—needed the strength and connections of a royal family.

Voltaire (1694-1778)

1. Freedom of expression—natural right to use the pen

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

1. Freedom with responsibility—freedom is not necessarily doing what you want but what you should 2. Education by experience 3. General Will—kind of like majority rule When an individual becomes part of a group, he agrees to go along with the will of the group. Same with government.

Why did the English and French find success colonizing the New World

1. French -Good at trading with Natives -Treat the Native Americans as fellow trading partners 2. English -Focus on people that come to the colonies (Sending families)

Napoleon peak years

1. Greatest control 2. Divorced Josephine and remarried Austrian so that he could produce an heir. 3. Did have a son - Referred to as Napoleon II

General Idea of Cause of Reformation

1. Growing ideas of humanism 2. People are more educated 3. Church is corrupt 4. Printing press allows quick spread of ideas 5. Growing middle class which resented the Church's view of usury

Napoleon's downfall

1. Growing nationalism (ideas of the Rights of Man and Citizen spread from French soldiers)—countries were tired of French control 2. Peninsula War—Spain -Spanish guerillas -Napoleon did not know how to combat guerillas -Goya's Third of May 3. Continental System backfired—also hurting other countries 4. Russia broke their treaty with France 5. Napoleon decided to invade Russia -June, 1812 -Supposed to be quick -Headed to Moscow -Russians practiced scorched earth—burned the lands around the armies -Napoleon took Moscow—parts of it were burned -Waited in Moscow too long—Russian winter came early -Retreat—lost 500,000 men 6. First major defeat—Leipzig (Battle of Nations) 7. Napoleon fled back to France—was deposed -Napoleon abdicated - exiled to the island of Elba—off the coast of Italy -Escaped 8. 100 Days -Napoleon returned to France -Claimed the government (Louis XVIII had been placed in charge) -Began military expansion 9. Final defeat—Battle of Waterloo 10. Sent to St. Helena (exiled)—off the coast of Africa 11. Died in 1821—rumors of poison

Religious Authority and Beliefs (era of expansion)

1. Importance of church in daily life 2. Catholic view of monastic orders -Jesuits -Maria Theresa and "unproductive" orders 3. Protestant changes -Pietism: protestant revival movement that started in Germany and Scandinavia—make religion more emotional and exciting -John Wesley—Methodist Church →Wanted the church to become more inspiring →Circut Preacher - traveled throughout England 4. Catholics -Still a strong influence in people's lives -Jansenism

Sophie (regent), Ivan V, & Peter I situation

1. Ivan V (r. 1682-96)- Mentally disabled - slow 2. Peter I (r. 1682-1725) 3. Sophie (r. 1682-89) 4. Ivan was mentally disabled. Sophie was to be his regent. Peter was healthy but young. 5. Sophie tried to overthrow Peter (kill him) in the Streltsy Revolt 6. It failed, but she got to be regent for both boys. They would be co-tsars. 7. Revolt affected the way Peter viewed the Russian nobles and Moscow. 8. She tried to overthrow Peter again, and he had her arrested.

Northwest Passage Explorers (know 1 for Essays)

1. Jacques Cartier—France—1534 -Explored the St. Lawrence River -Found the Great Lakes -Claimed land for France -Eventually led to the establishment of Quebec 2. Sir Francis Drake—England-1577-1580 -Sea Dogs -Works for Elizabeth -Circumnavigation -Greatly influenced the development of the English navy and encouraged English colonization 3. Henry Hudson—Netherlands—1609-1610 -Hudson River, Hudson Bay -Claimed territory in the New World for the Dutch -Sets Dutch on par to be a powerhouse

Economic Causes of the Reformation

1. Land owned by the church -Church owned approximately 20% of land in Europe -Tax exempt -Land from people becoming priests and having to give up their land (worldly possession)

English Civil War

1. Land owners and rural areas supported the king. 2. Middle class and townspeople supported Parliament. 3. Cromwell established the New Model Army and captured the king 4. Charles still refused to cooperate. Parliament found that he was contacting the French for helped. Charles was accused of treason and beheaded.

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

1. Last Spanish Habsburg dies (Charles II dies without heir, he was "special" because of inter-marrying) 2. Louis's grandson, Philip of Anjou (Austrian Habsburg cousin also held claim) was named as the heir. 3. He assumed the throne, but he could also be Louis's heir. 4. Spain and France fought against the Netherlands, England and Austria. 5. Peace of Utrecht ended the war. - It stated that Philip could rule Spain but not France. 6. He became Philip V and established the Spanish Bourbons.

What made the Northern Renaissance different from the Italian Renaissance?

1. Less secular -More religious 2. Did not focus as much on the classics -No Greco-Roman references 3. Still funded by trade -Merchant based funding 4. More concerned with social issues

French governments during the Revolution

1. Louis 16 (monarch) 2. National Assembly 3. Legislative Assembly (limited monarch) 4. Robespierre (republic) 5. Directory (military controlled government) 6. Napoleon (emperor)

Spain (absolutism and constitutionalism)

1. Many problems following the reign of Philip II 2. Philip III, Philip IV, Charles II -All weak kings -All encounter poor economy -No diversity in their economy AND Philip IV added war expenses With 30 Years' War 3. After the War of Spanish Succession, Spanish Bourbons takeover (Philip V)

Henry VIII Background (Marriages)

1. Married Catherine of Aragon -One surviving child—a daughter, Mary -Divorced Catherine of Aragon 2. Marriage to Anne Boleyn -Produced a daughter—Elizabeth -Accused Anne of treason and she was beheaded 3. Married Jane Seymour -Produced a son—Edward VI -She died from complications relating to childbirth -(kept marrying for more sons) 4. Anne of Cleves—divorced 5. Catherine Howard—beheaded 6. Catherine Parr—survived Henry

The Directory (1795-1799)

1. Military dominated government 2. Focused on the war effort 3. Restored order 4. Created the situation for a military dictator to come in to power— Napoleon

Religious Causes of the Reformation

1. Moral Issues -Use of Latin (in services) -People didn't understand the services 2. Corruption -Misuse of church money and questionable money-making practices a) Tithes: 10% of income: sometimes misused (NOT BAD) b) Simony: selling of church positions c) Pluralism - buying more than one position d) Absenteeism - not showing up for responsibility -Indulgences: selling forgiveness a) Buying relatives souls out of purgatory -Paying to see holy relics

Joseph II (r. 1765-1790) Austria

1. Most enlightened 2. Freed the Surfs 3. Promotes education 4. Religiously tolerant

Political Causes of the Reformation

1. Nationalism -People wanted to support their local churches and keep their money local 2. Pope's political power -Excommunication -Interdiction: excommunicate an entire country -Pope was able to hold this power over the rulers to keep them in line

Marriage and the family in the era of expansion

1. Nuclear and extended families -Extended families were not the norm -Nuclear family was parents and children 2. Married late in life—average was 27-25 years old -Support themselves independently of parents -Tradition—needed landowner approval (wanted to keep number of landless peasants to a minimum—population control) -Most income is rural -Combination of late marriage and nuclear family distinguished Europe from other areas in the world—may have given Europe an advantage economically - weren't overpopulated 3. Work -Boys → Plowing and weaving - farmhands, Apprenticeships in town -Girls → Spinning, tending animals, Limited apprenticeships—seamstress or midwife, Domestic service—many young girls were abused by families 4. Community Controls -Birth control did exist—unreliable -Young people did engage in sexual activities, but there were very few illegitimate births until 1750 -Community controls/pressure to get married -Humiliating public rituals 5. New patterns -Illegitimacy explosion from 1750-1850 -Young people could choose own partners -Had earned more money sooner and were more economically independent. -Rise in sexual activity—some pregnancies did not result in marriage

Martin Luther's 95 Theses

1. October 31, 1517 2. List of 95 problems with the church 3. Nailed to the church door in Wittenberg 4. Written in Latin 5. Made on all saint's day (not important) so officials would see it 6. Was translated into German and distributed (printing press)

Wars started by Luther

1. Peasants Revolt 1524/25 -Huge peasant class following a) Everyone equal to God b) Translated into their language -Peasants thought that Luther intended for them to be equal politically as well as spiritually -Luther did not... -Peasants were crushed 2. Wars among the German princes -Ended by the Peace of Augsburg: 1555 -German princes could choose the religion of their area based on majority in their region -First recognition of a different religion other than Catholic (in Europe (*****)

Great Fear—countryside

1. Peasants feared the nobility 2. Began burning the homes of nobles to destroy the ledgers -Burned fields/crops causing a potential food shortage 3. Law of the Fourth of August was issued to stop the peasants -Ended feudalism

Civil Constitution of the Clergy - 1790

1. Placed the church under the control of the government. -Bishops now worked for the government 2. Took over church lands 3. Most contentious issue thus far in the revolution—people had to choose between their religion and the revolution -Everybody mad - French people could be Catholic. Revolutionaries and now had to choose between

Portugal Exploration

1. Portuguese led in exploration 2. Prince Henry the navigator started a navigational school for sailors 3. Portuguese began exploring around Portugal (Africa) 4. Portugal eventually lost most of their holdings to the Spanish 5. Line of Demarcation -Pope divided the western hemisphere between Spain and Portugal

Main Beliefs of John Calvin/Calvinism

1. Predestination -Elect are the chosen who are going to heaven a) If you had money you fit some of the categories for the Elect - Did not appeal to the poor -God already knows who is predestined 2. Theocracy -Calvin believed Geneva was the city of God on earth (Model city) -Church controlled state 3. Other ideas were similar to Luther's 4. Not as wide-spread—very strict

Cardinal Richelieu

1. Raison d'etat - right of state -Whatever is good for France is good for everybody 2. Goals: Make Louis the most powerful person in France and make France the most powerful country in Europe 3. To make Louis all powerful Richelieu had to undercut groups who challenged Louis -Nobels - curb the power of the nobles: he allowed non-land owners to purchase titles of nobility (noblesse de la robe) and then appointed the new nobles to political positions (Intendants). -Created a new "class" of nobles. He also spied on the nobility. -Hugenots - Richelieu also took power from the Huguenots by taking away their military, political, economic, and social rights in the Edict of Nantes. NOT their religious rights - doesn't want them to have power 4. To make France all powerful in Europe, Richelieu had to fight the Habsburgs: Thirty Years' war Richelieu spent a great deal of money. --------------------------------------- 5. Louis XIII and Richelieu died in the same year. 6. Louis XIII left a five year old son. 7. Richelieu trained a replacement—Cardinal Mazarin

Enlightenment Characteristics

1. Reason and natural law Skepticism 2. Humanitarianism 3. Pacifism—against war unless there is a reason 4. Religious view -No emotional connection with God -Limited appeal

Napoleon Reforms

1. Reconstructed government - put prefects in charge of each department who answered to Napoleon 2. Law: Napoleonic Code—organized law code -Affected women - took rights from women. 3. Economics: began the First national Bank of France. Helped people regain confidence in the economy. 4. Education: Created a national system of public education; stressed universities and started technical schools and trade schools. 5. Church: signed the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church and Pope. Restored the Pope's authority within France. (Check textbook for land issues) 6. 1803—sold Louisiana (Be sure to read about relationship with Haiti in text) 7. 1804—crowned himself emperor. Crowned Josephine empress.

Pre-Scientific Revolution

1. Religious explanation for events 2. Supernatural causes 3. No dissection of human remains 4. Geocentric theory prevailed -Earth centered universe -Supported by the Catholic Church -Any scientist who challenged that was going against the church

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

1. Religious war that turns political 2. Stages 1 and 2 - Bohemian stage and Danish stage - Religious -the Habsburgs win 3. Stage 3 - Swedish stage -Richelieu Switch-a-roo -Richelieu wants Habsburgs to lose to gain power -Gives Sweds money and Sweds lose 4. Stage 4 - Swedish-French stage -Swedish and French vs. Habsburgs -Habsburgs lose 5. Peace of Westphalia (1648) -Holy Roman Empire weakened—German princes gained power. -Switzerland and Netherlands recognized as countries. -Habsburgs no longer a threat to France 6. Results of the war -Devastation of German land and heavy loss of German life -France emerged as leading European power.

Henry III (r. 1574-1589) / War of the Three Henrys

1. Religious war. War of the Three Henrys—1587-1589 -Henry III—moderate Catholics -Henry of Guise—radical Catholics -Henry of Navarre—Huguenots 2. Henry of Guise was killed 3. Henry III was assassinated by a monk and stabbed to death 4. Passed throne to Henry of Navarre

Popular Culture and Consumerism (era of expansion)

1. Rise in literacy -Both men and women -Bible—most popular book -Other types of literature →Chapbooks →Practical literature like almanacs →Some Enlightenment pamphlets 2. Leisure -Village tavern—main gathering spot -Gardens, theaters, libraries -Fairs and Festivals -Blood sports—popular with mass culture -Religious festivals like carnival 3. Foods -Bread—sometimes consumed 2 pounds a day. -"Fair" price -Different diets depending on class →Rural poor—peas, beans, cabbages, fruit (limited to summer months), milk used to make cheese and butter. Very limited meat. Could not hunt game on the lands of nobles. (Gaming laws - kept you from being able to hunt) →Small traders and artisans—more variety because of markets. →Richer classes—meats and fishes—dinners could last for five hours or more. -New farming methods helped with diets →Low Countries (Netherland) and England →Potatoes (Spreads all across Europe) -New products →Sugar →Tea →Coffee →Chocolate 5. Consumerism -Consumer revolution—growth in consumption and attitude of consumer goods -New techniques for inciting demand—marketing, displays -Clothing—main indicator in growth of consumerism. →Prices were lower because of colonies →Fashion mainly associated with women -Functions of rooms, utensils, furniture.

Romanov Dynasty

1. Russia went into the Time of Troubles -Civil war -Determine next tsar -Romanov family asked to rule by the church 2. Mikhail (Micheal), Alexis, Fedor III, Sophie (regent), Ivan V, Peter I

Louis XV (r. 1715-1774)

1. Same spending habits as Louis XIV 2. Added war—French and Indian (7 years war) 3. Nobles not taxed -Lower and middle classes are paying

Northern Renaissance examples of Nationalism

1. Shakespeare -wrote in English

Relationship between Luther and the Pope/Holy Roman Emperor

1. Summoned to Rome by the Pope, Luther refused to go 2. Frederick of Saxony (local German ruler, elector of the Holy Roman Emperor) offered Luther protection 3. Luther was excommunicated -had a debate and agreed with a heretic 4. 1521: Diet of Worms (meeting) -Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor: summoned Luther -Wants to arrest Luther and kill him -Luther defended his position and would not repent 5. Escaped -Luther goes into hiding -Spent the rest of his life translating the Bible into German, writing hymns, living with his wife and children

Social Causes of the Reformation

1. Technology: Invention of the printing press which helped to spread ideas -Spread the ideas of reformers quickly 2. Growing middle class which resented the Church's view of usury -Make money (no land) -Resent being told that they were sinning for working in usury

Galileo(1564-1642)

1. Telescope 2. Numerous experiments 3. Movement of planets; movement of earth 4. Moons of Jupiter 5. Arrested by the Italian Inquisition 6. Tortured and forced to recant his teachings (Italian)

National Assembly

1. Tennis Court Oath—vowed to write a constitution for France. 2. People of Paris feared an attack by the military. -Stormed the Bastille on July 14, 1789 -Purpose was to free political prisoners and get weapons. 3. Emotional start of the revolution—first bloodshed.

Causes and effects of the Enlightenment

1. The shattering of the unity of Western Christendom 2. Exploration 3. The Scientific Revolution: rational thinking can progress not only science but human society 4. Opposition to Absolutist Rule 5. In Europe numerous enlightenment thinkers will emerge

Reasons Europe began exploration

1. To find new trade routes to the East. Tired of paying the Arab and Italian middlemen profits on trade goods. 2. Humanism—began during the Renaissance and encouraged people to think and question -Applies to men like Columbus who had new ideas. 3. New navigational devices: compass, astrolabe, new ships (caravels) and charts. Helped with exploration. 4. Government support: exploration was expensive, and governments were willing to pay for the voyages because the returns and profits would outweigh the initial expenses. 5. Spread Christianity—especially appealing to the Catholic countries. 6. (To restate) God, Gold, Glory

Italian examples of Nationalism

1. de Vinci -Madonna of the Rocks portrays a realistic Italian background 2. Machiavelli -books written in Italian

Importance of Northwest Passage

1. idea that an all water route existed in the north since Magellan's voyage had already uncovered the Southern route 2. None of the explorers found the passage, but they initiated new European expansion in the New World

Rurik Dynasty

1.Ivan III, Ivan IV

Louis called in the Estates General—parliament

1.Needed money 2. Each estate was represented but only received one vote. Third Estate was outnumbered. 3. Abbe Sieyes wrote "What is the Third Estate?" Third Estate is France. 4. Third Estate received more delegates but not additional votes. 5. May, 1789, meeting began @ Versailles 6. Third Estate stalled the proceedings for six weeks. -Wanted to have more representation/votes 7. Finally the Third Estate separated and formed its own government—the National Assembly. First act of the revolution. June 17, 1789.

Role of Africa (trading at indian ocean)

1450, Africa had few large empires Cairo: center of Islamic learning and African trade Ethiopia was another major center of Africa Gold sold in ports of North Africa Inland nations grew wealthy from trade Slaves important object of trade Slave trades in coastal regions of East Africa

Columbus sailed the ocean

1492

Renaissance

14th-16th century/1300s-1600s

Francisco Pizzaro

1531; conquered the incas in peru; from spain

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Peace of Augsburg

1555. (Age of Religious Wars) The RULER of a land determines its RELIGION. Granted for LUTHERANS, but not for Calvinists until end of the 30 Years' War.

Death of Ivan IV (The Terrible)/Times of troubles

1584

Edict of Nantes

1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants. 150 garisoned towns.

Thirty Years War

1618-1648

Peace of Westphalia

1648 Ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Dutch Indepence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists, weakend the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; turning point in European political, religious, social history. Switzerland and Holland gained independence fomr the Habsburgs. France gained international recognition.

Treaty of Westphalia

1648 treaty ending the Thirty Years' War (the Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire). France gained Alsace; the Netherlands and Switzerland gained independence from the Holy Roman Empire, and the German princes were given near independence from the Empire.

Treaty of Westphalia

1648. ENDED 30 YEARS' WAR. Restated Peace of Augsburg and made CALVINISM acceptable religion. FRANCE emerged afterward as the dominant European power. Swiss and Dutch lands INDEPENDENT.

Habeas Corpus Act

1679 Parliamentary measure protecting people from arbitrary arrest and unfair imprisonment. According to this, an arrested individual must be seized wit ha specific charge and brought before a judge.

English Bill of Rights

1689 document declaring Parliament would choose who ruled England, that the ruler could not tax without Parliamentary consent, that the ruler could not suspend Parliament, that the ruler was subject to all laws, that Parliament was to meet frequently, that MPs were guaranteed freedom of speech, and that cruel and unusual punishment was illegal.

Golden Age of Spain

16th century

Act of Union

1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.

Treaty of Utrecht

1713. Ended WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION. Maintained BALANCE OF POWER in Europe. BRITAIN received huge gains. AUSTRIA got BELGIUM.

Water frame

1780's invention; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms. Larger machines meant that they had to be housed in factories

Storming of the Bastille

1789

Committee on Public Safety

1793 committee of the National Convention to direct the army in defeating foreign invasion and root out "enemies of the Revolution." Created universal draft in the name of national security.

Napoleon comes to power

1799

Age of Absolutism/Louis XIV

17th century

Age of Constitutionalism

17th century

Agricultural Revolution

17th century

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism

Pietism

17th century movement for revival of personal connection to God in Lutheran Church

Congress of Vienna

1814-1815

Industrial Revolution begins on the continent

1815

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Treaty of Nanjing

1842 agreement ending the Opium War between China and England and giving England control of Hong Kong and regional ports, as well as awarding British citizens extraterritoriality rights.

Enlightenment

18th century

Bread prices

18th century prices of this major food staple steadily ROSE with POPULATION GROWTH. Bad for the POOR but benefited LANDOWNERS. Economic cause of FRENCH REVOLUTION.

Age of Romanticism

1st half of the 19th century

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

2nd Estate

2% of the population. The aristocratic class, have easy legal loopholes out of taxation

Civil War in Netherlands/Dutch revolt

2nd half of the 16th century

Goods in the Atlantic Exchange

3 major economic components: mining, agriculture, and shipping. Also exchanged sugar, gold, silver, slaves, tobacco, disease, spices, religion etc.

Catholic Reformation

A 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation. Council of Trent; New religious orders; Inquisition

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon. It was instituted in many regions of conquered territories, helping spread enlightenment ideas

Skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Methodism

A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and hard work.

Jesuits

A religious order known as the Society of Jesus, created to strengthen support of the Church during the Counter-Reformation. Founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534, these "solders of the Counter-Reformation" were committed to doing good deeds in order to achieve salvation.

Fronde

A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's and Mazarin's authority; they were unable to overthrow Mazarin. Key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles Palace

Fronde

A series of rebellions against monarchial rule in France, lasting from 1649-52.

What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?

A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed which created a serious imbalance.

wet-nursing

A widespread and flourishing business in the eighteenth century in which women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies.

Vesalius and other sixteenth-century physicians, who made important contributions to medical knowledge, had which of the following in common?

A willingness to challenge Greco-Roman medical authority

Scientific Revolution Philosophy

Bacon's and Descartes' INDUCTIVE and DEDUCTIVE reasoning. The theories of HOBBES and LOCKE. Also, PASCAL and his wager.

Thirty Years' War

Began as a Protestant revolt in Bohemia, but expanded to become a general European war; last of the major religious wars of Europe. Ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

Adam Smith

British Physiocrat who says that limited government regulation is good but that does not mean that business should abuse labor

Mary Wollstonecraft

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Woman".

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out if work.

Robert Owen

British idealist who believed that industrial workers and owners needed to work cooperatively in order to create an ideal working and living situation.

Richard Arkwright

British inventor of the water frame (1769), which helped revolutionize textile production.

Combination Acts

British law forbidding labor unions, repealed during Industrial Revolution

Reform Bill of 1832

British law that extended voting rights to middle class men and eliminated "rotten" boroughs

Combination Acts

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Chartist Movement

British seeking of universal male suffrage, secret ballot, equal populations for parliamentary districts, and abolishing property requirements for House of Commons

Cardinal Mazarin

CHIEF MINISTER for Louis XIII and XIV. Laid groundwork for Louis XIV's ABSOLUTISM. Controlled France for Louis XIV when Louis was a kid and provoked the FRONDE

Mercantilism

CLOSE GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF ECONOMY that seeks to MAXIMIZE EXPORTS and accumulate as much precious metals (bullion) as possible for the state to defend its economic and political interests. Belief that RESOURCES ARE LIMITED; expansion through CONQUEST.

Immanuel Kant

Categorical Imperative, metaphysics, one of the greatest philosophers of all time.

Catholic Kings (Ferdinand and Isabella)

Catholic Kings (Ferdinand and Isabella) Who: The respective monarchs of Castile (Isabella) and Aragon (Ferdinand). What: The two monarchs united Spain into one nation-state with their marriage. When: 15th century (1469 is the date they married) Where: Spain Significance: The marriage of these monarchs was responsible for uniting Spain and allowing the country to become a worldwide superpower (at the time). Spain used this unity to fund colonization of the Americas and to finish La Reconquista.

Boussuet

Catholic bishop who advocates for absolutism. He says that monarch's power derives from For and the king represents God on earth

Jesuit

Catholic denomination known for education and missionary work

James II of England

Catholic king after Charles II who is ousted by Parliament in the Glorious Revolution

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Ottoman Empire

Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.

Scientific Revolution

Changing views of the universe in the 16th and 17th centuries. SECULAR SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT in astronomy, philosophy etc.

As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?

Chapbooks, short pamphlets that featured Bible stories, prayers, and the lives of saints and exemplary Christians. Entertaining, or humourous stories, like fairy tales, medieval romances, true crime stories, and fantastic adventures. Practical books, dealing with rural crafts, household repairs, useful plants, etc. (almanacs).

Thomas More

Christian humanist and author of Utopia

Michel de Montaigne

Christian humanist who popularized essay as a literary genre and expressed his doubts about the universe

Erasmus

Christian humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly and wanted a reform of the Catholic Church

Islam in Enlightenment Thought

Christians HOSTILE to Islam and viewed it as rivaling Christianity

Sack of Antwerp

City destroyed in the Dutch Revolt. Angry/unpaid Spanish soldiers decided to pay themselves by looting Antwerp for 3 days (killing 7000). Amsterdam will benefit by becoming the new commercial center for the dutch. Example of the atrocities both sides will commit in the name of religion and others try to avenge.

Test Act

Civil/military officials of crown to swear OATH against TRANSUBSTANTIATION. CATHOLICS banned from serving as officials or in military

Willie Brandt

Cold War mayor of West Berlin who served as Chancellor of West Germany (1968-74). He instituted a policy of greater cooperation with eastern communist nations.

Which of the following groups would have been most likely to commission paintings similar to Dürer's Self-Portrait?

Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style

Bach

Composer who believed music was a means to worship God and lived a quiet life at a church; created the Mass in B Minor

English Civil War

Conflict between Charles I and Parliament over government power

Prince Metternich

Conservative Austrian leader, who, as representative of royal family at the Congress of Vienna, led the reactionary forces in shaping the early nineteenth century. He worked to keep liberal ideas at bay in Austria until 1859.

Cesare Beccaria

Considered the father of Humane law. He determines through research that torture does not lead to accurate information and that capital punishment does not deter crime. He believes that punishment should be used to deter crime and reform the criminal and should be quick and fast

THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE

Considered the official start of the French Revolution On July 14, 1789, an angry crowd marched on the Bastille, a medieval fortress in Paris that was housed political prisoners. To many people in France, the Bastille was as a symbol of the monarchy's abuses and tyranny. The Bastille's gunpowder and cannons were seized and the seven prisoners were freed.

Storming of the Tuileries

Considered the turning point from the moderate to radical phase of the French Revolution. The working class storms and massacres almost everyone in Louis XVI's palace. This is the working class's response to a lack of food

Natural Law

Created by Isaac Newton. Everything in nature has been discovered. Natural principles are absolute and in science we must learn to understand what has already been discovered

Confederation of the Rhine

Created by Napoleon, it was a loose alliance of German states that ended the Holy Roman Empire after defeating Austria

Intendants

Created under Richelieu. These were administrative officials who were hired from the merchant or banking classes to oversee the 33 districts of France and check the power of the local nobles

John Wycliff

Criticized the Church and the corruption in its clergy in the 1300s. Challenged papal infallibility and called for the power of the clergy to be supplanted with the Bible and individual interpretation of it by all Catholics. Together with Jan Hus he set the stage for the Protestant Reformation.

Northern Renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement of Northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries , England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

Assignats

Currency that the National Assembly prints in excess in order to pay for their debts. This makes the money worthless and causes huge inflation

Rousseau

DEMOCRATIC and EGALITARIAN (but evil w/women). Was rather emo and HATED THE WORLD. " THE SOCIAL CONTRACT" states that people should work towards helping all society not just themselves.

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct

Wrote the divine comedy(including inferno) helped define the term vernacular

Dante

1776

Date: American Revolution is underway & the Declaration of Independence is written and signed; Meanwhile, Adam Smith writes Wealth of Nations

1492

Date: Columbus "Sailed the Ocean Blue" / Reconquista of Spain

1815

Date: Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo

1789

Date: French Revolution begins

1517

Date: Martin Luther and 95 Theses

Maria Theresa of Austria

Daughter of Charles XI of the Austrian Habsburgs, she was to succeed him after his death by way of the Pragmatic Sanction. When Frederick II seizes Silesia out of her grasp, she fails to return the province to the Austrians, but successfully manages to preserve Habsburg power. She won support from her subjects, as well as the Magyar nobility in supporting her in the war.

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of:

Debt peonage.

Balfour Declaration

Declaration issued in 1917 by the British Foreign Secretary, Sir A. Balfour, saying the British government would support a Jewish homeland.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Charivari

Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards

Edited the encyclopedia; writer and member of prominent salons in paris. Listed by alphabetical order= why encyclopedia is in order

Denis Diderot

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?

Desperate for forces to oppose France's enemies (Spain and Britain), commissioners promised to emancipate all those who fought for France. By October, they had abolished slavery throughout the colony.

Edward Jenner

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796

Edward Jenner

Developed first vaccine

Michel de Montaigne

Developed the essay form. Skepticism, doubt that rue knowledge could be obtained.

Which of the following was generally supported by the mercantilists

Development of colonies

Charles Dickens

Dickens (1812-70) was one of Britain's greatest novelists. His works often sought to show the suffering of the poor in industrial Britain. His works include "Oliver Twist" and "David Copperfield".

Reign of Terror

Directed by Jacobin Maximilien Robespierre to suppress all opposition to the Revolution within France. Lasted from September 1793-July 1794. Ended with Robespierre's execution by those fearing his fanatical policies.

Agnosticism

Do not deny the existence of God but they do not acknowledge it

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans in the encomienda system; wrote "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies"

Created David first free-standing bronze statue of human since the classical period

Donatello

In the nineteenth century, what did Eugène Delacroix's work typically feature?

Dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred the emotions: remote and exotic subjects.

population growth in western europe

Due to: agricultural improvements, better sanitation, jobs bc of the industrial revolution

United Nations

During World War II, Allied leaders decided to establish an international organization devoted to promoting peace. It was formally established in 1945.

James I (r. 1603-1625)

ENGLAND 1. Asked to rule because Elizabeth did not have an heir. He was Mary of Scots' son. 2. Wanted to be an absolute monarch 3. Problems with Parliament -Money—James was too extravagant in his spending, and he hated having to ask Parliament for money. -Foreign policy—too friendly with Spain. -Religion—Parliament had many Puritans in it who wanted to change the Anglican Church. They were excited to get James because he was Presbyterian. He really wanted to be Catholic. He refused to allow changes except for a new version of the Bible. 4. He died before any problems were resolved.

James II (r. 1685-1688)

ENGLAND 1. Catholic 2. Wanted to be an absolute monarch 3. Was older, and he had 2 Protestant daughters as his heirs. 4. Wife gave birth to a son, which meant a long line of Catholic rulers. 5. Parliament invited William and Mary to come from the Netherlands and overthrow James. 6. They did—1688—Glorious Revolution. Bloodless revolution. -Power is more Parliament now than monarch 7. James fled. His son later makes a grab for the English throne.

Oliver Cromwell (r. 1649-1658)

ENGLAND 1. Lord Protector 2. Puritan laws (ended fun) -Closed theaters -Closed pubs -(Shut down line of communication - no rebellion can form) 3. Dismissed parliament 4. Had grand ideas for England, but he became more dictatorial the longer he was in power. 5. Succeeded by his son

Richard Cromwell (r. 1658-1660)

ENGLAND 1. Not very effective 2. Tumbledown/Wannabe 3. A group from Parliament decided he needed to be replaced - Contacted Charles II who was in France and invited him to return.

Charles II (r. 1660-1685)

ENGLAND 1. The Restoration of the Stuarts 2. Merry Monarch (restored fun) -Pubs and theaters open again 3. Period of artistic and scientific development in England 4. Charles II owed his position to Parliament. Did not argue with them. -Charles passed things that benefit the Protestant Parliament and restrict Catholic representation and elections 5. Succession issue -No legitimate heir -Brother, James would succeed him -Brother was Catholic -Parliament divided into political parties over the issue of James. -Whigs—did not support James as kings -Tories did support James. -James became king.

Philosophe

ENLIGHTENMENT WRITERS AND CRITICS who forged attitudes favoring CHANGE. Championed REFORM

Corn Laws

Enacted in 1815, these laws protected British agriculture by placing strict limits on the amount of foreign grain to be imported. They resulted in keeping basic food prices artificially high until their repeal in 1846.

ENCLOSURE

Enclosure movement: agricultural experts argue it is better for farming results Enclosed holdings, fenced-in fields, takes away the communal pastures and fields Small landholders and poor peasants oppose enclosure Without communal land, many were left without any access Their opposition will keep enclosure at bay in many parts of Europe But more than half including the Netherlands and England will adopt it Enclosure gave rise to market-oriented estate agriculture and proletarianization: the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713, recognizing France's Philip V as King of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies. England gained profitable lands in North America from France.

Opium War

England's successful efforts to force China to allow the sale of opium in China, beginning in 1839 China's imperial government opposed the sale, but England's forces were too strong. England's colony, India, was a major source of opium and needed markets for the supply it produced.

Frederick II (r. 1740-1786) the Great of Prussia

Englightened: 1. Re-do law code 2. Tries to be religiously tolerant 3. Promotes education and agrarian reform Not: 4. War/actively attacks Maria Theresa 5. Doesn't free the surfs

Charles I of England

English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell

Puritan

English Protestant denomination known for simple lifestyle

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise; her death in 1603 marked the end of the Tudor Dynasty

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

English aristocrat who encouraged inoculation against smallpox after seeing it done in the Ottoman Empire

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of Methodism

Petition of Right

English constitutional document giving Parliament power to approve and reject laws, especially taxes

David Ricardo

English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth.

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War; became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth and ruled as a military dictator during England's 'kingless decade'

Thomas More

English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia

Thomas More

English humanist, contemporary of Erasmus, and author of "Utopia", in which he condemned governments as corrupt, and private property. As the first lay chancellor of England, he was later executed by Henry VIII when he refused to agree that the King was the supreme head of the English Church.

Jethro Tull

English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage; married a total of 6 times in seeking a male heir

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Oliver Cromwell

English military dictator and lord protector who dismissed Parliament

Charles II

English monarch who passed Test Act and restored the monarchy and both houses of Parliament

James II

English monarch who violated Test Act and was replaced by Glorious Revolution

William and Mary

English monarchs who take power during Glorious Revolution and end absolutism

James Cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands.

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher and author of "Leviathan", in which he explained that a state of chaos and war existed prior to a social contract forming a government, which should be led by a sovereign invested with absolute power in exchange for protection of group safety and social order.

John Locke

English philosopher and author of "Two Treatises of Government", in which he argued that individuals have natural rights of life, political equality, and property that could not be violated by a political leader in a social contract. He believed governments existed only to protect these natural rights, and any government failing to do so should be overthrown.

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher who believed in absolutism and preserving order at all costs

John Locke

English philosopher who believed in protecting natural rights

William Harvey

English physician who used lab experiments to study the circulation of blood and its flow through arteries and veins as well as the heart.

Francis Drake

English pirate who stole from Spain and gave the wealth to Elizabeth I

William Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers; wrote extensively and added over 1,700 new words to the English language

Isaac Newton

English scientist and author of works explaining the law of universal gravitation and means of measuring motion. His work inspired the notion of natural and universal laws ordering and arranging life.

Isaac Newton

English scientist who discovered the LAWS OF GRAVITATION AND ATTRACTION

Charles Darwin

English scientist who suggested the theories of the survival of the fittest and of evolution. Author of "The Origin of the Species".

Sir Francis Bacon

English statesman and philosopher who helped develop the scientific method

Catherine II (r. 1762-1796) the Great of Russia

Enlightened: 1. Promoted education and science 2. Tries to write a new constitution 3. Converse with philosophers Not: 4. Fights in wars, dismantles Poland 5. Doesn't free the serfs

Rousseau

Enlightenment figure who promoted emotion over rationalism, also wrote "The Social Contract" and believed in general will

Voltaire

Enlightenment figure who promoted religious tolerance and the separation of church from state

Montesquieu

Enlightenment figure who promoted separation of powers

Diderot

Enlightenment figure who published "Encyclopedia" and promoted social progress and reform

Role of Europe (trading at indian ocean)

Europe was a minor player and outpost in trade Venetian merchants established relationship with powers in Cairo to gain access to trade goods such as spices, silks and carpets (1304) Demand for European products low in the East so they traded firearms, slaves and metals Genoa sponsored failed expedition to India (1291) Genoese merchants financed Spanish colonization Merchants purchased slaves in the Balkans but lost this source to the Ottomans they sought a new supply of slaves Genoese and Venetian merchants would become important players in the Atlantic slave trade

Which of the following best explains European states' ability to dominate the world trade system in the 1700s?

Europe's continued superiority in naval and maritime technology

The image provides the most reliable information about which of the following?

European attitudes toward non-European peoples

Ottoman Expansion

Expansion to EUROPE. Went all the way into VIENNA. TREATY OF CARLOWITZ forced Ottomans to relinquish their European empire.

Francis Bacon

Experimental EMPIRICAL METHOD. Using sensory EXPERIMENTS and OBSERVATIONS to construct scientific theories and philosophy. Backbone for modern scientific method.

Changes in the world caused by exploration

Exploitation of Indigenous People Society in colonies: European language takes over all areas •Difference in society between "civilized" and "savage" •Mixing of indigenous peoples and Europeans •"Mestizo" and "mulatto" •Brazil developed into a racially complex society (not with English)

In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?

Extensive cultivation of the humble potato. The plant grew well on Ireland's boggy wastelands and provided a lot of food to feed a family. The rural poor also married early and had large families because they only needed a big potato patch to survive.

Louis XIII (r. 1618-1643)

FRANCE 1. Bourbon Dynasty 2. Was eight years old when his dad was assassinated. 4. Mom, Marie de Medici, was his regent from 1610-1618. 5. She got rid of the Huguenot advisors put in power by Henry IV (like Duke of Sully) 6. Regent brought in an important advisor—Cardinal Richelieu --------------------------------------- 7. Louis XIII and Richelieu died in the same year. 8. Louis XIII left a five year old son. 9. Richelieu trained a replacement—Cardinal Mazarin

Charles IX (r. 1560-1574)

FRANCE 1. Regent--mother, Catherine de Medici 2. Regent persecuted Huguenots (France's middle class) 3. As Charles matured - He sought a compromise with the Huguenots 4. Arranged a marriage between his sister and Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot) - Huguenots celebrated 5. Later, Huguenots revolted - St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre—1572 6. French government attacked the Huguenots—70,000 killed 7. Charles IX took the credit, but historians usually associated the attack with Catherine - Charles didn't want people to know his mom "went over his head"

Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)

FRANCE 1. Regent—Anne of Austria (r. 1643-1651) - Anne relied heavily on Cardinal Mazarin who also became Louis XIV's advisor. He advised until 1661. 2. Mazarin tried to follow Richelieu's ideas, but the French people didn't like him. 3. The Fronde—1648-1652 -Rebellion of the French against Mazarin -Against high food prices and high taxes -Louis thought the revolt was against him—made him dislike Paris 4. L'etat, c'est moi - I am the state 5. Sun King—Louis's nickname 6. Advisors -Jean Baptiste Colbert: financial. - Made sure France has money, which Louis then spent (name isn't important just idea) 7. Versailles -Eleven miles from Paris -Took thirty years to build -Major expense -Made the nobles move there for part of the year in order to control them -Symbol of beauty and power 8. Warfare 1667-1714—four major wars all of which upset the balance of power -Not about religion -War of Spanish Succession -Louis just wanted more land 9. Religion -Older Louis got the more religious he became -Louis wanted everyone to be Catholic. -Revoked the remaining Huguenot rights in the Edict of Nantes -Richelieu had only taken away some of it -Huguenots can't worship anymore -When Louis died, France was practically bankrupt.

Henry IV (Navarre)

FRANCE 1. start of Bourbon Dynasty 2. Converted to Catholicism ("Paris is worth a mass") 3. It's worth being King, I can put up with being Catholic - Politique (gave up personal preference for country) 5. Appointed Huguenot advisors -Strengthen France economically and politically -Start to develop French silk trade -Transportation within the country 5. Edict of Nantes—1598 -Gave rights to the Huguenots: political, social, religious 6. Henry IV was assassinated

Huguenots

FRENCH CALVINISTS. French Civil War: Conflict/oppression from Catholics. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Nobles of the Sword

FRENCH aristocracy whose nobility came from MILITARY SERVICE

Nobles of the Robe

FRENCH aristocracy whose nobility came from serving in the BUREAUCRACY or BUYING their title

Peasants

Farmers. 85% of the population. Pay taxes at 70%.

In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

Farming and agriculture.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader of Italy from 1922-45. Originally a Socialist, he was an early member of the Black Shirts, Italy's fascist party. He led the overthrow of the Italian government in 1922 and led Italy through World War II. He was assassinated in 1945.

Storming of the Bastille

Fearing that Louis XVI would forcibly shut down the National Assembly, a mob of Parisians stormed and burned the infamous political prison, Bastille, and raided its armory in July 1789. This event triggered the diffusion of revolutionary zeal.

John Cabot

Fifteenth-century English explorer who traveled to the coasts of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and to New England. His voyages led to England's claim in North America.

Johannes Kepler

Figure of scientific revolution who created three laws of planetary motion

Copernicus

Figure of scientific revolution who formulated heliocentric model and published "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies"

Isaac Newton

Figure of scientific revolution who published "Principia," created three laws of motion, and discussed idea of "world machine"

Galileo

Figure of scientific revolution who used controlled experiments, formalized concept of inertia, and looked at space with telescope

Rene Descartes

Figure of scientific revolution who used deductive reasoning and believed in Cartesian dualism

Created ll Duomo in Florence -first free-standing dome since the classical period

Filippo Brunelleschi

Henry IV

First Bourbon king of France, ruled 1589-1610, and converted to Catholicism from Calvinism to bring peace after the French Civil War. He passed the Edict of Nantes and was also assassinated in 1610.

Robert Walpole

First Prime Minister of Britain

The Consulate

First five years of Napoleon's rule as dictator after his 1799 coup d'etat in which he had sole power to propose new laws that the legislature could only approve or reject.

Charles I

First king in European history to be executed by his own subjects. Beginning of the commonwealth/republican governments.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.

Boris Yeltsin

First leader of the Russian Republic. His pro-democracy reaction when Gorbachev's push for reform was held off by the Communist establishment was a rallying point for Russian democratic supporters.

Whigs vs Tories

First moment in modern western civilization in which political parties are allowed to exist and debate over political policy

James I of England

First monarch of the Stuart Dyansty; divine right of kings, absolutist, conflict with the Parliament, and alienates the Puritans

Michael Romanov

First of the Romanov dynasty. Brought STABILITY and BUREAUCRATIC CENTRALIZATION to Russia.

Spanish Armada

Fleet of 130 ships launched by Spain's Catholic Philip II to conquer England during the time of Elizabeth I. England was victorious in defeating the Spanish, who never again posed a decided threat agains England.

The Van Eyck Brothers

Flemish painters who applied great attention to the details in their work, particularly in their capturing of human facial expressions. Their altarpiece for a church in Ghent captures the expressions of Adam and Eve in a way that is more realistic than the symbolic depiction of the Middle Ages artists.

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish scientist who pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Florentine diplomat and historian who lived from 1492-1527. Wrote the famous essay, "The Prince", which described his view of realistic government with a strong leader concerned only with political power and success and embracing the ideal of seeing to be feared rather than loved by the masses.

Medici family

Florentine dynasty of successful merchants, patrons of the arts, and future popes

Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?

France lacked a central bank and paper currency.

National Conscription

France uses nationalism to get men to fight for free. Every male adult in France has to fight in the war. This is the first time this is invoked in Europe and it allows France to win the war

Habsburg-Valois Wars

France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states.

ESTATES GENERAL MEETING

France's debt could no longer be ignored Louis calls a meeting of all three estates in 1789 at Versailles When they met there was instant debate and they could not agree on much The King and the top two estates wanted to tax the common people even more In order to try to bypass the third estate the government decided each estate should meet and reach their vote separately This would lead to a 2 over 1 majority of the top two estates By this time the third estate had renamed itself the National Assembly When the 3rd estate demanded that they all meet together, they were mysteriously locked out

Rousseau

French Philisophe who believes that materialism is the root of all evil. Humans are naturally good but material wealth makes them evil. Promotes the idea of a noble savage in that people should be more like Native Americans because they lack the intelligence to have material wealth which creates a perfect society. Believes that women's worth is only connected to their ability to raise children. This is the beginning of the Cult of Domesticity

Diderot

French Philosophe who loves collecting information so he creates the first Encyclopedia, Encyclopedie. It is oppressed by the french monarchy because it includes information about oner governments in the world. He is saved by Catherine the Great of Russia and is placed in charge of her personal library

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Simone de Beauvoir

French author of "The Second Sex". She argued for women's rights and was also a prominent figure in the existentialist movement. She died in 1986.

Bossuet

French bishop who pushed idea of divine right to rule

Napoleonic Code

French civil code reasserting "Declaration of Rights of Man" and explaining civil rights, property, etc.

Joseph Sieyes

French clergyman and revolutionary, author of "What is the Third Estate", which expressed the pains and complaints of the Third Estate, around which the revolutionary Third Estate rallied.

Declaration of Rights of Man

French constitution written by National Assembly

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to the region for France

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who became emperor of the French after leading a coup d'etat against the Directory

Henry IV

French king and politique who wrote Edict of Nantes

Louis XIV

French monarch responsible for absolutism and revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Louis XVIII

French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies after Napoleon was defeated.

Parlements

French noble councils that regulated the legislation of the king

Montesquieu

French philosophe who likes constitutional democracy and a separation of powers into three branches. (Spirit of Laws) Creates a theory in which the weather dictates whether a country can handle a constitutional democracy. This justifies oppressive governments in India and Russia. He also believes that women are physically inferior but intellectually equal

René Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician who lived from 1596-1650. His "Discourse on Method" states that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. He wrote, "I think; therefor, I am." His method of questioning was built upon strict, orderly logical reasoning.

Rousseau

French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society. French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland

Voltaire

French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Montesquieu

French philosopher. Wrote "The Spirit of Laws". Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate.

René Descartes

French philosopher/mathematician. Advocated DEDUCTIVE REASONING. Invented analytical geometry. Divided all existence into MIND and BODY.

Bodin

French political philosopher who was a strong proponent of absolutism during the reign of Louis XIV

Colbert

French politician who served as an adviser to Louis XIV. Colbert reformed taxes, centralized the administration, and improved roads and canals in an effort to encourage trade and applied mercantilism to France to help increase revenue.

Danton

French revolutionary leader, a great orator, who stormed the Paris Bastille and supported the execution of Louis XVI. He was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror.

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government. Freedom of thought

Trench Warfare

From 1914-18, both the Allied and Central Powers quickly became entrenched, especially in the West. Due to massive artillery strikes and attrition, both sides relied on warfare in the trenches. The trench network stretched from Belgium to southern France.

George Hegel

German philosopher and author. A believer in universal consciousness, he also held that history was a goal-driven process. A part of this process was the "dialectic." He lived from 1770-1831.

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who rejected traditional rational philosophy. He claimed God was dead and there were "supermen" who would come to govern and run societies over ordinary men. He died in 1889.

Peace of Augsburg

German states earn the right to choose their official religion and acknowledging Lutheranism as a religion, ending the Schmalkaldic Wars

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Reformation by first posting his 95 Theses on the church in Wittenberg in 1517

"Lebensraum"

German word meaning "living space." The Nazis claimed the German people deserved more room to expand and used this as a justification for invading neighboring nations.

Junkers

German/Prussian noble landlords

Millets

Groups of religious and ethnic minorities who formed administrative units. These units were governed by laws particular to their needs within the Ottoman Empire.

The expansion of the transatlantic slave trade in the 1700s is best explained by which of the following developments?

Growth in European demand for New World agricultural products

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Growth in armed forces.

Laissez-Faire

Hands off government in financial business deals.

Maria Theresa of Austria

Hapsburg leader that ruled as an absolute monarch. She failed recapture Silesia from Frederick the Great, but exanded her kingdom and made it more powerful.

Charles V

Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1516-56. Elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. He defended the Hapsburg lands from the Ottomans and decided to split the Hapsburg Spanish and Holy Roman lands between his son, Philip II, and his brother, Ferdinand I.

Friedrich Engels

He and Karl Marx coauthored "The Communist Manifest" (1848), after which they continued to write about the need for and work toward socialist changes. He was born in Germany in 1820 but lived most of his life in England. He died in 1895.

Nicholas I

He became the Czar of Russia in 1825 and was immediately faced with the Decembrist Revolt, which he crushed. He was a firm follower of autocracy and stressed conservative policies that forced many of Russia's liberal intellectuals to flee. He died in 1855.

Joseph Stalin

He became the dictator of Russia after Lenin's death in 1924. He led the USSR through World War II and into the Cold War. He died in 1953 and is remembered for his brutal purges in his nation.

Robespierre

He becomes the de facto speaker for the National Convention. He is known as a the champion for the working class. He executes Louis XVI and institutes a republic in France

Vladimir Lenin

He led the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution in Russia in 1917. He would lead the Communists to victory in the Civil War and would rule until his death in 1924.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He pessimistically concluded that the best one could hope for in a government was a good monarch, since humans could not govern themselves. He appealed for better individuals and institutions.

Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?

He rejected Calvinist predestination and preached that all men and women who earnestly sought salvation might be saved. It was a message of hope and joy, of free will and universal salvation.

Louis XIV, The Sun King

He ruled from 1643-1715, the longest reign in French history. He constructed Versailles, believed in divine right of kings, engaged in many wars, and established absolutism in France.

da Vinci

He was a true Renaissance man, who was gifted in math, painting, drawing, philosophy, physics and inventing, and had a had a great impact both in his lifetime and posthumously. He also studied botany, astrology, and human anatomy, among other subjects. He also painted the best-known picture in the Western world, the Mona Lisa/ La Gioconda/ Last Supper. Universal man.

Valois Dynasty (order)

Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III - after that Bourbon Dynasty is introduced

Bourbon Dynasty

Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV

Edward VI

Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign

Which of the following claims does de Azurara make in the first paragraph regarding Henry's motives for keeping armed ships?

Henry kept a fleet for war against the Muslims and for exploration.

What does de Azurara argue was the major motive behind Henry's actions?

His Christian faith

Pope Martin V

His election at the Council of Constance ended the Great Schism, but did not make further reforms to prevent the Protestant Revolution to come

What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?

His version of "scientific" socialism was rooted in historic law, and therefore realistic (a utopian society was fanciful and unrealistic).

Emperor Charles V

Holy Roman Empire. SACKED ROME in 1527, ending Italian Renaissance. Called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms, directed Diet of Augsburg, and proclaimed the Peace of Augsburg. Basically, he ended the Italian Renaissance and tried to stop the Reformation but eventually made peace with the Lutherans

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Civic Humanism

Inspired by PETRARCH. In Florence. Used their classical education for the public good.

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the PRINTING PRESS and MOVABLE TYPE, one of human history's biggest inventions, leading to the increase in EDUCATION and spread of IDEAS. First printed BIBLE.

Alfred Nobel

Inventor of dynamite. He established a fund, in 1901, called the Nobel Prize, which rewarded and acknowledged people who worked for literary and scientific achievement and for peace. The prizes are still awarded today.

Boyle

Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691). Helped create chemistry and gas laws.

James II

Is only monarch for a short time because he tries to reinstate absolutism. Parliament says no and eventually he goes to the Netherlands and lives without power. Attempts to fight for control (in Ireland), but he fails to retake the throne.

"Stood on the shoulder of giants" using kepler and galileo's ideas in his laws of universal gravitation

Isaac Newton

Which of the following best describes the French Edict of Nantes (1598)?

It provided limited political and religious liberties for French Huguenots.

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Baldassare Castiglione

Italian diplomat who lived from 1478-1529. Published the most famous Renaissance book, "The Book of the Courtier". This became the archetype for the "Renaissance man," who was versed in liberal arts and social graces, as contrasted to the more unrefined Middle Ages knight.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer commissioned by Queen Isabella of Spain to find a shorter route to Asia by sailing westward. In 1492, Columbus sailed on the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria going west across the Atlantic. He landed on what he called the Indies but were actually islands in the Caribbean.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian navigator who crossed the Atlantic several times and officially called the land thought by Columbus to be Asia the "New World." Later, a German cartographer renamed this land "America" in honor of Vespucci's work.

Maria Montessori

Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist who invented the telescope. This enabled him to reach new astronomical observations, such as that not every heavenly body (planet) revolves around Earth. His later work formed the basis for the study of objects in motion, or physics.

Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible (IV) (Russian tsar) What: The first Tsar of Russia. Brutalized the people in a series of purges of boyars (aristocrats) because they threatened his power. When: (1533-1584) Where: Russia, during the Rurik Dynasty Significance: Ivan (IV) coined the term tsar which translates to Caesar. When he killed his son he left no heir and there were a bunch of terrible tsars after him which lead to the Time of Troubles. He established the distrustful relationship between the Tsar and the Boyars, unlike Ivan III that gave into Boyar demands.

Robespierre

Jacobin leader of Committee of Public Safety who was executed to put an end to the Reign of Terror

Jacobins

Jacobins Who: French revolutionaries, Robespierre=leader What: originally a group of political radicals who helped start Robespierre's reign of terror. When: 1789-1794 Where: Paris Significance: they wanted to start a parliament and a republic. They were the most influential political group at the time and eventually used violence.

Stuart Dynasty

James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II

True Law of Free Monarchy

James' Essay that monarchy should be an absolutist government

Wrote the social contract; ppl should be holder of power (direct democracy); social contract between government and its citizens-social contract

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

ENGLAND ADVANCEMENTS

Jethro Tull: an important English innovator who tried to develop better farming methods through empirical research, advocated using horses rather than oxen for plowing and sowing seed with drilling equipment for even distribution at the proper depth. As with the Dutch Republic, only used half the population for agriculture, they were able to make enough food for everyone

Conversos

Jews and Muslims who converted to Christianity, either willingly or unwillingly, following the Christian takeover of Spain and the Alhambra Decree of 1492

The individual who first provided mathematical formulas supporting the Copernican theory and explaining planetary motion was

Johannes Kepler

Predestination

John Calvin's belief that at the beginning of time, God had preselected who among all people would be saved and have salvation, a group known as the "elect." This group was expected to follow the highest moral standards and be completely dedicated to God's wishes.

Kaiser William II

Kaiser (German term for emperor) who began ruling in 1888. He was determined to expand German influence and greatly increased the size of Germany's military. He led Germany into World War I and abdicated the throne in 1918.

Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus' claim regarding the motion of the spheres?

Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion

Northwestern European Household

Kids lived in households until teens, then moved out for job, then left home and got their own families, having kids ASAP. Servants lived with them and was very important.

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

Thirty Years' War

Last and most destructive RELIGIOUS WAR. Began with a failing Peace of Augsburg, religious division, and a fragmented German nation. 4 phases. Began as religious war but ended as a POLITICAL one. Ended 1648 with TREATY OF WESTPHALIA. France emerged dominant while Spain/Habsburgs lost power.

War of Austrian Succession

Lasting from 1740-48 and initiated by Prussia's acquisition of Silesia, this war involved Bavaria, Spain, Prussia, and France against Austria, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Russia.

The Directory

Lasting from 1795-99, this was the final stage of the French Revolution. Consisted of a five-man rule; they generally favored the wealthier class and were corrupt and unpopular. Napoleon ended their rule.

Vulgate

Latin translation of the Bible by JErome (348-420 C.E.) ad adopted as the standard version by the Catholic Church.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. Also cut out Dutch merchants from English trade, hurting their profits

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of India's independence movement. He led the Congress Party, notable for its focus on nonviolent protest. His influence was confirmed when India gained independence from Britain in 1947.

Ulrich Zwingli

Leader of SWISS REFORMATION. Established THEOCRACY in ZURICH. Only the EUCHARIST was symbolic. LITERAL interpretation of Scripture.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of Vietnamese national opposition to French, Japanese, and American forces. He was the Communist leader of North Vietnam until his death in 1969.

Renaissance artists

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Albrecht Dürer etc.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV's FINANCE MINISTER who changed French economy by establishing MERCANTILISM and the FRENCH EAST INDIA COMPANY for international trade.

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Which of the following statements would the Moroccan ambassador have most likely agreed with?

Manufacturing products is better than resource extraction for economic development.

Pillnitz Decree

Mary Antonette's brother declares that the National Assembly cannot hurt Louis and Mary or else the European countries will meet together and set them free. This doesn't do much but it is used in France to fire up a war against Austria

Bloody Mary

Mary Tudor; married philip II of Spain, Catholic, killed many protestants and Queen of England from 1553 to 1558

First modern feminist; a vindication of rights of man; believed direct democracy, but including women- outspoken public lively debates-merits of women have rights to say in gov.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Helsinki Accords- Helsinki Final Set

Meeting of the United States and most European nations in Helsinki to increase efforts for mutual cooperation. Lasted from 1972-75. One important outcome was the agreement that existing political boundaries would not be altered by military force.

Diet of Worms

Meeting of the leadership of the Holy Roman Empire, under the leadership of Charles V, during which Luther refused to recant his beliefs

Emigres

Members of the Old Regime (nobles and clergy) who fled from France to Germany, Britain, and Switzerland during the Revolution and conspired to end the Revolution.

Martin Luther

Monk at Univ. of Wittenberg. Posted 95 THESES against indulgences on Oct. 31, 1517. Diet of Worms. Lutheran beliefs---justification by FAITH ALONE, 2 sacraments (baptism and communion), transubstantiation (only Christ's SPIRIT in bread/wine), no papal authority, Bible is most important, clergy can marry.

Johann Tetzel

Monk who was commissioned by Pope Leo X to raise money for the Church and was sent throughout northern Germany to sell indulgences (official ablutions for the purchaser's sins). This outraged Martin Luther and other critics of the Church and played a role in the start of the Reformation.

Emperor of France

Napoleon holds a legitimate election for emperor and overwhelmingly wins the title. He holds a massive coronation and crowns himself in order to slow that he alone has the power to give himself power

Spanish Inquisition

National agency established by monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to MONITOR CONVERTED Jews and Muslims. Those who refused to convert faced terrible consequences. This kept Spain under a UNIFIED RELIGION and kept Reformation movement out of Spain.

Einsatzgruppen

Nazi paramilitary groups (also called EGs) that operated in Eastern Europe. Their goal was the murder of Jews, Communists, and others who opposed Germany. Millions were murdered.

Wrote the prince important influence on political science

Niccolo Machiavelli

Wrote on the revolutions of the celestial spheres, revived the idea of the heliocentric solar system from the ancients

Nicolaus Copernicus

Jacob Burkhardt

Nineteenth-century historian who formulated the concept that the Renaissance was a "rebirth" or "resurgence" of classical humanism.

Separate spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Positivism

Nineteenth-century school of thought which began in France and held that the scientific method could solve social ills. Leading thinkers were Count Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte.

Reactionaries

Nobility that leaves France during the Great Fear and go to Prussia and Austria. This puts a huge pressure on these countries to do something about France

Streltsy Rebellion

Noble families rebel while Peter is in Europe. When he returns he brutally crushes the rebellion and hangs their corpses on display

Hanoverian Succession

None of Queen Anne's (1701-14) seventeen children survived her, leading to her granddaughter's son, George I, of the Germanic Hanoverian family, becoming king of England.

Erasmus

Northern Renaissance HUMANIST. Criticized corruption in the church. Translated New Testament into Greek and Latin. Inspired religious reform (Martin Luther)

Wrote the declaration of the rights of women and the female citizen;ran own salon in France; executed in Reign of terror.

Olympe de Gouges

Women's March on Versailles

On October 5, 1789 an angry mob of Parisian women stormed through Versailles demanding Louis XVI end the nationwide food shortage and that the royal family return to Paris with them.

D-Day

One June 6, 1944, U.S., Canadian, and British forces invaded German-held France at Normandy. It was a decisive Allied victory.

Glorious Revolution

Parliament invites Protestant William of Orange and his wife Mary to take over and rule.

Long Parliament

Parliament that meets for a longer period of time during Charles I's reign. Insists that Charles must sign the Petition of Rights, eradicate the Star Chamber Court and end religious unity. Charles I refuses which starts the English Civil War

Short Parliament

Parliament that meets for a short period of time during Charles I's reign. They refuse to give him money unless he agrees to the petition of rights so he goes to war with the Scotts and loses (very embarrassing)

Departments

Part of the National Assembly's reforms, these were eighty-three districts wherein local officials would be elected.

Intolerable Acts

Passed by British PARLIAMENT for AMERICAN colonies. Closed BOSTON port, allowed QUARTERING of troops etc.

Edict of Nantes

Passed by King Henry IV in 1598, it granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Navigation Act of 1651

Passed by Parliament under Oliver Cromwell's direction. Challenged the Dutch supremacy of sea trade by requiring all goods shipped from other countries to England to be carried by English ships or ships from the producing country. Led to war between the Dutch and English from 1652-54.

Clarendon Code

Passed under Charles II This bans Puritans from government; Anglican Church is supreme.

1648

Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War

Joan of Arc

Peasant girl who led French army to victory over the English in the 100 Years' War

German Peasants' Revolt

Peasants demanded the end of SERFDOM in the TWELVE ARTICLES and cited MARTIN LUTHER, which really pissed him off since Luther was SOCIALLY CONSERVATIVE

Peninsulares

People born in SPAIN but worked in the NEW WORLD

Creoles

People born in the NEW WORLD of SPANISH DESCENT

Abolitionists

People who favored ending the slave trade and slavery.

Middle Ages

Period between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance, dating approximately 476-1450.

Detente

Period of increased cooperation between the United States and the USSR. This was undertaken by President Nixon and his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, in the 1970s. It was a factor in the then of the Cold War and of the USSR.

100 days

Period of time when Napoleon returned to France a year after his exile to Elba and restored himself as emperor for a few months. He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo

Table of Ranks

Peter the Great declares that every noble person Russia has to participate in the government. This checks the power of the nobles because it forces them to become government workers

St. Petersburg

Peter the Great sees Paris and he wants a grand city for the wealthy in Russia so he builds this huge city in 10 years by forcing 50,000 serfs to work for free and forcing their families to send them food

Petition of Right

Petition presented to James I of England by Members of Parliament (MPs) in response to his absolutist tendencies. This stated that the King could not tax without Parliamentary consent, quarter troops in private homes during peacetime, declare martial law, or imprison a person without a definite charge.

How did Philip II's religious policies illustrated in the passage compare to the policies pursued by other fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European monarchs?

Philip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time.

John Locke

Philosophe who believes that man is naturally good. It is our life experiences that determine who we are. Believes in a constitutional monarchy. Natural rights: Life liberty and property.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Philosophe who published the "Social Contract". He posited that people are born good but are corrupted by education, laws, and society. Rousseau advocated a government based on popular sovereignty and was distrustful of other philosophes' suffocating conformity to "reason".

Humanism

Philosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and emphasizes human reason and ethics.

Rococo Art

Placed emphasis on the carefree life of the aristocracy rather than on grand heroes or pious martyrs

Partition of Poland

Poland divided by RUSSIA, AUSTRIA, and PRUSSIA.

Indirect Rule

Policy of controlling colonies by using local rulers to run the day-to-day affairs of the colonies. It allowed local officials to keep power as long as they operated under orders from the "mother" nation.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who developed the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY, challenging the Ptolemaic and Aristotelian worldview. Theories condemned by Catholic church. Influenced scientific study of astronomy by Kepler, Galileo etc.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Solidarity

Polish labor union formed in 1980 after major protests against the Communist labor system in place at the time. In 1981 it was shut down by Polish Communist leaders, but regained strength in 1989 and openly opposed the Soviet-backed party.

Nicolas Copernicus

Polish scientist; Developed the theory that the earth revolves around the sun; published his findings in the last year of his life

Holy Roman Empire

Political affiliation of Germanic and central European city states and principalities to perpetuate Latin Christendom. Did not include England and France. Emperors after the fourteenth century were elected by seven electors representing the clergy and important participants.

Fascism

Political and economic movement that emphasizes nationalism and militarism with a state-controlled economy. Fascism was linked to the political parties that controlled Germany and Italy before and during World War II. Personal rights are limited and obedience to the state is paramount.

Green Party

Political party that began during the later part of the twentieth century. Exists in a number of Western nations and represents many citizens wanting a political party that reflects environmental concerns.

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese leader who founded a school for the study of navigation/geography

Bartholomew Dias

Portuguese navigator that discovered the Cape of Good Hope in Southern Africa.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator whose crew first circumnavigated the globe and thus proved that the world was round and that the New World was not a part of Asia. Furthermore, his exploration of the Pacific Ocean yielded its name because of its pacific, or calm nature.

Slave Life

Process called SEASONING upon arrival to new life, tried to group according to LANGUAGE and CULTURE, and forced to CONVERT to Christianity. Europeans HATED them.

Voltaire

Prominent PHILOSOPHE advocating religious toleration.

Methodist

Protestant denomination founded by John Wesley in the 1700s

Calvinism

Protestant denomination that believes in absolute power of God and predestination

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

The events described in the passage best illustrate which of the following aspects of the religious conflicts in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Protestants made effective use of the increased availability of printing technology to spread their ideas.

Galileo

Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. Italian astronomer.

Oliver Cromwell

Puritan leader of the Roundhead army in the English Civil War who defeated Charles I and established a republic, or commonwealth, in England. He ruled as "Lord Protector" from 1653-58, the period known as the "Interregnum" in England.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Pushed Portuguese efforts to explore a sea route around Africa in order to reach Asia

Changes in Europe Due to Exploration

RELIGIOUS CONVERSIONS & DEBATE Catholic friars sought understanding of native cultures and languages NEW IDEAS ABOUT RACE Race based on religious and blood differences To protect their profitable labor systems Europeans argued that enslavement benefitted Africans Convinced themselves that blacks were destined by God to serve them as slaves

Peter I -the Great (r. 1682-1725)

RUSSIA 1. Energetic; tall - 6'8" (over 6 feet) and a red head 2. Realized Russia was behind the rest of Europe because most of his advisors were non-Russians. 3. Needed to trade 4. Only port—Archangel—frozen most of the year. 5. Needed a navy and a warm water port. 6. Made 2 trips to Western Europe to get advisors. 7. Fought both the Ottoman Turks and Swedes for land. -Lost to the Turks 8. Defeated the Swedes (in the Great Northern War) to gain the land that became St. Petersburg 9. New capital—made the nobles move there. Window to the West 10. Forced nobles to appear more modern—dress and facial hair. Beard tax. 11. Table of Ranks—used to rank the service of the nobles 12. Peter decreed that tsar could choose his successor. He chose his wife—Catherine I. 13. Peter's legacy was that Russia had to be forced to modernize. Used force to get Russia to move forward

Ivan IV (r. 1547-1584)

RUSSIA 1. The Terrible 2. Rurik Dynasty 3. Abused by his boyar regents—land owners -Boyars kill his mother -Kept in a tower with no access to anyone -Was allowed education by a Priest -Mentally and physically abused 4. Declared his majority at 16 5.Married Anastasia Romanov -Ivan truly loved her -She died -Trigger for Ivan and he snaps 6. Killed and tortured many boyars 7. Security police use 8. Defeated Mongols (St. Basil's cathedral) in battle 9. First tsar 10. Killed his son and heir 11. Ivan's next heir was mentally and physically challenged. 12. Russia went into the Time of Troubles -Civil war -Determine next tsar -Romanov family asked to rule by the church

Hohenzollerns

Ruling family of the small German state of Brandenburg, Prussia, which grew into an empire under their reign, to become the Austrian Hapsburgs' chief rival.

Russian invasion

Russia refuses to accept continental law so France goes to war with them. Russia practices Scorched Earth military strategy so they destroy all of France's supply lines until his supply line is 2,000 miles. Because of this and the early onset of winter, 500,000 men die from hypothermia and starvation

Russian Absolutism

Russia would grow in its power when Mongol rule ended in the region

Catherine the Great

Russian Enlightened Monarch. Limited administrative reforms, economic growth, territorial expansion (tons of it)

Igor Stravinsky

Russian composer whose use of non-traditional harmonies and dissonant sounds revolutionized modern music. Two important works are "Rite of Spring" and "Firebird".

Romanovs

Russian imperial dynasty that strengthened absolutism in Russia. Ruled from 1613-1917, when the Revolution forced Nicholas II's abdication.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar changed Russia FOREVER (*dundun*) by taming streltsy and boyars, developing a NAVY, expanding Russia to the BALTIC (war w/Sweden) and founding ST. PETERSBURG.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar of Romanov Dynasty responsible for westernization and militarization

Protestant Reformation - Religious Causes

SALE OF INDULGENCES, church CORRUPTION, growing anticlericalism, the Renaissance encouraged secularism/humanism

French Civil War

STRUGGLE FOR POWER between 3 noble families led to ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE, initiating War of the Three Henrys (French civil war) in which HENRY IV of Navarre (Bourbon) emerged victorious

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote "The Wealth of Nations," a precursor to modern Capitalism. Believed in free trade and free markets

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry

Presbyterianism

Scottish form of Protestantism that Charles I of England tried to force to conform to Anglican practices. Charles I thus inflamed conflict with Scotland because of this religious difference.

Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776) Tretise on Human Nature; believed people believed in God out of fear

Middle Passage

Second leg of the three-part trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas in which the African slaves traveled across the Atlantic. The slaves were sold for productions produced on the large farms, or plantations. This passage was cruel and fatal for many.

Which of the following was the most important factor behind the Price Revolution of the sixteenth century?

Steady population growth and rising food costs

SALT 1

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty signed in 1972 between the United States and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and slowdown in the arms race between the two countries.

Council of Trent

Summoned by Pope Paul III to try and define Catholic doctrine and thwart Protestant attacks on Catholic beliefs. These meetings did not reform the doctrines but did end several corrupt practices criticized by Reformers within the Church and reasserted traditional Catholic doctrine.

Thomas Hobbes

Supports absolutism in favor of chaos and instability. Man is inherently evil and needs to give up their rights to the government. Wrote the Levianthan- A book that says the government is a kind of monster.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles

Which of the following features of Renaissance Italy had the most influence on the development of new political theories there?

The division of Italy into numerous city-states

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

The high cost of the Seven Years' War doubled the British national debt and they anticipated further expenses to defend the newly conquered territories.

Defenestration of Prague

The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War

Defenestration of Prague

The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window, setting off the Thirty Years' War.

The General Will

The idea by Rousseau that states that the ideal society can be created if people can work together and create a commune without government. Society should do what is the will of the people.

Chernobyl

The nuclear power plant in the Ukraine that suffered two large explosions which released massive amounts of radioactive materials. It is the worst nuclear accident in history and thousands were and continue to be impacted by the disaster.

Which of the following most accurately describes a significant trend in witchcraft prosecutions shown by the graph?

The number of prosecutions increased sharply in the late 1500s and decreased sharply in the late 1600s.

The author's view of the sixteenth century was most likely influenced by which of the following?

The ongoing divisions and conflicts with Christianity in spite of the Catholic Reformation

The "malicious words" attributed to the accused best illustrate which of the following developments in England in the late seventeenth century?

The ongoing tensions between Parliament and the Crown over the limits of royal authority

The political support by various German princes for Luther and the Protestant Reformation is best explained by which of the following?

The opportunity religious conflict gave the princes to challenge the authority of the pope and Habsburgs

Versailles

The opulent French palace built by Louis XIV just outside of Paris. It represented the ostentation and absolute power of his monarchy. Louis required all of his important nobles to live there so he could control them.

Which of the following best explains why the spread of the printing press encouraged the spread of new religious ideas?

The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.

The outcome of the trial best illustrates which of the following?

The protection of the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from monarchical power

Which of the following best explains the increase in food supply in Europe in the 1700s?

The transfer of plant species from the Americas to Europe

Luddites

These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.

What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?

They proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened.

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?

They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.

Bolsheviks

They were the radical Russian Communists, led by Lenin, who established the Communist rule in Russia. They were nicknamed the "Reds".

Tennis Court Oath

Third Estate decides to write a new constitution and forms National Assembly

Peace of Paris

This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. The result was the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America. 1763

Moral Police Force

This group enforces Cromwell's strict policies such as 1. Ale houses are close 2. Book burnings 3. Laughing is banned 4. Theatre is banned 5. Dancing is banned 6. Rules around sexuality (first time)

Constitution of 1791

This has a separation of powers, voting rights for property owners and the Bourg gets votes(not peasants or sans coulat). This document gives all citizens equal rights (even black citizens in colonies!)

Committee of Public Safety

This is set up by Robespierre in order to rule over everything with no checks to its power

September Massacre

This is sometimes considered the beginning of Nationalistic ideology in Europe. This is when 12,000 prisoners are moved from one prison to another. A rumor spreads that these prisoners have been collaborating wit the king so they are butchered by the working class

Declaration of the Rights of Man

This is the French Bill of Rights that only applied to white men.

Concordat of 1801

This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power: 1. Salaries of the clergy are paid by the state, 2. Clergy surrender claims to all land confiscated from them during the French Revolution, 3. Bishops are nominated by the state, etc.

Bill of Rights

This is the basis to every single parliament or congress in the world today 1. Parliamentary Supremacy 2. No taxation without Parliamentary approval 3. Free Debate 4. Free Elections 5. Cannot declare war without Parliamentary approval 6. Trial by Jury 7. No unreasonable bail 8. Parliament must meet frequently

Women's March to Versailles

This is the first major, public revolt led by women. Causes of this are bread prices, unemployment, and demand for the monarchy to deal with these problems. They force the king and queen to return to Paris.

Island of St. Helena

This is the second island Napoleon was sent to after the Battle of Waterloo. This is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and it is where Napoleon dies

Mary Shelley

This lady, wife of Percy B. Shelley, is most famous for her romantic novel. "Frankenstein". Its message was that man should not try and imitate God or challenge nature.

Free Masonry

This movement started in the 1700s. It is an organization that is about unlocking knowledge. You can be a part of any religion to join but you must acknowledge the existence of a supreme being

Utopian Socialism

This movement, a reaction to the incredible poverty seen in the industrial era, postulated that workers would live together in a clean, safe environment and work cooperatively. Frenchman Charles Fourier (1768-1837) was the author of this ideal.

Early Industrial Revolution

This period brought more factories, mills, and textile inventions, such as the spinning jenny and power loom. The steam engine was developed and first used to pump water out of mines.

Abbe Sieyes

This person wrote a call to arms for the 3rd Estate to identify as the most important estate. This often serves as a foundation for protests in the 3rd estate.

Kant

This philosopher showed the overall attitude of the Enlightenment by saying "have the courage to use your own understanding" influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804)

Existentialism

This philosophical belief that the universe is unknowable. Numerous philosophers adopted this thesis, but they each reacted to it in different ways. Those involved in the movement include Soren Kierkegaard (considered the founder) and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Test Act

This prevents Catholics from taking political office. This is done to protect the government from retaliation from French Catholics

Taiping Rebellion

This rebellion attempted to overthrow the Qing dynasty in China. Hong Xiuquan, who claimed relation to Jesus, led it. It was defeated in 1864 after intervention by European nations.

War of Spanish Succession

This war ends with a Bourbon on the throne of Spain, but the countries may never be united. Other land agreements change hands to balance the power in Europe. Peace of Utrecht ends this war.

Pietism

This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

The Fronde

This was a rebellion against the regency of Anne of Austria by the officeholders, Parisian landowners, and nobility of France. While Louis XIV was a child, she and her advisory Mazarin ruled. The rebellion was in response to taxation, and was led by the Parliament of Paris, which refused to register various taxes that Anne wanted to pass. They demanded control of the government's financial policy, but Anne had several of them arrested before she, Louis, and Mazarin fled Paris. There was some military conflict, which Mazarin ended in order to avoid a Spanish invasion. In the end, Louis XIV became a powerful king and this group accomplished very little. 1648 - 1653 French civil wars resenting the increase power of the monarchy & important players in society feeling ignored.

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Wrote the leviathan; believed that "life is nasty, brutish, and short" lived through english civil war-worked as tutor for charles the second- worked for the stuarts- believed in the absolute monarchy

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote utopia was lord chancellor of England he was part of the council that advised henry the 8th, opposed henry the 8th break from the catholic church, which caused his death

Thomas More

Limited Constitutional Monarchy

Through retaining the role of head of state, the monarch in this type of governmental system, like Great Britain's, must consult with Parliament.

Age of Enlightenment

Time period where intellectuals value rational thought, rights for the individual, optimism and progress. Mainly benefits the wealthy (vs the monarch)--nobility and middle class.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Vindication on the Rights of Women; believes women should have access to education; responds to Rousseau's view on women

The Restoration

When Parliament invited, in 1660, the Stuart son of Charles I, Charles II, to return to England to rule, thereby ending the Cromwellian republic.

Tennis Court Oath

When the Third Estate was locked out of the Estates General meeting and declared on May 5, 1789 (on a Versailles tennis court) that they were the National Assembly, they invited the other two estates to join them and decreed that a constitution would be written before they would adjourn.

National Assembly

When the third estate believes they are locked out of the normal estates general assembly hall they meet in a tennis court and declare legitimate and legal authority. It becomes the leading legislative force in France during the Moderate Phrase

Mestizo

Who: A person of mixed European and Indignenous Descent What: Mestizos were the second highest class after Europeans in La Sociedad de Las Castas. They were important for managing farms and mines. They developed their own cultural identity and began an important new part of South American history. When: 1500s-1800s Where: South American Significance: Mestizos developed an important cultural identity and became part of La Sociedad de las Castas in South America

Adam Smith

Who: A philosopher of the Enlightenment What: Believed in Free exchange: A nation's wealth surrounds total production and commerce- Gross National Product; Productive vs. Unproductive labor (Anything that will pay for itself is productive-people in manufacturing are productive while servants of any type (navy, army, lawyers, etc.) are unproductive); Believed it was unnecessary to have an empire to acquire wealth; Was against Mercantilist philosophy; Government's only purpose was to defend the state from foreigners, keep internal security, and create laws and courts (reasonably); Free Trade; Division of labor would maximize output and, in turn, profits; Everything done in self interest; Against monopolies; He saw flaws with his philosophy; wrote: The Theory of Moral Sentiments & The Wealth of Nations When: 1700s Where: Scotland, UK Significance: Changed economic theory and created the theory of self-interest. Capitalism, industrial revolution, inspired later thinkers and revolutionaries. After his time, his ideas would be manipulated to oppress workers and take advantage of them in factories. This issue sparked the Revolutions of 1848 which eventually led to the popularity of socialism and communism.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Who: Abbé Sieyès and the Marquis de Lafayette, in consultation with Thomas Jefferson What: A declaration of natural rights written prior to France's constitution during the French Revolution. Focused specifically on rights such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and separation of powers. When: 1789 Where: Paris, France Significance: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was integral to stating France's continual goals of "liberty, equality, and fraternity." These ideas, drawn from the American Revolution, inspired waves of revolutions around europe that were based on similar

St. Helena

Who: Again. Napoleon's relevant What: An island famous for Napoleon's exile and death. Honestly not too bad of a place to live. He had a pretty decent house there and everything. When: October 1815-his death Where: mid-Atlantic Significance: Just the fact that he had to be exiled again. He thought he was going to have to go to America (which would be... a very different history) but he was sent to St. Helena instead. He died there.

Levee en Masse

Who: All able-bodied, unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 25 What: Conscription effort by the Legislative Assembly to get soldiers for the war against Austria When: August of 1793, during the war between France and Austria during the French Revolution Where: France Significance: Revitalized the militant spirit of the Revolution, got almost three-quarters of a million men under arms within a year

Mary Wollstonecraft

Who: An English Writer, Philosopher, and Women's Rights Activists What: Mary Wollstonecraft wrote the extremely important "A Vindication for the Rights of Women," which essentially declared the same rights as declared in the "Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen" from 1789. It argued women were necessary in government and politics to present their different opinions and viewpoints. She argues that with proper education women and men would be equally as intelligent. When: 1792 Where: England Significance: Wollstonecraft was significant as the one of the first outspoken european feminists. She wrote important philosophical works on how women should be elevated to reach the same level as men in order to achieve gender equality. She paved the way for future women feminists including her daughter, the acclaimed Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein.

Columbus

Who: An Italian explorer who explored woth the help of the spanish What: Christpher Columbus proposed his plan to find India through circumnavigation to Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain. They accepted his proposal and sent him on four voyages. On these voyages Columbus encountered the Americas and colonized Hispaniola, initiating the colonization of America. He was eventually imprisoned for his treatment of natives. When: 1492 Where: Italy, Spain, America Significance: Christopher Columbus was important because he began the colonization of the Americas. This colonization was responsible for the death and oppression of Native Americans as well the triangle trading system and the Columbian Exchange. It also began the Spanish empire in Europe and improved European economy.

Emigres

Who: Anyone who fled France following the French Revolution of 1789, mostly aristocrats at first What: People who were targeted by the radical leaders of the French Revolution fled France and tried to undermine the French Revolution from foreign countries by trying to get foreign countries involved in the French Revolution When: Following the French Revolution in 1789 to when Napoleon Bonaparte offered amnesty to most of those who fled during the Revolution when he came to power in 1799 Where: France Significance: Taunted the French Revolution, used the Declaration of Pillnitz to threaten the French Republic, leading to France declaring war on the Austrian Monarchy

Habsburgs

Who: Archduke of Austria elected as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Maximilian I (1493-1519) brought Habsburgs into vast empire What: Four princely lords and three ecclesiastical lords elected the Archduke of Austria as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, stayed in power through bribery and a delicate balance of political forces When: Ruled from 1452 (initial election) to 1806 with one exception Where: Holy Roman Empire Significance: Tried to centralize rule in Germany and Austria, ruled Holy Roman Empire for over three hundred years, Napoleon was the only person able to end their stronghold on Germany

Junker

Who: Archduke of Austria elected as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Maximilian I (1493-1519) brought Habsburgs into vast empire What: Four princely lords and three ecclesiastical lords elected the Archduke of Austria as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, stayed in power through bribery and a delicate balance of political forces When: Ruled from 1452 (initial election) to 1806 with one exception Where: Holy Roman Empire Significance: Tried to centralize rule in Germany and Austria, ruled Holy Roman Empire for over three hundred years, Napoleon was the only person able to end their stronghold on Germany

Partitions of Poland

Who: Austria, Prussia, and Russia What: Treaties between Austria, Prussia, and Russia dividing Poland until it ceased to exist When: 1772, 1793, 1795 Where: Between Austria, Prussia, and Russia over Poland Significance: 1772 deprived Poland of half its population and a third of its land, 1793 in response to Poland attempting to strengthen himself and made Poland surrender over half of its remaining land (only between Russia and Prussia), 1795 between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and divided the rest of Poland

Bastille

Who: Bernard-René de Launay (governor of the Bastille) What: A prison in the centre of Paris contained many political prisoners and represented the bourgeoisie. It was stormed when the peasants of Paris decided they were sick with the tough times of France. The governor of the prison was executed and his head was paraded around on a pike. When: July 14th, 1789 Where: Paris Significance: The storming of the Bastille greatly scared the French nobility and royalty. The violence and wantonness (peasants literally tore the Bastille down brick by brick to build their homes) signified for the French government that the coming violence and revolution could not be easily suppressed. The storming of the Bastille also revealed how indefensible Paris was.

Treaty of Utrecht

Who: Between France and other European powers. What: Concluded the War of Spanish Succession. France recognized Queen Anne as the true ruler of England. France also gave up Newfoundland, the Hudson Bay and other parts of the American territory. The French government acknowledged Frederick I's royal title in Prussia. Britain received the Strait of Gibraltar from Spain and gave England exclusive rights to supply the Spanish Americas with slaves. When: 1714 Where: Western Europe Significance: The question of the Spanish Succession was finally settled in favour of the Bourbon Philip V, grandson of France's Louis XIV. Britain received the largest portion of colonial and commercial spoils and took the leading position in world trade. In international politics the settlement at Utrecht established a pattern for the next 20 years

Humanism

Who: Boccaccio What: Driving philosophical belief behind the Renaissance. Importance of human over divine or supernatural matters, emphasis on the potential values of human beings, emphasize common human needs, solely rational ways to solve problems When: During the Renaissance Where: Originated in northern Italy Significance: New way of thinking, drove the return to Greek and Roman classics, impacted art and literature during the Renaissance

Louis XVIII

Who: Bourbon king of France What: Ruler under a constitutional charter When: King during the Hundred Days. Before Charles X and after Napoleon Where: France, specifically Paris Significance: The monarchy was reestablished by the monarchs of Central and Eastern Europe after Napoleon's exile in order to preserve their monarchies. The constitutional charter promised legal equality, a disregard of class in public office, a two chamber government, and the Napoleonic codes.

Inquisition

Who: Catholics v. every other religion, Dominican Tomás de Torquemada was the first grand inquisitor of Spain What: Occured at the end of the Reconquista. A legal institution to combat heresy. There was a desire for religious unity in the nation after the Moors had finally been kicked out, making the Jewish community a target. An edict on March 31, 1492 was declared by Isabella and Ferdinand forcing Jews to choose between exile and baptism. When: End of the 15th century Where: Spain Europe Significance: Reflected the significance of the growing Nationalism in Spain was created at the end of the Reconquista and reestablishing a Catholic Spanish rule in Spain the would lead to the dominance of Spain on the world stage in the coming century.

Divine Right of Kings

Who: Charlamagne, Louis XIV, Jacques-Benigne Bousset (king's person and authority=sacred), King James I (King of Scotland and England), John Filmer (wrote Patriarcha, a strong proponent of the idea) What: Believed God gave them the right to rule When: Prior to the Enlightenment, prominent in medieval era Where: European kingdoms with Christian monarchies Significance: Used to exert power over the people and to justify rule (absolutism), scare tactic

Hundred Years War

Who: Charles VII, Joan of Arc (French, her role changed the war), Philip VI (French king) What: intermittent struggle between England and France, Two factors lay at the origin of the conflict: first, the status of the duchy of Guyenne (or Aquitaine)-though it belonged to the kings of England, it remained a fief of the French crown, and the kings of England wanted independent possession; second, as the closest relatives of the last direct Capetian king (Charles IV, who had died in 1328), the kings of England from 1337 claimed the crown of France. The British lost the last battle, but the french suffered more loss. Patriotism arose in england, the Parliament also gained power. When: 1337-1453 Where: in france, their land was destroyed Significance: sparked patriotism and strengthened Parliament in England, set off the War of Roses

Society of Jesus

Who: Christianity, founded by St. Ignatius Loyola What: Roman Catholic order of religious men that are known for educational, missionary, and charitable work, emphasis on obedience to the pope When: Established during the Counter-Reformation Where: Started in Spain Significance: Modernized aspects of Roman Catholicism, got rid of several medieval practices, helped spread Catholicism, helped the resurgence of Catholicism after the Protestasnt Reformation

Battle of Lepanto

Who: Christians of the Holy League, Ottoman Turks What: A Turkish attempt to acquire the Venetian island of Cyprus When: 1571, during the war between Christians and the Ottoman Turks (Ottoman-Habsburg Wars) Where: Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Greece Significance: First significant victory for the christians, was the climax of the galley warfare in the mediterean

Council of Trent

Who: Council of the Roman Catholic Church What: Attempt at internal and dogmatic reform within the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation When: Three parts held between 1545 and 1563 Where: Italy Significance: Had internal strife, still was key in the Catholic Counter-Reformation and the revitalization of the Catholic Church in much of Europe

Time of Troubles

Who: Demise of Ivan the Terrible (Rurik Dynasty) to ascension of Michael Romanov (Romanov Dynasty) What: Period of foreign intervention and when the Boyars kept choosing and assassinating tsars because they didn't think they could trust the tsars When: 1598-1613 Where: Russia Significance: Russia subjected to famines and instability, almost collapsed several times and almost taken over by foreign powers, power finally consolidated under Michael Romanov

Napoleon Bonaparte

Who: Ego-Man. French Emperor What: Born on Corsica, remain a Corsican (temperament, other things) even though educated in France at 9, educated at military schools and academies, assume role as head of the family when brother dies, move up in ranks, Robespierre's brother speaks highly of him to brother, imprisoned and failed to find/accept the other post, Napoleon fire on rebel army approaching National Convention and earn respect, respected commander of the army of the interior, become Commander in chief for the army of Italy, plan coup, take over France (Consulate) and push expansion and reforms, believe it's necessary to have religion, Napoleonic Code, attack Russia and completely fail, empire fall apart, Congress of Vienna When: 1769-1821 Where: Corsica, France, pretty much wanted to take over the entirety of Europe. Failed in Russia. Significance: Congress of Vienna= major thing, include multiple countries, create peace for a few decades, Napoleon also is a whole balance of power disrupter,

Francis Joseph

Who: Emperor of Austria, son of Archduke Francis Charles What: Created a dual monarchy so Austria and Hungary were equal partners, reign started just after the attempted 1848 revolution, big part of When: 1848-1916 Where: Austrian Empire Significance:

St. Petersburg

Who: Established by Peter the Great What: Terms of establishment favoured foreign merchants and craftsmen When: Established 1703 Where: Northeastern Russia, Gulf of Finland Significance: Chief window to the west, established offices of government, leading city in northeast

fresco

Who: Example; Leonardo da Vinci's "The Last Supper," or Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel What: A technique of mural painting where the painter paints onto wet plaster before letting it dry. When: Popular during the Renaissance. Where: Europe Significance: This style of painting signified technological change and new artistic styles. There was also a change in Fresco from the time of da Vinci's "The Last Supper" and the Sistine Chapel.

vanishing point

Who: Filippo Brunelleschi in his architectural sketches of the Duomo What: A point of convergence in art that signifies a horizon point and adds perspective to a piece of art. Allows for three dimension in art. Practiced by Botticelli in his famous works of art such as "La Primavera" and "The Birth of Venus." When: The Renaissance Where: Europe Significance: This style of painting signified technological change and new artistic styles.

Cardinal Mazarin

Who: First Minister of France after the death of Cardinal Richelieu. Made Regent for Louis XIV when Louis XIII died and he ascended the throne as a child.. Helped France gain power in Europe. What: Believed in the practice of politique. Fought in the 30 Years' War for Protestants. Helped negotiate the Treaty of Westphalia. A tax increase in Paris led to the Fronde, the French Civil war. Helped educated Louis XIV. When: mid 1600s. Where: France Significance: Helped the rule of Louis XIV and during the Fronde, established the power of the monarchy.

Michael Romanov

Who: First of the Romanov dynasty What: His rise to power ended the Time of Troubles He was elected to be Tsar by a russian national assembly in February 1613 When: Reigned from (1613-1645) Where: Russia, Romanov Dynasty Significance: Established the 304 year rule of the Romanov Dynasty. He ended the time of Russian Boyar power and began solidifying Russian government. He was much more stubborn than anticipated by the Boyars who put him on the throne.

Moriscos

Who: Former Muslims that converted to Catholicism during the 15th century → Marranos (Jews converted) What: The former Moorish Muslims that remained from the Moor rule of Spain. In the early 1600s, the Spanish began to distrust the Moriscos after the loss of the Spanish Armada to England. This time marked the beginning of the decline of Spanish rule. The leaders of Spain turned towards Catholicism as a way to hold onto their power. Even though the Inquisition had happened over a century before, many were still fearful of false Christians. When: 1600s Where: Spain Significance: Hundreds of thousands of Moriscos were sent out of Spain in the early 1600s. This created a huge problem for Spain as most of the productive citizens of Spain were Moriscos. (Same as Morranos)

Great Western Schism

Who: France and Italy What: France split from the Catholic Church in Rome. Pope Boniface VII issued Unam Sanctum in 1302, declaring that outside of the Roman church there was no salvation and all were subject to the Roman pontiff. The pope was gotten rid of and a new one was put in place that was a puppet to France (Babylonian Captivity). In 1378, the College of Cardinals created two popes, one in Rome and the other in Avignon. This lead to chaos in the west with the French following Avignon and Germany & England following Rome. Many people began to doubt the Catholic Church and if Salvation could be gotten from it. In 1409, the Church disposed the two popes but they ended up having three popes. In 1414, there was a meeting in Constance to do three things: 1. End schism, 2. Exterminate heresy, and 3. Reform. Only the first two were accomplished and Martin V was made pope. The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) officially established the Gallican Church and solidified its supremacy over Rome. When: 1438? Where: France Significance: Got rid of Roman influence in France and was the first time a King broke away from the Church.

Enlightened Despot

Who: Frederick the Great (Prussian King in mid 18c, practiced religious tolerance, gained control of grain prices), Catherine the Great (commitment to arts/sciences/modernization of Russian education), Maria Theresa (Austria, strengthened military and bureaucratic efficiency, attempted to tax nobility and clergy, required school for all children from ages 6-12), Peter the Great, Joseph II of Austria What: monarchs who attempted to apply Enlightenment ideals to their ruling policies; this was characterized by reforms, codifying laws, and abolishing the Divine Right of Kings (but not really) When: 18th Century Where: Europe, more in the east, where monarchies were still upheld Significance: Enlightened Despotism patented a new style of ruling and began a shift towards more liberal styles of politics. The people began to gain more power and want more freedom. Serfdom was abolished in most countries ruled by enlightened despotism.

Olympe de Gouges

Who: French Playwright and Political Activist What: She wrote about women's rights and the abolition of slavery and the founder of modern feminism. Focused specifically on women's issues involving divorce, maternity hospitals, the rights of unmarried mothers, orphans, the poor, elderly and unemployed. Authored the "Declaration of the Rights of Women" which was very similar to Mary Wollstonecraft's "Vindication of the Rights for Women." She was put to death during the French Revolution by guillotine. When: 1700s Where: France Significance: Olympe de Gouges began arguing for the women's: rights to independence of mind/body; freedom of speech; access to political rights; access to education; and elimination of the female/male double stand

Huguenots

Who: French Protestant group, Jean Valliere was the first french martyr after being burned at the stake, John Calvin What: Drew many ideologies from John Calvin who had fled France. Huguegnots faced years of persecution. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (1572) was a massacre of Huguenots in which 5-30 thousand were murdered. It was said to have been instigated by Catherine de Medici. One of the many events during the Religious Wars in France. When: Protestant Reformation Where: France Significance: Reflects the impact of the Reformation and the religious tensions throughout Europe at this time, especially that in France.

What is the Third Estate?

Who: French writer Abbe Sieyes What: political pamphlet, argues the third estate was the most important because it represented the most people and deserved more of a vote When: 1789, French Revolution Where: France Significance: The Third Estate only received ⅓ of the vote despite having the majority of the population. This was the first time people with money did not have power. This was one of the contributing factors to the French Revolution. Example of tension about representation

Treaty of Paris

Who: George III (GB king), John Russel (GB negotiator), Cesar Gabriel (French negotiator), Jeronimo Grimaldi (Spanish negotiator) What: Marked the end of the Seven Years War, France gave up mainland of North America east of the Mississippi (ie New Orleans) + some West Indies + land in India, Britain returned Guadeloupe+Martinique+Marie-Galante+ Désirade+other land, Spain gave Florida to GB but got back other land such as Louisiana, GB got modern Canada When: 1763, 7 Years' War Where: GB and Hanover vs France and Spain (and Portugal sorta) Significance: France and Spain lost → loss of land, Winston Churchill called it the first real world war because it was fought on every continent, GB gains

Catherine the Great

Who: German-born empress of Russia, enlightened despot, friends with Diderot and Voltaire What: Continued work of Peter the Great, westernized Russia, put down the Pugachev Rebellion and reinforced serfdom When: 1700s, the Enlightenment Where: Russia Significance: Expanded territory (Crimea and Poland), connected Russia with Europe, put down Pugachev Rebellion with force even though she was supposedly an enlightened despot

Committee of Public Safety

Who: Group of people appointed by Robespierre during the Reign of Terror What: Supported constitution that suspended government and declared a "revolution until peace," ended last of manorial regime, supported the Reign of Terror and Robespierre's decisions to "protect" the French Republic When: During the Reign of Terror Where: France Significance: Ensured terror would work and keep people in check

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Who: Haitian General and Revolutionary Leader What: L'Ouverture was originally a Haitian slave who rose up against colonial rule (French/Spain). He led the only successful slave revolt in world history and won independence for Haiti from the continually oppressive and divided rule of the French (and Spanish) during the French Revolution. When: 1791-1804, enlightenment, American revolution Where: Haiti Significance: The Hatian revolution stopped Napoleon from attempting to conquer the Americas due to Toussaint l'Ouverture's resounding defeat of the white slave owners on the island.

Metternich

Who: He believed in a royal family and a bureaucracy and thought nationalism would lead to war. What: Conservative, determined to put down revolution and liberalism, believe in balance of power but wants to keep Habsburg influence, really important in Congress of Vienna, during the revolutions of 1848 in position of power until flee to avoid harm When: Congress of Vienna (1814-15), fell during the Revolutions of 1848 Where: Austria, fled to England Significance: At the Congress of Vienna, he helped in making the conditions of it. Controlling Napoleon was crucial. The conditions controlled France without angering the people, and it kept France from taking over Europe like it did under Napoleon. He resigned after a student/worker insurrection during the Revolutions of 1848. He had discouraged nationalism but was forced to flee.

Edict of Nantes

Who: Henry IV, first of the Bourbon line What: During the 1500s, various religious wars had occurred within France. Henry IV came to power and in 1598 issued the Edict of Nantes. It gave every noble who was a manorial lord right to hold Protestant services and allowed towns to choose between Protestantism and Catholicism. Promised the same civil rights, chances for public office and access to Catholic universities regardless of religion. Gave Protestants means of defense. When: 1598 Where: France Significance: Displays the influence of the Reformation that occurred in 1517 in France. Shows the push for tolerance in nations. Later, King Louis XIV would revoke the Edict with the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685. 43. Cardinal Mazarin

Charles V

Who: Holy Roman Emperor What: Inherited lands of Austria, the Netherlands, part of Burgundy, Castile and Aragon, Spanish America, and parts of Italy and the Mediterannean, elected Holy Roman Emperor When: 1519-1556 Where: Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Spain, and Archduke of Austria Significance: Expanded Habsburg power in central Europe because brother (Ferdinand) was elected king of Bohemia and Hungary, first real threat of a "universal monarchy"

Diet of Worms

Who: Holy Roman Empire and Martin Luther What: Martin Luther came before the Diet in response to the charges of heresy against the Roman Catholic Church When: 1521, following Luther's post of the 95 Theses Where: Worms, Germany Significance: An attempt to get Luther to recant came to nothing, as Luther refused to do so, spread Protestantism throughout Europe

March Laws

Who: Hungarian Diet led by liberal leader Lajos Kossuth What: Reforms intended to allow Hungary to avoid the revolutions of 1848, created an independent Magyar state with all the "lands of the crown of St. Stephen," abolished nobilities' tax exemption, abolished serfdom, constitutionally confirmed by Emperor Ferdinand I When: 1848, part of the revolutions of 1848 Where: Hungary Significance: Recognition by emperor legalized Hungarian Revolution, defended legality of independent Hungarian state, even after the revolution was defeated in 1849

Glorious Revolution

Who: James II, Mary II, William III, What: Catholic King James announced his son would be raised Catholic and Englishmen feared it would mean an imminent Catholic dynasty. Mary (daughter of James) and William were protestants who were invited to seize the throne but English nobles. James fled to France and William and Mary came to rule England. William of Orange was invited to invade England by a group of dissidents. James II was no match against William's Dutch army and quickly retreated. He was able to easily take over England's administration because of James' incapability as a ruler. When: 1688 Where: England Significance: The creation of a constitution in England. Switch from Catholic monarchy to Protestant. The Glorious Revolution then later led to a newfound balance between the Crown and Parliament.

Tennis Court Oath

Who: Jean-Sylvain Bailly (leader of the Third Estate at the Tennis Court Oath What: Amidst Louis XVI's calling of the Estates General, when the third estate had banded together with the clergy to protest for more representation, the nobility conspired to lock the third estate out of their assembly hall. When the third estate was locked out of their assembly hall they met next door in a racquetball court where they collectively took the Tennis Court Oath, which stated, "not to separate and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established". When: June 20, 1789 Where: Paris, France Significance: The Tennis Court Oath was the first concrete step toward revolution. Instead of trying to solve political and national issues through pre existing government structure, French diplomats began to assembly radically and talk of a new constitution. WIthout the Tennis Court Oath, the third estate would not have directly challenged the french government, and a revolution may not have happened, at least not as quickly.

British East India Company

Who: John Watts, George White (founders) What: Company that monopolized Britain's trade with Indonesia, India, and the spice islands When: 1600-1708, renamed but still the same thing 1708-1873 Where: Great Britain, India, Indonesia, the spice islands Significance: Monopolized the spice trade for Britain, acted as an imperialising agent in India during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

Communist Manifesto

Who: Karl Marx; influenced by Friederich Engels and George Hegel What: A socialist book released that professed the first modern communism. Discussed the theory of historical dialectic (thesis → antithesis → synthesis) and the ideal of communal property and jobs. Its goal was to destroy the bourgeoisie/aristocrats in favor of the proletariat. When: 1848 Where: published in London (influential especially in Eastern Europe/Russia) Significance: The Communist Manifesto led the way for modern socialism, communism, and the USSR. The Manifesto initially inspired countries such as Austria to experience socialist revolution which later led to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

Pragmatic Sanction

Who: King Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire & Maria Theresea What: Charles VI realized he had no male heirs and realized that he wished to keep the Holy Roman Empire in the family. The new sanction allowed female heirs to inherit the throne. When: 1713 Where: Holy Roman Empire Significance: This was significant as it began the War of Austrian Succession and brought in a new age of enlightened despotism into Europe with Maria Theresea's rule. She limited serfdom and proposed reforms that were continued by her son, Joseph II.

Avignon Papacy

Who: King Charles VII What: In 1378, the College of Cardinals created two popes, one in Rome and the other in Avignon. This lead to chaos in the west with the French following Avignon and Germany & England following Rome. Many people began to doubt the Catholic Church and if Salvation could be gotten from it. In 1409, the Church disposed the two popes but they ended up having three popes. In 1414, there was a meeting in Constance to do three things: 1. End schism, 2. Exterminate heresy, and 3. Reform. Only the first two were accomplished and Martin V was made pope. The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) officially established the Gallican Church and solidified its supremacy over Rome.

Frederick William IV

Who: King of Prussia, part of the Hohenzollern family What: King of Prussia who didn't really want to share power with the people but did have a country with a better elementary education system than the west, and some of his policies were influenced by the riots in Berlin. When: During the Revolutions of 1848 (1840-1861) Where: Prussia, important in all of Germany Significance: After the riots in Berlin, he allowed subjects to elect the first all-Prussian Assembly. The Assembly was mostly made up of anti-Junker lower-class from East Prussia. They were anti-Holy Alliance as well, and Frederick William IV changed his mind about the Assembly. He was also offered the headship of the new "Small Germany" and was tempted to accept, but he declined because he wanted to avoid war with Austria.

James VI of Scotland

Who: King of Scotland, First Stuart King of England, son of Mary Queen of Scots, Also James I What: Alliance with Elizabeth I, succeed her to the throne, could not understand Parliament's point of view, threaten Par.'s control over finances, dissolve Parliament 1611, king when English Civil War occurred. When his son Charles I came to power, he and Archbishop Laud tried to enforce religious conformity. In 1629, the King and parliament came into a deadlock. Charles wanted to get rid of the parliament. Oliver Cromwell came to power and then took over and basically became king. When: late 1500s, early 1600s Where: Great Britain Significance: Able to rule England as absolutely as Elizabeth but unfortunate reign, could not manage Parliament. Conflict between Parliament and monarchy

Philip V of France

Who: King of Spain during the War of Spanish Succession. Founder of the Bourbon Dynasty is Spain. Grandson of Louis XIV, succeeded Charles II What: Philip's inclusion in the French line of French succession created an issue in the balance of power in Europe. The War of Spanish Succession was the first "world war." The war involved overseas world with the leaders of Europe. The Treaty of Utrecht ( 1703) took away Philip's possession of the Spanish Netherlands and Italian lands of the Habsburgs. When: 1700-1724 (Reign) Where: Spain Significance: He led to the War of Spanish Succession which altered the balance in Europe. Disrupted the balance balance of power in favor of France. After the war, France ruled from Belgium to the Strait of Gibraltar.

Maximilien Robespierre

Who: Leader of the Committee of Public Safety, Jacobin leader. Led during the French Revolution. What: Became a lawyer, chosen as representative for Arras for the Estates General, speaker at the National Assembly, elected Secretary for the National Assembly, presided over Jacobins; fought for universal suffrage, right to petition, oppose royal veto, religious and racial discrimination, demand trial for Louis XVI after he tried to flee France, call for his execution, elected head of the National Convention, the French government has a problem and so Robespierre takes up head of Committee of Public Safety, credited with starting the reign of terror, many political rivals (Girondins), anti-christian movement but he confirmed the existence of God, creation of Supreme Being thing, people turn against him, fails at killing himself, executed by guillotine When: 1789-1794 Where: France Significance: Shows how during the Revolution the most prominent people were businessmen, professionals, bourgeoisie, the reign of terror was uhh kind of a big deal, the large influence of the new republic

Battle of Trafalgar

Who: Lord Nelson (british general) What: A naval battle fought between France/Spain and Britain during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars. Britain won a decisive victory and stopped Napoleon from attempting to conquer Britain in his search for global conquest. When: Napoleonic wars Where: Strait of Gibraltar Significance: The Battle of Trafalgar was important as it stopped Napoleon from conquering Britain and established Britain as an important naval power for future conflicts.

Medici

Who: Lorenzo the Magnificent, Medici de Potrone=founder, Giovanni di Bicci was the first to bring them to prominence What: The Italian noble family who ruled Florence and most of Tuscany for many years. They were known for their patronage of the arts. The most important Medici was Lorenzo the Magnificent. Lorenzo was a well established poet, humanist, skilled politician, writer, and patron of the arts. When: 1400s-1700s Where: Florence, Italy Significance: The Medici family was responsible for funding most of the Renaissance's art and controlling the political climate of Florence.

Versailles

Who: Louis XIV, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, royals and nobles What: The royal palace a few miles outside of Paris built by Louis XIV When: ~~1682, sun kings reign Where: ~~10mi outside of Paris, France Significance: It is a clear show of absolutism, and other monarchs looked to the palace as inspiration. During the French Revolution, revolutionaries damaged the complex. It was built outside of Paris out of fear of being

"flight to Varennes"

Who: Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette What: Facing the rage of the French people, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette decided to flee France. In the middle of the night they left Paris and attempted to flee to Austria. On the way they stopped in Varennes, where they were recognized by a postmaster and detained. They were sent back to Paris and never trusted again. When: 1791 Where: France Significance: The Flight to Varennes represented a turning point in the French Revolution. Once the king and queen were arrested and once again sent back to the Tuileries Palace in Paris they were kept under constant guard and essentially treated as prisoners. People no longer wished for a constitutional monarchy, believing the the making is no longer on their side. The Constitution of 1791 was not ratified. Instead the Revolution took a turn for a much more radical form of government, democracy.

Magyars

Who: Magyars (Hungarians) What: An ethnic group (and language) with a strong sense of nationalism. When: Always been around, really become relevant during the Revolutions of 1848. Where: Austrian Empire (Hungary specifically) Significance: One of the Revolutions of 1848 was a Magyar rebellion. It was suppressed. Nationalism in Austria tore the country apart rather than brought it together, which is different from the nationalism present in Germany and France. They wanted independence from the Habsburgs. Something about Francis Joseph could be mentioned here.

Old Believers

Who: Mostly peasants What: People who rejected reforms for the Russian Orthodox Church that were brought in to correct mistranslations of the Bible When: 1650s, before Peter the Great Where: Russia Significance: Estranged the government and the church, caused peasants to see church and government as engines of repression

Milan Decree

Who: Napoleon What: Made to build off and support the Berlin Decree of 1806 which made any good imported from English colonies illegal. The Milan Decree outlawed neutral vessels that stopped in British Ports. When: 1807, Napoleonic Wars Where: France and the Continental System Significance: Demonstrates the attempt to cut off England from the rest of the world in an attempt to strangle its power.

Battle of Waterloo

Who: Napoleon (France), Prussia, UK, members of the Seventh Coalition What: A decisive battle When: During the Hundred Days. Summer 1815 Where: Belgium Significance: "If it had not rained in the night between the 17th and the 18th of June, 1815, the fate of Europe would have been different. A few drops of water, more or less, decided the downfall of Napoleon. All that Providence required in order to make Waterloo the end of Austerlitz was a little more rain, and a cloud traversing the sky out of season sufficed to make a world crumble" (Hugo 2.1.1). It was the battle in which Napoleon was defeated.

Peninsular War

Who: Napoleon (who else), Spain, U.K., Portugal What: A war over who would have control of the Iberian Peninsula. France and Spain invaded Portugal. France turned on its ally Spain. When: 1807-1814, part of the Napoleonic Wars Where: Portugal, Spain Significance: France was tested. The Spanish Constitution of 1812 came out of it, which was an example of liberalism. Wars continued on the Peninsula for a long time, even after Napoleon was long gone.

Hundred Days

Who: Napoleon Bonaparte What: The 100 days where Napoleon came back to the throne in France and ruled. He staged a coup and everything. There was a lot of fighting because Napoleon was a military man. When: March 1815-July 1815 (approx. 111 days) Where: France Significance: Napoleon had actually been sort of welcomed back, but the monarchical powers of Europe weren't too pleased. It ended at Waterloo, and MY MY at Waterloo Napoleon did surrender! Louis XVIII returned to the throne after Napoleon's abdication.

Napoleonic Code

Who: Napoleon Bonaparte What: When Napoleon began conquering new nations and adding them to his empire, he believed the best way to rule them would be under a new universal law code. Everyone was legally equal under Napoleon's law codes and the feudal system was officially abolished. A religious toleration law was enacted and guilds were abolished. The codes were divided into smaller sections dealing with specific aspects of law (i.e. criminal, financial, property, civil, family, etc.). When: 1804 Where: The World (specifically: Belgium, Germany, Italy, Austria, and South America) Significance: The Napoleonic Law Codes became the most influential law codes since the Roman Twelve Tables. Many law codes in modern society (especially in Latin America where colonialism established entire new, Napoleonic, governments ) are based on the codes.

Berlin Decree

Who: Napoleon, George III (king of england) What: forbid British goods in all Europe When: Napoleanic wars, Continental system Where: Britain and europe, british colonies Significance: Napoleon's attempt to weaken the british, was a failure because the British were able to trade with their colonies and others outside of europe, allowed them to not be dependent on europe, balance of power, beginning of the Continental System which was one of Napoleon's failures

Battle of Leipzig

Who: Napoleon, Poland, Germany, Alexander I What: A battle in Germany that was a decisive loss for Napoleon and a clear victory for the Coalition. The Coalition army was led by Alexander I. When: October 1813, Napoleonic Wars Where: Leipzig, Germany Significance: Napoleon lost his influence in Poland and Germany, which could possibly be part of his downfall. He was forced to abdicate the next year.

Concordat of 1801

Who: Napoleon, Roman Catholic Church (Pope Pius What: An agreement between Napoleon and the Church that Napoleon could nominate bishops and parishes would be redistributed. When: Take a wild guess (1801) (and actually 1802) Where: France Significance: It turned around the changes made to the Church's presence in France during the French Revolution. The government also started to give bishops salaries as a form of compensation for the actions of the French Revolution. It repaired the relationship between France and the Catholic Church.

Test Act

Who: Passed under Charles II What: Eligibility for public office rest on what religion a person was. The test was receiving Holy Communion according to the rites of the Church of England. When: 1673 Where: Great Britain Significance: Anglicanism was still strong in England and religious tolerance was still nonexistent. Excluded Catholics from public office

September Massacres

Who: Political prisoners, members of the Third Estate What: Radicals of the Third Estate feared that prisoners in the prisons were plotting to overthrow the Republic and reinstall the monarchy in France, rose up in violence and killed prisoners When: September 1792, after the overthrow of the monarchy Where: Paris, France Significance: First terror of the French Revolution, scared the rest of Europe, killed 1100 people

Unam Sanctum

Who: Pope Boniface VIII What: A Papal Bull stating that if someone was not part of the Catholic church they could never achieve salvation in the afterlife. The pope felt he was losing power and decided to attempt and solidify his power. When: 1302 Where: Western Europe Significance: Unam Sanctam solidified the church's power and began the beginnings of protestantism as people are angry at the Pope. France eventually broke away from Papal authority as result and the Avignon Papacy began.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Who: Pope Julius II, Ferdinand & Isabella (Spain), John Prince of Asturias, & John II (Portugal) What: A treaty signed between Spain and Portugal that divided the lands Spain and Portugal could colonize. Spain was allowed to colonize any land to the left of Brazil. Portugal was allowed to colonize any land to the right of (and including) Brazil. This line allayed tensions between the two nations and allowed for a smooth colonization period. When: 1494 (ratified by Pope Julius II in 1506) Where: signed in Spain, concerned the World Significance: This Treaty allowed for the Age of Exploration to flourish and expand.

Constitution of 1793

Who: Prepared for legalization under the Committee of Public Safety What: Gave universal male suffrage, suspended the government, declared "revolution until peace," ended remnants of the manorial regime When: 1793, during the Reign of Terror Where: France Significance: Legalized the Reign of Terror

Factory Act of 1802

Who: Proposed by Sir Robert Peele What: Applied to all apprentice paupers under the age of 21, prevented them from working longer than 12 hours or at night and made provisions for them to receive at least some basic education, lacked enforcement When: 1802, beginning of the Industrial Revolution Where: United Kingdom Significance: First attempt at having the humane treatment of children in factories, impact of industrialization of England

Revolutionary Calendar

Who: Put in place by the National Convention, Committee of Public Instruction What: A changed calendar. Every year was to begin on the autumn equinox. It also was divided into twelve equal months and five days that didn't belong to any month. Each month included three decades (weeks) of ten days. When: 1792, French Revolution Where: France Significance: It made the French Revolution part of everyday life for the people of France. It was a constant reminder of the Republic and liberty, equality, and fraternity because it was based completely off of the Revolution.

Bloody Mary

Who: Queen Mary I of England, daughter of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon What: She reigned after the death of her half brother, Edward VI. Being Catholic, Mary decided to pursue the new protestants of England. She burned more than 280 religious dissenters at the stake, earning her the moniker "Bloody Mary." However, her reign was short and she died of influenza after only 5 years. She married Phillip II of Spain. When: 1550s Where: England Significance: Mary was significant as she established the continual fight between catholicism and protestantism in England. She also represented the divergence in English royal lines and the family strife that plagued Henry VIII.

Catherine of Aragon

Who: Queen of England, Daughter of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon, first wife of King Henry VII What: Pope Clement VII refused to grant Henry a divorce, Henry break away from Rome When: Early to mid 1500s Where: England Significance: England broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England was created

Anne Boleyn

Who: Queen of England, second wife of Henry VII, What: Anne refused to become Henry's mistress. In desperation for a son he wrote to the Pope for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. When: 1530s Where: England Significance: England broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England was created

Flagellants

Who: Religious sect What: Believed flogging themselves would allow them atonement and would save them from the Black Death When: Medieval Europe, popular during the Black Death Where: All of Europe, especially popular in Northern Italy Significance: Shows different reactions to the Black Death and how different people believed they could be saved from it

Levellers

Who: Republican and Democrat faction during English Civil War What: named by enemies for wanting to "level men's estates", demand real parliamentary power given to House of Commons, Par. should be truly representative, decentralized government (power to local communities), econ reform in the interest of small property owners, never win national support. When: 1645-1646 Where: England Significance: Power battle between the large and small property owners, wish for further equality, attempt to appeal to the masses with promise of freedoms

"Worship of the Supreme Being"

Who: Robespierre What: new religion created to replace Roman Catholicism in France, the religion of the republic, deism (God put a boulder down and just let it roll) When: Reign of Terror Where: France Significance: shows dechristianization in France, Robespierre's control over France

Dechristianization

Who: Robespierre, What: the french movement away from christianity, they did not like what clergy symbolized, old regime, they made new calendar, did not have sundays When: Reign of Terror Where: France Significance: France movement away from catholicism, europe opinion changed, revolution is Godless, they are seen as more radical

Reign of Terror

Who: Robespierre, George Danton What: Anyone considered enemy to France executed, 300,000 suspected, 17,000 killed, France under control of Committee of Public Safety, less nobles were killed than common people, at trials 2 options= innocent or killed, guillotined When: 1793-1794 Where: France Significance: Other countries view France with fear and disgust, France's attempt at being a Republic going poorly

Cortez

Who: Spanish Conquistador What: Defeated the Aztecs and claimed Mexico for Spain. Spread Smallpox. Cortez was initially sent to the new world as part of the expedition to Cuba but decided to explore mainland Mexico on his own illegally. He and his crew were treated as Gods when they arrived at Tenochtitlán (Aztec capital) until they infected the native Americans with smallpox and took the emperor, Montezuma II hostage. Cortez then claimed the Aztec empire for Spain. Spain then decided to back Cortez and stop hunting them. When: 1530s Where: Modern Day Mexico Significance: Cortez took South America for Spain and began ushering in the Colonial Era. This period in history began the globalization of Europe as well as the Triangle Trading System, Columbian Exchange, and the Encomienda System.

Reconquista

Who: Started by Charlemagne, ended by Ferdinand and Isabella What: The 700 year long civil war between the Catholics and the Moors in Spain, attempt to drive the Moors from Spain When: 801-1492 Where: Started with the capture of Barcelona by Charlemagne in 801 and ended with the conquest of Granada by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492 Significance: Drove the Muslims out of Spain, hurt the Muslims and the Christians because they were culturally and economically intertwined

Sulayman

Who: Sulayman the Magnificent What: Suleiman took the Balkans for the Ottoman Empire. Martin Luther invited him to take all of Catholic Europe, egging on Armageddon. When: Reformation Where: N/A Significance: Martin Luther believed that it was better for Armageddon to come because the Catholics were so corrupt that Armageddon might as well come. This shows the great divide in beliefs during the Reformation between followers of Luther and those of the Catholic Church. These tensions would continue to rise, leading to full out war such as the Thirty Years War a hundred years later.

Louis Philippe

Who: The Duke of Orleans, King of France What: The July Monarchy When: After the abdication of Charles X (1830), after the July Revolution of 1830 Where: France. His rule was viewed differently by region. Significance: He was accepted by militant republicans, and the July monarchy seemed radical. The constitution meant no more absolutism, the Chamber of Peers no longer hereditary, and the voting body for the Chamber of Deputies enlarged. The Bourgeoisie saw it as a stopping place, but radical democrats wanted more.

Peter the Great

Who: The Tsar that wanted to be French (Sought to westernize Russia) What: Wanted to create an army and state that could stand against the most powerful European states, established St. Petersburg When: (1682-1725) Where: Russia Significance: Created Russian empire that was held together by military might, encouraged mercantilism in Russia, more taxes placed on peasants, serfdom more widespread due to industrialization, made the tsar absolute and autocratic and declared right to name successor, all land-/serf-owning aristocrats had to serve in the army or as a civilian administrator ("State Service" made people loyal), status became dependent on rank rather than family, peasants excluded from system and exploited, reformed the church and made it dependent on him

Serfdom

Who: The peasants of Europe who were forced to work for the bourgeoisie/aristocrats (ex: Joseph II abolished serfdom in Austria) What: Serfdom was a system similar to american salvery. It initially began in Russia was people were forced to pay tributes to the Tatars and could not afford them. In return for working for landlords, peasants' tribute would be paid. Eventually serfdom became a system of generational servitude as serfs were tied to the land and made no money with which they could escape servitude. When: 900-1861, ended in the early 1900s in Russia, Revolutions of 1848/Industrial Revolution influenced end of serfdom in Eastern Europe Where: All over Europe until the Enlightenment, only in Eastern Europe following the Enlightenment, held for the longest in Russia Significance: Serfdom created great class difference and led to revolutions in many countries with the practice. Specifically in Russia, serfdom prevented Russia from advancing technologically or economically.

Old Regime

Who: The regime of the Bourbon family What: Favoured the nobles, kept feudal practices in place to keep selves in power, known for extravagance overthrown in 1789 with the French Revolution, forced into constitutional monarchy until Louis XVI was executed in 1793 When: 1500s-1700s, specifically the reign of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Where: France Significance: Ruled France, kept nobles in power

Pugachev Rebellion

Who: The serfs and cossacks under Yemellyan Pugachev who claimed to be Peter III What: An uprising of the serfs against serfdom When: 1773-1775 Where: Russia Significance: Put down by Catherine the Great and made the conditions of the serfs worse, Catherine the Great not enlightened for putting it down with force

Northern Renaissance

Who: Thomas More, Erasmus of Rotterdam (translated Bible into Greek and Latin), John Calvin (Calvinism) What: A movement in the north of Western Europe where the "old" was blended with the "new" with strong religious elements. In contrast to the Italian Renaissance which focused on pagan humanism, the Northern Renaissance focused on Christian humanism and mysticism. Many universities were established during this era. At this time, the New Monarchies began to emerge Egnland, France, and Spain When: Late 15th century and early 16th century, Renaissance Where: North of the Alps (Low Countries- Belgium, Netherlands), Germany. Significance: Maintained the Christian influence in Europe and spread humanism throughout the Western European area. Set up a political and social climate for the New Monarchies to come into power.

Holy Alliance

Who: Tsar Alexander, Francis I of Austria, Frederick William III of Prussia, opposed by Metternich What: in defense of religion and the established order; formed at the Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe (Ironically not holy and not an alliance as all nations were of different sects of Christianity) When: 1815, after the final defeat of Napoleon, created during Second Peace of Paris negotiations Where: Russia, Prussia, Austria Significance: believed to be the major symbol of conservatism and repression in Central and Eastern Europe

English Bill of Rights

Who: William III and Mary II What: Specific constitutional and civil rights, Parliament given more power than monarchy, freedom to: elect members w/o consent monarchy, no royal interference in law, speech, from cruel and unusual punishment When: 1689 Where: English Significance: Continuation of parliament v. monarchy (resolution). Meant to eliminate the influence of the King on parliament.

James Watt

Who: Worked with Matthew Boulton What: Improved Newcomen's steam engine and later worked with Boulton to further improve it, worked on canals in Scotland When: Industrial Revolution Where: Great Britain Yoink boink Significance: Steam engine provided power to machines, increasing production during the Industrial Revolution. Transformed the economy of England and lend to a transformation of its society. The development of the steam engine led to the superiority of England over the rest of Europe and the world.

Constitution of 1791

Who: Written and passed by the Legislative Assembly What: Decentralized rule in France, all institutions of the Old Regime destroyed, still kept power with the bourgeoisie When: 1791, after Louis XVI and the royal family attempt to flee Paris Where: France Significance: Made all towns governed by a uniform municipal government and all officials locally elected, made the sovereign power held by a unicameral elected assembly (Legislative Assembly), kept the king weak

Marseillaise

Who: Written by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle What: The national anthem of France When: Written 1792 after the declaration of war against Austria, became French national anthem in 1795 Where: Strasbourg, France Significance: It was written and adopted during the French Revolution. It was used as a song of revolution.

Vasco da Gama

Who: a Portuguese explorer What: Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India via the sea route. He navigated around the tip of Africa until he reached India, specifically Calicut, where he was initially welcomed but then treated hostility when Indians realized how unadvanced (shitty) European goods were. Da Gama returned and threatened to raze Indiana cities if he was not traded with, resulting in tense trading relations between India and Europe from then on. When: Late 1400s Where: Portugal, India Significance: Vasco da Gama was the first European to establish trading relations with the East. This changed how goods flowed across Europe and The Middle East, and catapulted Portugal into a superpowered position among worldly affairs. This exploration motivated Spain to being their own exploration for India and in the process 'discover' The Americas.

Jacques-Louis David

Who: a french painter of the Neoclassic era. What: "The Death of Marat" and "Napoleon Crossing the Alps," paintings representing revolutionaries and Napoleon's feats. When: late 1700s-early 1800s Where: France Significance: demonstrated need to question all things through socratic method and, depicted revolutionaries as martyrs for a cause and Napoleon a hero in his field.

John Kay

Who: inventor and engineer What: create flying shuttle an improvement to the loom that allowed weaving to be done faster technological innovation When: 1730s Where: England Significance: Industrial Revolution, step towards automatic power looms. Allowed production to grow and prices to go down which heightened the demand.

Estates General

Who: nobles, clergy, bourgeoisie What: Meeting of all 3 estates to decide new taxes and reforms, 3 estate want to use this opportunity to improve their representative status, One vote per estate, clergy was made up of nobles meaning the 3rd estate would always be at a disadvantage When: May 1789 Where: France Significance: The third estate outspoken about situation, step towards republic, the estates general pushes them to create National Assembly, constitution, start the revolution

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested to provide for the iron industry; processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig irons.

Index of Forbidden Books

Written by Pope Paul IV as part of the Counter-Reformation. It forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith or morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas.

Friedrich Engels

Wrote "Condition of Working Class in England in 1844" - society's problems caused by capitalism and competition. Colleague of Karl Marx.

Machiavelli

Wrote "The Prince", a book that recommended harsh and arbitrary rule for princes. a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)

Castiglione

Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art. "how-to" advice to a member of the court of the Renaissance

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, Locke believed the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Wrote Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants in response to the 1525 Peasant Revolt. Salvation by faith alone. Gets authority to challenges the church from the bible/word of God. In HRE, Charles V & I is the ruler.

Humanism

a renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements; studies roman and greek works

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Richelieu

architect of French absolutism who was prominent church official, served as chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624- 1642, worked to undermine power of nobles and enhance that of the king, built large bureaucracy, attacked French Calvinists helped make the French King an absolute monarch. Intendent system.

Divine Right

belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

absolutism

belief that a state should be ruled by one person who has total power

The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat.

bourgeoisie

Committee of Public Safety

branch of National Convention that worked to eliminate all inside and outside threats to French Revolution

Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from

classical languages and literature

The house above, designed by Palladio and constructed in Italy during the sixteenth century, illustrates the architectural influence of

classical temples

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.

british laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by parliament in 1824

combination acts

Edict of Nantes

command for limited religious freedom of Huguenots in France

Storming of Bastille

commoners seize arms and attack a royal prison, leading Louis XVI to withdraw troops from Paris (1789)

Thirty Years' War

conflict between Protestant Union and Catholic League over political and religious influence

meeting of the Quadruple Alliance - Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain - restoration France, and smaller European states to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.

congress of vienna

Carlsbad Decree

conservative law suppressing subversive ideas and liberal organizations in university settings

A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military.

continental system

The Ursuline order of nuns:

convents to train future wives

balance of power

cooperation between European states to assure no single state becomes too powerful

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.

corn laws

Directory

corrupt five-man executive (accompanied by legislature) formed in 1795 that began weak dictatorship over France

Revolution of 1848: France

country becomes a republic and then goes back to an empire

Revolution of 1830: Italy

country fails to overthrow Austrian rule (carbonari)

Revolution of 1830: Belgium

country gains independence and becomes Kingdom of the Netherlands

Revolution of 1848: Austria

country maintains control over Hungarian and Italian nationalists

Revolution of 1830: France

country replaces Charles X with Louis Philippe to prevent return to autocratic rule

Revolution of 1848: Prussia

country tries to unify Germany but fails when leader takes back his offer to rule, reestablishing German Confederation

The reformer Robert Owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers; to prevent children under the age of 10 from working in factories.

the location of the great exhibition in 1851 in london; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron

crystal palace

Mary Tudor

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 she was the wife of Philip II of Spain, and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics

St. Teresa's discussion of God's attitude toward women best reflects

debates during the Reformation regarding proper gender roles

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

definition: a massacre led by King Charles IX and Catherine de Medici in which French Huguenots were murdered for the belief that they were conspiring to revolt against Catholics. when: August 24, 1572 where: Paris, France significance: Catherine de Medici believed the Huguenots were attempting to start a war with Spain, so murdering them prevented the outbreak. It is also a turning point for Protestant toleration under Henry of Navarre.

Bubonic Plague

definition: a rodent-carried disease originating from Asia that swept Europe, causing a continental pandemic when: 1340s-1350s where: Europe and Asia significance: killed around 25,000,000 people, fundamentally changing the structure of life for European people, diminishing the labor force, inflating the economy, and and weakening religious fervor

Peace of Westphalia

definition: treaty that granted full sovereignty to the German states , including their ability to create legislation and negotiate with foreign powers. It also freed the Netherlands from Spain and gave Sweden control of the Baltic when: 1648 where: Munster and Osnabruck, affecting most of western Europe significance: offset balance of power by deeming france a major western power, strengthening German independence, and weakening the HRE.

Adam Smith

economist who wrote "Wealth of Nations" and promoted economic liberalism

Napoleon

emperor of France from 1804 to 1814 who used domestic policy to maintain popularity and order

Legislative Body in pre revolutionary france made up of representatives of each of the 3 classes or estates. It was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614

estates general

Ivan the III (the Great):

expands power of Moscow and the empire of Russia

english laws passed from 1802-1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements

factory acts

Christian humanism

form of humanism based in Northern Europe that combined the Bible with classical texts

liberalism

ideology of civil rights, liberty, and representative government

utopian socialism

ideology of economic equality, collectivism, minimal private property, and right to work

Marxian socialism

ideology of eliminating class struggles to fix societal problems, based on The Communist Manifesto

nationalism

ideology of ethnic groups sharing common identity and desire for politically independent state

Louis XIII

king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu

Martin Luther

main figure of Protestant Reformation and author of "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences"

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten

mines act of 1842

Girondists

moderate republicans who didn't want the execution of the king

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

monarchy maintaining power within Europe and within its borders. He increased the power of the centralized French state by establishing the administrative system of intendants - commissioners of each of France's 32 districts, who were appointed by the monarch to whom they were solely responsible.

Erasmus

most influential, view on reform: Christianity is the guiding philosophy of daily life--emphasized inner piety, de-emphasized: sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, veneration of saints/relics, his plan of reformation didn't work: overwhelmed by the other passion of the reformation, disapproved of Luther/Protestant reformers (Erasmus didn't want to destroy the unity, wanted to reform within the church), wrote: In Praise of Folly, New editions in Greek & Latin of the New Testament

french civil war code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principals of equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

napoleonic code

the 1st french revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the 3rd estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1798 to 1791

national assembly

The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.

nationalism

The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

new era of industrial technology and Britain's role as world economic leader.

Russia (general info before dynasties)

not important

cahiers

notebooks written on the eve of the French Revolution that presented grievances and proposals for reform

The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

political philosopher John Locke.

Iron law of wages

proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

Sans-culottes

radical group of laboring poor who helped overthrow Louis XVI and took over Paris' municipal government

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

rationalism and civilization was destroying, rather than liberating the individual; women were destined by nature to be subordinate; and the general will is sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power.

Thermidorian Reaction

reaction to Reign of Terror that led to Robespierre's execution, abolition of economic controls, and reconciliation with Catholic Church

Renaissance

rebirth of classical Greek/Roman ideas that focused on humanism and the liberal arts

Reconquista

reconquering of Iberian Peninsula that had been taken by Muslim powers

A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.

reform bill of 1832

the period from 1793-1794 during which Robespierre's committee of public safety executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed

reign of terror

Ivan III

relied on military power, had to keep the forced element in place, used the Orthodox Church to encourage endeavors. He practiced centralized rule, took the title Czar or Tsar or Caesar, believed expansion was necessary. The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia. "The Great"

Schmalkaldic Wars

religious wars during mid-1500s where Charles V and Catholics fought German princes and Lutherans

German Peasants' War

revolt of German lower classes calling for social/political change using the Scriptures

An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

romanticism

Richelieu

ruled as regent in place of Louis XIII, set in place the cornerstone of French absolutism. Attempted to break the power of nobility

Joseph II

ruler of Austria who abolished serfdom and promoted religious toleration, even though his reforms didn't last

Frederick the Great

ruler of Prussia who wrote new code of law, welcomed religious minorities, and took Silesia

Catherine the Great

ruler of Russia who continued westernization, ended torture, offered limited religious toleration, and supported education

Ferdinand and Isabella

rulers of Spain who created equivalent of national church, oversaw the Reconquista, and established Spanish Inquisition

the laboring poor of paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city

sans-culottes

Skepticism

school of thought that definitive knowledge is not attainable

Francis Bacon

scientist known for inductive reasoning

From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics.

second revolution

Star Chamber

secret English court used to deal with aristocrats who threatened royal power

a simple inexpensive, hand powered spinning machine created by james hargreaves in 1765

spinning jenny

intendant system

system used by French monarchy to limit power of the nobles

a government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the french responded to cheaper British goods flooding their countries, as when the french responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.

tariff protection

Müntzer makes his argument that the princes should rise up against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and his followers primarily by

telling them it is the will of God as shown in scripture

New Monarchs

term describing powerful rulers of Europe who formed loyal armies, had some power over the Catholic church, and maintained centralized governments excluding nobles

Scorched Earth Policy

the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land

Frederick William I

the son and successor of Frederick I who disliked French ways and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and makign it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. He also created an efficient government bureaucracy and encouraged trade and the development of new industries. He required that all parents send their children to school. The Soldier's King; built up an army but never used it. Began rule in 1713

The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as

the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility.

❏ LIBERTY:

the state of being free

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid- to late twenties because

they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families. Family members could work side to side and they maintained control of their young.

War of Austrian Succession

war started by the violation of the Pragmatic Sanction

Great Northern War

war where Russia's victory under Peter the Great leads to control over Baltic Sea

THE ESTATES GENERAL

was a committee made up to represent the people of France Three classes of France: Clergy Nobility Majority of people

In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832

was a major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50% and gave political representation to new industrial areas. It moved British politics in a democratic direction and allowed the House of Commons to emerge as the all-important legislative body (instead of the House of Lords).

Copernicus's theory of the universe

was that the stars and planets, including the earth, revolved around a fixed sun, which was the center of the universe [Copernican hypothesis].

A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill- a factory

water frame

Louis XVI

weak monarch of France who gives in to efforts for a constitutional monarchy and is executed during the Reign of Terror

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

were getting worse and improved only after 1820.

Serfdoms

when you would work and not be paid, but your work instead paid off your rent or debt Lords had power over serfs everyday life too

Thermadorian Reaction

who: maximilien robespierre and other Leftist revolutionaries suppressed under members of the national convention what: period between the removal and execution of robespierre and the inauguration of the French Directory in 9 Thermidor II (July 27 1794) where: post-revolutionary France relevance: began with the end of the reign of terror, decentralization of executive powers from the committee of public safety, and turn to more conservative policies in france

William and Mary

who: william iii (prince of orange; king of england, scotland and ireland) and mary ii what: protestant rulers of england, fought several wars against catholic Louis XIV of France. william's uncle James ii ruled as a catholic king of england and was wildly unpopular, so William invaded during the Glorious Revolution. where: England/Orange when: late 1600s (william died in 1702) relevance: some did not acknowledge them as rulers due to their belief in the divine right of kings. Jacobites pressed for James's reinstatement as king.

Seven Years' War

worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land. Ended with Britain winning control of considerable lands in North America

95 Theses

written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

❏ Creole:

your book says people of Spanish European ancestry born in Americas ❏ Many half-black, half-white children come out of this time ❏ In Spanish America mixed-race populations sometimes rose to the colonial elite ❏ Conquistadors had consolidated their power through marriage to daughters of local rulers and their descendants had become some of the powerful inhabitants. ❏ In South America mixed race people were often freed from slavery ❏ In the British colonies mixing was illegial and not accepted ❏ Masters would often rape or have relations with female slaves, but never as an open or accepted practice ❏ Jews who wanted in on the colonial commerce were often times discriminated against

Victor Hugo's political evolution was exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's, in whom

youthful radicalism gave way to middle-aged caution.

The Society of Jesus (Jesuits):

§ ): founded by Ignatius Loyola; played a powerful role in strengthening Catholicism in Europe and spreading the faith around the world.

NEWTON

§ Came up with 3 physical laws of attraction § Key feature was the law of universal gravitation: every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship based on the objects' quantity of matter and the distance between them. § United the whole universe in one coherent system

KEPLER

§ Combigned natural philosophy (study of universe) with mathematics § Three Laws of Planetary Motion 1. The orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular 2. The planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits. 3. In 1619 Kepler put forth his third law: the time a planet takes to make its complete orbit is related precisely to its distance from the sun.

PTOLEMY

§ Created the accepted standard map of the time § Discovered the idea that planets move in circles § It only had three continents v Africa v Asia v Europe

RENE DESCARTES

§ Deductive Reasoning: test a theory § Math as the starting point

VOLTAIRE

§ François Marie Arouet (known as Voltaire) § A reformer not a revolutionary § Believed in religious tolerance § Combining science and reason would be good for society and individuals § The best hope for society was a good monarch

DEISM

§ God exists, created you, but then no longer intervenes in your life § Your own moral sense, not Bible dictates what is right and wrong

FRANCIS BACON

§ Inductive Reasoning: develop a theory Based on Observation

ROUSSEAU

§ Jean-Jacques Rousseau § Strongly believed in individual freedom § He felt however, that rationalism destroyed instead of liberated the individual § Feeling and emotion had to be considered § Intellect could be cold § The Social Contract: § David Hume and Adam Smith will also elaborate on the place of human feelings § Sense vs sensibility ❏

English Reformation

§ King Henry VIII (r. 1509 - 1547) § Reformation of country caused be the King's desire to marry Anne Boleyn § Pope Clement VII: denied Henry his divorce from his first wife who was Catholic § Henry makes himself the supreme head of the Church of England § Thomas More beheaded for his radical ideas such as those in Utopia § Henry dissolved English monasteries § Tudor dynasty and new Protestant Church

CONQUEST OF SMALLPOX

§ Lady Mary Wortley Montagu of England is the first to try out smallpox vaccine on her son § Spread practice of smallpox inoculation from Muslim lands of western Asia to England § Risks of inoculation: 1 in 50 could die § Edward Jenner: Will create first successful vaccination in 1796 § New method of treatment spread rapidly and smallpox disappeared

Protestantism

§ Lutheranism was the first of a series of "Protestant" Christian faiths that broke from the Catholic Church. § People rejected catholicism to become protestant § simpler person religion attractive § believed everyone should read the scriptures § Idea that clergy should pay taxes and not have legal privileges appealed to townspeople

95 Theses

§ Martin Luther was also deeply troubled by the church's selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation. In 1517, martin wrote a list of arguments against the church practices, called § Martin Luther was also deeply troubled by the church's selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation. In 1517, martin wrote a list of arguments against the church practices, called § They were a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther. They started the Reformation, which would cause a break within the Catholic Church which profoundly changed Europe

MIDWIFERY

§ Midwives delivered the majority of babies § Labor and birth part of the female world § Male surgeons rarely entered female labor or birth § Invention of forceps will lead to involvement of male surgeons § Madame du Coudray, Manual on the Art of Childbirth (1757) § Midwives lost no more babies than male doctors § Female religious orders ran hospitals

Social Order under absolutism

§ Monarchs seen as semi-divine § Clergy seen as working for God § Nobles had power from bloodlines and their service on battlefield § Peasants and artisans made up the majority of the population § Families were patriarcial (power goes through the male/ father of the family) § Way home is run is how society is run (father has power to use force translates to kings using force) § Fathers had the power to punish and use force § Most Europeans lived in countryside § Peasants served noble landowners

IMPROVEMENTS IN SURGERY

§ Serious study of anatomy § Army sergons on battlefields were very knowledgeable § Amputation became an option for saving lives § Operations performed without painkillers § Many died from the agony and shock § Many death based on unsanitary conditions and lack of knowledge about bacteria and infections

MONTESQUIEU

§ The Baron de Montesquieu § Wrote The Persian Letters § The Spirit of Laws: 1. Monarchies 2. Republics 3. Despotisms § Believed in the separation of powers

DUTCH REPUBLIC ADVANCEMENTS

§ The Dutch were the leading agriculturalists § Their high population forced them to find proper solutions § They became expert swamp and marsh drainers as well § Improvements in livestock developed from selective breeding methods.

❏ American Revolutions: causes

§ The debt from the Seven Years War (known as the French & Indian War) causes major taxation from the British onto the American colonists § Restrictive Acts such as the Navigation Acts § Taxation without representaton Ideas of self-government § The French and Indian War § Taxes were raised n British citizens in colonies to pay for it § Costs were high to for employing British troops to watch over the colonies § The greatest benefits to the victory in war were playing out in North America

GALILEO

§ Used mathematics to study motion and mechanics § Experiments demonstrated that a uniform force such as gravity produced a uniform acceleration and led to his law of inertia

PHILOSOPHES

§ group of French intellectuals § France became the central hub for Enlightenment thought due to: 1. French was the International language of the educated 2. Was the wealthiest and most populated country in Europe 3. The unpopularity of the French Monarchy created discontent with the educated elite 4. Created the Republic of Letters

Catholic Reformation

§ within catholic areas the inquisition was used to get rid of haresy § Pope Paul III was the Pope who would change it all by being open to reform

Economic effects of the Black Death

· Drop in population allowed less fertile land to be abandoned, making yields per acre somewhat better · Turned to less labor-intensive types of agriculture such as raising sheep · High mortality = fall in production, shortage of goods, and a general rise in prices · Wheat, sausage, cheese prices increased · Jews were used as scapegoats · Flagellants whipped and scourged themselves as penance for their own and society's sin

The Hundred Years War

· From 1337 to 1453 England and France fought one another over disputes such as disagreements over rights to land, a dispute over the succession to the French throne, and economic conflict · Immediate political cause of the war was a disagreement over who would inherit the French throne after Charles IV of France died childless in 1328 · War began with a series of French sea raids · War then fought mostly in France · Battle of Poitiers = One battle of the Hundreds Years War · France won

Printing Press:

· Ideas of Erasmus were spread quickly through print, allowing hundreds or thousand of identical copies to be made in a short time (inner spirituality and personal morality rather than Scholastic theology or outward observances) · The writing of Erasmus's books. They were based on education in the Bible, inner spirituality, and personal morality, which influenced the people of the time to go to Church, and receive blessings. · Johann Gutenberg in 1440 invented printing press ❏

Climate Change

· In 1300s climate became colder/wetter · 1300s - 1800s = little ice age · Rivers freezed and crops never ripened · Archeological evidence: collapsed houses and emptied villages of Greenland · Viking colony on Greenland died out completely

City-States:

· Intensity of local feeling perpetuated the dozens of small states and hindered the development of one unified states · Five powers dominated the Italian peninsula: Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples · They controlled the smaller city-states (Siena, Mantura, Ferrara, and Modena) and they fought among themselves for territory

Pesant Revolts

· Nobles/clergy added taxes onto peasants · Peasants burned and pillaged castes and aristocracy country houses · Eventually led to English Peasants' Revolt

Christian Humanism:

· Northern humanists shared the ideas of Ficino and Pica about the wisdom of ancient texts, but they went beyond Italian efforts to synthesize the Christian and classical traditions to see humanist learning a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spirtual lives · Thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combines · Thomas More wrote "Utopia" = where all children receive a good education

Patronage

· People paying for works of art · Pope Julius II was patron for the Sistine Chapel · Had artists create portraits of their family and to flaunt their wealth, some patrons included slaves in their portraits

Humanism:

· Program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature · Around 1350, a new education in which young men would study the works of ancient Roman authors, using them as models of how to write clearly, argue effectively, and speak persuasively · People who advocated it were known as humanists and the program as humanism · Plato emphasizes on the spiritual and eternal over the material and transient fit well with Christian teachings about the immortality of the soul · Platonic idea = highest form of love was spirtual desire for pure, perfect beauty uncorrupted by bodily desires could easily be interpreted as the Christian desire for the perfection of God · Ficino and his student Giovanni Mirandola taught that the universe was a hierarchy of beings from God through spirtual beings to material beings, with humanity as the crucial link that possesses both material and spirtual natures · Artists could also exhibit virtue, an idea that Vassari captures in the title of his major work, "The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects" · Niccolo Machiavelli was a civic humanist and best known political theorist · Machiavelli's "The Prince" as often seen as the first modern guide to politics

Joan of Arc

· rench success rests on actions of Joan, a French peasant girl whose visions and military leadership revived French fortunes and led to victory · During adolescence, she began to hear voices, which she later said belonged to Saints · In 1428, these voices spoke to her urgently telling her that the dauphin, the uncrowned King Charles VII, had to be crowned and the English expelled from France · Joan traveled to the French court, had an audience with Charles, and secured his support to travel with the French army · There she dictated a letter to the English ordering them to surrender · She inspired and led French attacks, forcing the English to retreat from Orleans · In 1430, she was captured and sold to the English

§ The French and Indian War

• Conflict in the Ohio Valley: both French and British were wanting to have trading posts in area • Britan and its Colonists vs. French and most indians • England and the colonists will eventually defeat the French • Ends with Treaty of Paris (1763) • Royal Proclamation of 1763: colonists not allowed to settle west of the Appalachian mountains

FRANCE (French rev)

• France had helped America during their war in order to try to weaken their enemy, the british • Hundreds of French officers had served in the American Revolutionary War • They studied the new American Constitution • They had been experiencing so much turmoil and dissatisfaction themselves • Revolution was brewing • Theirs would be more challenging more in depth and more impactful on the world stage

TENNIS COURT OATH

• June 20, 1789 • Having been locked out and left out they will come together and resist the power of the monarchy and the nobility. • They will take their meeting to a nearby indoor tennis court • Outraged that they were being ignored they swore a solemn oath not to turn on each other or give up until they had been recognized as the National Assembly

REASONS FOR NEW INCREASE

• New crops such as the potato (from South America) which could feed many people • Improvements in transport: supplies could be delivered to people in need • Plague dropped off • Smallpox inoculation • Less death in warfare: efficient • Improved water supply • Drained swamps and marshes: less mosquitos to transport diseases

Economic causes of European Voyages

•After the black death, population grew as well as demanded for goods •Desire for spices for cooking, medicines and perfumes •Desire for new trade access after Ottoman takeover

New Ways of Thinking (causes for European Voyages)

•Curiosity •Renaissance thinking was more open •Eagerness about the physical universe •More people can read •After black death population grew as well as demanded for goods

Columbian Exchange

•Exchange of animals, plants, and disease •Meat and milk of European livestock •Maize • white potato •Epidemic disease swept the Western Hemisphere after 1492 •Urban areas were hit worse

New Technology (causes of European Voyages)

•Shipbuilding, weaponry, navigation •The caravel, three-mast sailing ship •Improvement of cartography and navigations •Creation of more accurate maps •The magnetic compass and the astrolabe

Religious causes for European Voyage

•Spices were also being used for rituals •Wanted to spread religion throughout new world •Competition with other states that had been religious enemies

❏ Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile, On Education

❏ (1762): boys education should include fresh air, exercise and life skills ❏ Believed women were born with domestic qualities ❏ Rousseau hypocritically will abandon five of his children to foundling hospitals

❏ Portuguese (what they did, where, why, how)

❏ Cape of Good Hope: Vasco de Gama, succeeded in rounding the Cape and proved that trade with the East was possible via the Cape route ❏ Lisbon will become the entrance port for Asian goods and laying the foundation for Portuguese imperialism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Absolutism in France

❏ Considered the boldest example of absolitost monarchial power ❏ Nicknamed himself the "Sun King" the center of everything, obsessed w making himself the most known king of France ❏ Worked very hard at the business of governing, ruling his realm through several councils of state, whose members were selected from the recently ennobled or upper middle class; he took a personal role in many of the councils' decisions. ❏ The Estates General was a council used to represent the different levels of societies, Louis never allowed them to meet in order to rule solely ❏ Revoked he Edict of Nantes: will lead to exiles and departures ❏ Changes things so that the state, not nobles, hires the army ❏ Mercantilism: export more than import ❏ Insisted on French made productions ❏ Supported old industries and created new ones ❏ Sent colonists to Quebec ❏ French explorers claimed "Louisiana" in America ❏ No massive tax increases or new offices ❏ Creates Versailles as his home and a place to nurture his relationship with nobles ❏ French classicism: custom of restraint, discipline, and balance ❏ Aristocratic women important to cultural force ❏ French culture inspired cosmopolitan European culture

Changes due to Consumer Revolution

❏ Consumer revolution: more buying ❏ Self-identity was tied to consuming practices ❏ Merchants inciting demand with marketing campaigns, boutiques ❏ Seized the reins of fashion from the courtiers ❏ Fashionable clothing more desirable ❏ Rise in clothing consumption ❏ Colonial economies supplied cotton and dyes ❏ Fashion blurred social group boundaries ❏ Women led in spreading of fashion ❏ More privacy in living spaces ❏ More individualized ways of life: a greater variety of cutlery and dishes; more books and prints; window glass that was more transparent; and cleaner, more efficient coal stoves. ❏ Hygiene standards improved: people bathed more often, city streets were cleaned more often ❏ Elite benefitted the most from new consumer economy

Constitutional States: England & Netherlands

❏ England and the Netherlands (the Dutch) will use constitutional states ❏ England will have a monarch but they cannot make any decisions without the use of parliament ❏ The Dutch will elect officials as representatives no monarch ❏ England will have major civil wars regarding religion (Protestant and Catholic) ❏ Charles I (King of England) will even be beheaded ❏ Oliver Cromwell not a King, just head of government, but will end up ruling as a military dictator

❏ French (what they did, where, why, how)

❏ English and French searched for a northwest passage to the indies ❏ Futile voyages of Newfoundland and Canada ❏ French exploration of the Atlantic ends with them trading furs and competing for fishing trade in Canada ❏ Leads to Quebec, Montreal, and some settlements in Louisiana

SEPTEMBER MASSACRES

❏ Fearing a Prussian invasion and riled up by rumors that counter-revolutionaries would aid the Prussians, angry crowds stormed the prisons and killed jailed priests and aristocrats, an incident known as the September Massacres.

Results of state building

❏ Greater taxation -at cost of the poor community ❏ Growth in armed forces ❏ Larger and more efficient bureaucracies (governing groups) ❏ Increased ability to compel obedience from subjects. ❏ They relied on trusted ministers to govern ❏ Their goal was to reach sovereignty or at least get near it (power is not questioned and comes from one single source) ❏ Built very large armies that were standing at all times: they were more professional, well trained

Haitian Revolution effects

❏ His assistant Jean Jacques Dessalines will take over and lead the revolt to a successful victory ❏ On January 1, 1804, Dessalines formally declared the independence of Saint-Domingue and the creation of the new sovereignty ❏ The Haitian constitution was ratified in 1805. ❏ Haiti, born from the first successful large-scale slave revolt in history, became the second independent state in the Americas and the first in Latin America ❏ Fearing the same for American slaves, President Thomas Jefferson will refuse to recognize Haiti

Napoleon Rise

❏ His succession in Italy made him extremely popular with the French people ❏ Napoleon was named first consul of the republic; a new constitution, approved in December 1799, maintained republican appearances while making Napoleon the real ruler of France. ❏ Napoleon used his popularity and charism to maintain and order and end civil stride by working out a bargin with the solid middle class...... ❏ The code reasserted two of the fundamental principles of the revolution of 1789: equality of all male citizens before the law, and security of wealth and private property. ❏ To win over peasants, Napoleon defended the gains in land and status they had claimed during the Revolution. ❏ Napoleon built on the established bureaucracy to create a centralized state and consolidated his rule by recruiting disillusioned revolutionaries for important posts. ❏ After 10 years of chaos from the revolution the people craved strict order and stability ❏ He brought a false sense of unity, expansion, and military victories, there were signs of tyranny ❏ Napoleon curtailed free speech and freedom of the press and manipulated voting in the occasional elections ❏ In 1804 he declared himself Emperor of France ❏ After 1810 political suspects were held in state prisons, as they had been during the Terror. ❏ Napoleon increasingly saw himself as the emperor of not only France but of Europe

Napopeon Fall

❏ However, French rule sparked patriotic upheavals and encouraged the growth of reactive nationalism, as Napoleon levied heavy taxes and conscripted men for his armies to support the prosperity and interests of France. ❏ The first great revolt occurred in Spain in 1808 when a coalition rebelled against Napoleon's attempts to make Spain a French satellite and waged guerrilla warfare against French armies. ❏ In 1810, when the Grand Empire was at its height, Britan still remained at war with France, helping the guerrillas in Spain and.... ❏ The Continental System backfired, as a computer-blockade instituted by Britan created hardships for the French population ❏ Napoleon turned on Alexander I, who had openly repudiated Napoleon's war of prohibitions against British goods, and invaded Russia in June 1812 with what was probably the largest force assembled to date. ❏ Though he had originally planned to winter in the Russian city of Smolensk, Napoleon recklessly pressed on toward Moscow. ❏ The great Battle of Borodino that followed was a draw, and Alexander ordered the evacuation of Moscow, which the Russians then burned in part, and refused to negotiate. ❏ After five weeks in the scorched and abandoned city, Napoleon ordered a retreat that turned into one of the greatest military disasters in history, as the Russian army, the Russian winter, and starvation cut Napoleon's army to pieces. ❏ Napoleon might still have saved his throne if he had been willing to accept a France reduced to its historical size, but he refused. ❏ All across Europe patriots called for a "war of liberation" against Napoleon's oppression, and on April 4, 1814, a defeated Napoleon abdicated his throne. ❏ The Quadruple alliance formed in the Treaty of Chaumont—Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain granted Napoleon the island of Elba as his own tiny state and allowed him to keep his imperial title. ❏ The allies also agreed to the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty under Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824).

John Locke

❏ Humans begin as a blank canvas and then are impacted by their experiences and by external forces such as education and social institutions ❏ Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690): education and rational thought could be learned ❏ Two Treatise of Government (1690): ❏ Authority NOT given to monarchs by God ❏ People had a right to natural rights: life, liberty, and property

War of Spanish Succession

❏ In 1700, Spanish King Charles II bequeathed the Spanish empire to Philip of Anjou (Louis' grandson) ❏ This will cause tension with other powers in Europe thereby triggering the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713) between France and the Grand Alliance of the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians. ❏ The Peace of Utrecht, which ended the war in 1713, allowed Louis's grandson Philip to remain king of Spain on the understanding that the French and Spanish crowns would never be united and gave French territory in the Americas to England.

infant morality

❏ Infant mortality increased due to wet-nursing: travel, conditions in wet nurse homes ❏ High infant mortality rates balanced out with high fertility

Robespierre Reign of Terror

❏ Maximilien Robespierre from The Mountian would eventually take charge for himself ❏ He gains support by joining forces with the Sans Culottes ❏ In September 1793 Robespierre and his colleagues established a planned economy with overtones of socialism, setting maximum prices for key products and putting people to work producing arms and munitions for the war effort. ❏ Radical economic measures supplied the poor with bread and the armies with weapons, and the Reign of Terror ❏ He will use his Committee of Public Safety to carry out his Reign of Terror ❏ Approximately 40,000 French men and women either died in prison or were executed considered "enemies of the state" ❏ 300, 000 were arrested ❏ Used as a weapon by Robespierre to warn against dissent ❏ The Terror also brought the Revolution into all aspects of everyday life, sponsoring revolutionary art and songs, introducing secular festivals and holidays that celebrated republican virtue and patriotism, and initiating a campaign of de-Christianization, which aimed to eliminate Catholic symbols and beliefs. ❏ Many French people were stirred by a common loyalty and developed an intense emotional commitment to the defense of the nation and saw war as a life-and-death struggle between good and evil. ❏ The all-out mobilization of French resources under the Terror combined with the fervor of nationalism to create an awesome fighting machine. ❏ The Revolutionary government initiated he draft, and by January 1994, French armed forces outnumbered those of their enemies ❏ Well trained, well equipped, and constantly indoctrinated, the enormous armies of the republic were led by young, impetuous generals who had often risen through the ranks.

❏ The Renaissance:

❏ Rested on economic and political developments in the city-states of northern Italy ❏ Economic growth laid the material basis for the Italian Renaissance, and ambitious merchants gained political power ❏ By the middle of the twelfth century Venice, supported by a huge merchant marine, Venice had grown rich through overseas trade ❏ Florence's favorable location on the main road made it a commercial hub, and the city grew wealthy buying/selling all types of goods throughout Europe and the Mediterranean ❏ Florentine merchants loaned and invested money, and acquired control of papal banking ❏ They began to dominate European banking on both sides of the Alps, setting up offices ❏ The profits made from loans, investments, and money exchanges that poured back to Florence were pumped into urban industries such as clothmaking ❏ Wealth allowed imported luxuries, and leisure time to appreciate and patronize the arts ❏ Merchants and bankers commissioned public and private buildings from architects and hired sculptors and painter to decorate their homes and churhces ❏ Petrarch = father of Renaissance

❏ Thermidorian Reaction

❏ Robespierre continued his reign of terror and even started sentencing those he worked with ❏ As a result, a group of middle class professionals, who had the earlier part of the revolution, joined together and turned the........... ❏ He was executed on 9 Thermidor Year II (July 28, 1794) ❏ Thermidor was the new calendar system adopted by the new French Republic ❏ After Robespierre a new government named The Directory is put in place ❏ It is made up of a few individuals to avoid King tendencies, but the group will prove ineffective and weak ❏ Two years later Napoleon Bonaparte ended the Directory in a coup d'état, substituting a strong dictatorship for a weak one...

Transatlantic slave trade

❏ Slavery already deeply entrenched in the mediterranean ❏ Ottomans halted the flow of white slaves ❏ Portuguese merchants sought slaves along the western coast of Africa ❏ Slaves made 10 percent of population ❏ European demand for sugar grew ❏ Forced native islanders to work ❏ Transatlantic slave trade began in 1518 ❏ Dutch West India Company & Royal African Company ❏ 20 percent of aftican slave trade died in voyage

❏ Haitian Revolution: causes and effects

❏ St. Domingue was a French colony ❏ Mostly populated with slaves from Africa ❏ There were a few powerful French (creoles) who owned most property and held the wealth ❏ Their treatment of slaves was horrible: terrifying violence ❏ Slaves did not have a long life expectancy ❏ There was also a moderate amount of free people of color ❏ Hearing about the events within France and some new freedoms granted to people of color from the National Assembly will inspire a slave revolt ❏ Local governments will not acknowledge these rights ❏ Slaves are guaranteed freedom from National Assembly if they help French fight war against European foes ❏ The free people of color wanted equality with Creoles, slaves wanted freedom ❏ Slaves would have meeting in the middle of the night to plan ❏ Toussaint L'Ouverture will lead the revolution ❏ He will be captured by Napoleons forces and sent to Paris, where he will eventually die ❏

Baroque art

❏ Started as a result of the Catholic Reformation ❏ Dramatic and emotional ❏ Catholic Church encouraged the growth of an intensely emotional, exuberant art and wanted artists to go beyond the Renaissance focus on pleasing a small, wealthy cultural elite to a focus on appealing to the senses and souls of ordinary churchgoers, while proclaiming the power of the church. ❏ Two masters of the era: Peter Paul Rubens in art, and Johann Sebastian Bach in music

❏ American Revolutions: effects

❏ Statement of revolutionary ideals ❏ Similar to our Declaration of Independence ❏ "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights" ❏ "Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" ❏ Guaranteed: ❏ Equality before the law ❏ Representation government for the sovereighn people ❏ Individual freedom ❏ Religious freedom granted to French Protestants and Jews

Thirty Years War

❏ The Catholic and Protestant truce deteriorated ❏ The Protestant Union and the Catholic League were created as competitors ❏ Bohemian phase of the war: 1618-1625 ❏ Conflict spread through Holy Roman Empire (most of Europe) ❏ Horribly destructive for European economy and society ❏ Trade in southern German cities destroyed due to destruction to land, loss of land ❏ A large portion of the urban and rural population died in the war

Muslum contributions

❏ The Muslim World (the Middle East) was a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age. This is where many classic Greek texts were translated ❏ Algebra ❏ Geometry ❏ Trignomotry ❏ Calculus

How things will change due to Scientific Revolution

❏ The Renaissance: began the idea of looking to the classics to come to new, open conclusions, humanism, appreciation for knowledge ❏ Greek philosophers will once again be a major source of inspiration ❏ Creation of Universities ❏ Natural Philosophy (studying the physical universe) will become science ❏ Persuit of knowledge of geographical areas ❏ Unty of math and natural philosophy ❏ At the time alchemy and astrology are included

Restoration in England

❏ The Restoration of the Monarchy will happen with Charles II ❏ The monarchy will still battle over religious control until the Glorious Revolution which will finally lead to a true constitutional monarchy with William and Mary of Orange

Goals of State Building

❏ To protect and expand their frontiers ❏ Raise new taxes ❏ Consolidate central control ❏ Compete for new colonies in the New and Old Worlds

Changes in Leisure and Recreation

❏ Village culture remained largely oral ❏ Socializing story telling, singing, chatting ❏ Amusements in towns and cities: gardens, theaters, libraries, fairs ❏ Growing commercialization in leisure activities ❏ Profit-oriented spectator sports: horse racing, boxing ❏ Blood sports: cock fighting, bullbaiting ❏ Religious festivals and processions: carnivals and festivals after lent ❏ Educated elites criticized religious recreation as sinful and disorderly

Wet Nursing

❏ Women hired wet nurse to be able to go out and earn a living ❏ Rural wet nursing widespread business: baby would live with the wet nurse ❏ Wet-nursing common in northern France: half of the infants born in Paris were placed with rural wet nurses; 20 to 25 percent were placed in the homes of nurses; and 20 to 25 percent were abandoned to foundling hospitals.

Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690)

❏ by political philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) maintained that a government that oversteps its proper function—protecting the natural rights of life, liberty, and property—becomes a tyranny.

Cromwell

❏ divided England into military districts ❏ Led an army to reconquer Ireland in 1649 ❏ The English banned Catholicism in Ireland ❏ Enforced a Navigation Act to control business on the seas of Atlantic ❏ Welcomed the immigration of Jews ❏ Cromwell died in 1658; the English restored the monarchy in 1660

Cottage Industry

❏ manufacturing with hand tools (often loaned) in pesant cottages and work shed ❏ Grew to become a crucial feature of the European economy. ❏ Mostly textiles: weaving done by men

Industrious Revolution

❏ reduced leisure time, stepped up the pace of work, redirected the labor of women and children toward wage work ❏ Some argue that industrious revolution was bad due to longer work hours and stricter discipline ❏ While others insist that poor families made decisions based on their own self-interests. ❏ Membership restrictions ❏ Christian men ❏ experiencce ❏ Paid membership fees ❏ Had to have completed a "masterpiece" ❏ Their sons could inherit membership ❏ Most outsiders barred ❏ Privileges included exclusive rights to produce and sell certain goods, access to raw materials, and the rights to train apprentices and open shops. ❏ Served social and religious functions, providing group identity to the middling classes. ❏ Most urban men and women worked in non-guild trades as domestic servants, manual laborers, and vendors of food, clothing, and other goods.

. What was the most important influence on the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?

Political competition between the aristocracy in the middle class. Middle class groups received the vote.

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

Political democracy - all men must be given the right to vote.

Utopia

Political writing of Thomas More; an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect

Cardinal Richelieu

Politique CHIEF MINISTER for Louis XIII and XIV. Laid groundwork for Louis XIV's ABSOLUTISM. Developed INTENDANT SYSTEM

After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at

Poltava, Ukraine.

Political classes finding the reformation appealing

Poor/middle class people seeing as the reformation promoted equality

Bribed his way to the papacy great patron of the arts especially Michelangelo and Raphae

Pope Alexander VI

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Pope Alexander VI settles the competition over these lands between Spain and Portugal

Son of Lorenzo Medici issued a papal bull communicating Luther filed to realize the importance of the reformation

Pope Leo X

Pope Paul III

Pope who led the Catholic Reformation by calling for the Council of Trent.

Social changes (causes for revolution in general)

Population increase inflation poor were working longer and harder granting them access to consumption more women in labor force new inequalities mixed elite a product of miscarriages between nobles and educated consumers bad weather lead to crop failure and food shortages

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain who led the first expedition around the world.

Bartholomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and thus found the route to the Indian Ocean. This helped establish an overseas trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies, which provided Europeans with the cargoes of jewels and spices they so desired.

Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, which led to Portuguese control of the spice trade

Habsburgs

Powerful ROYAL FAMILY in Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain. Fought in a bunch of wars and owned huge territory. Huge impact.

French East India Trading Company

Powerful organization that helps France develop a powerful navy. Bans food exports which keeps peasants fed

Simony

Practice of the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages wherein Church leaders sold high Church positions. This practice was used to gain power for sons who would not inherit family wealth and land because of birth order.

Thomas Jefferson

Primary author of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd president of the US. Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase in 1803

Count Camillo de Cavour

Prime Minister to Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont. Although he considered himself liberal, he was willing to use deception to promote national goals.

Metternich System

Prince Metternich was an ultra-conservative Austrian chancellor. The system bearing his name sought to restore pre-Nepoleonic rulers to their thrones, restore the European balance of power, and repress liberal and democratic ideas. Metternich was forced to resign in 1848.

Ideas spread by...

Printing press and Guttenburg's Bible.

Renaissance Women

Privileged ones received more EDUCATION, with humanist influence. Some women gained ruling POWER during Renaissance. LEGAL STATUS DECLINED--WORSE than Middle Ages.

War of the Austrian Succession

Prussia's Frederick II seized SILESIA, violating PRAGMATIC SANCTION, and it grew into a huge WAR with Austria gaining ALLIES from all over the place. Led to SEVEN YEARS' WAR.

Frederick William I

Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization

junkers

Prussian nobles

Sea Dogs

Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and Sir Walter Raleigh were among this group of adventurous English sea captains who challenged Portuguese and Spanish sea trade supremacy and robbed foreign vessels of their valuables.

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"

Slogan of the revolutionaries in France seeking liberty from oppression, equality for all men, and fraternity, or unity, of Frenchmen.

Sans culottes

Small Business owners/Working class. Have a living income and work in urban cities. They feel the strains of the economy the most because they have no direct access to food. Pay taxes at 22%

In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice?

Social legislation and electoral reform.

The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following?

Recognized the rights of French Protestants.

Excommunication

Refusal of the Catholic Church to administer the sacraments to a person.

Women's March on Versailles

Revolt where women invaded the National Assembly and the royal apartments (1789)

Protestant Reformation - Political Causes

Rising nation-states, Black Death diminished population

Inquisition

Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy—especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. Especially for Jews.

Peter the Great

Romanov ruler of Russia from 1682-1725. He brought Western European ideas to Russia, improved the Russian army, achieved control of the Orthodox Church, dominated the nobility and transformed Russia into a major world power.

Catherine the Great

Romanov ruler of Russia from 1763-96 who supported enlightened additions to Russian culture and expanded Russia's borders to include control of the northern shores of the Black Sea, the Crimea, Polish land, and Alaska.

Ivan IV

Romanov ruler of Russia known as Ivan the Terrible. He was a fierce ruler who laid the groundwork for the westernizing of Russia that was later continued by Peter the Great. Ivan IV's rule of intimidation lasted from 1547-1584.

Positive changes of acriculture

Rotating crops New crop supply from New World (Americas) Some discoveries from Scientific Revolution Increase of animal supply: Ø More meat Ø More dairy Ø More manure Ø More help for labor ❏ ❏ Open field system vs. enclosure

Roundheads and Cavaliers

Roundheads were supporters of Parliament, including non-Anglican Protestants and Puritans, while Cavaliers (or royalists) were supporters of the King, largely Roman Catholics, Anglicans, and nobles.

Separate Gender Spheres

Rousseau advocated this, that men and women be kept in different areas of work and life.

Spain's Golden Age.

Rule of PHILIP II. Riches from NEW WORLD. Increased POPULATION.--> Triggered INFLATION. Efficient bureaucracy and MILITARY. Ended with Spanish ARMADA DEFEAT.

Maria Theresa

Ruled HABSBURG Empire under PRAGMATIC SANCTION. Said to have PRESERVED the Habsburg state. Allowed Magyar nobility autonomy. War of AUSTRIA SUCCESSION.

Mazarin

Ruled as regent in place of Louis XIV. Also fought for the centralization of Monarchs control

Charles V & I

Ruler of Austria, Netherlands, Spain & its possessions and elected HRE. Most powerful ruler of his day. Then acquired Hungary and Bohemia - afraid of Turks who were pushing westwards. Also under constant challenge from Valois kings of France and faced with upheaval of Reformation (religious upset) Many feared that Euro faced with Universal Monarchy i.e. a dominating, all-powerful ruler. THIS CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL MONARCHY WILL BE A REPEATING THEME IN EURO HISTORY.

Louis XVI

Ruler of France (1774-92). Successor of Louis XV. Married Marie Antoinette, and nearly bankrupted France by supporting the American Revolution. Beheaded by the guillotine in January of 1793, on the orders of the National Convention.

William of Orange

Ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Hapsburg Philip II of Spain.

Louis XIV

Rules for 72 years. Dominates the political and social stage of Europe for 40 years. Initially successful but the long term affect of his reign is disastrous Continues the intendants Develops a standing army paid for by the state Uses propaganda to inspire awe in his people

Hohenzollern Dynasty

Ruling family of Prussia

boyars

Russian nobles

Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy?

Salvation by faith alone

Painted the birth of venus assisted in the Sistine chapel

Sandra Botticelli

Thomas Hobbes

Scientific Revolution thinker. Believed that human nature was BRUTAL and CORRUPT. Advocated ABSOLUTIST government as "necessary" to control subjects.

John Locke

Scientific Revolution thinker. Criticized absolutism and advocated rights of LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY. Viewed humans as creatures of REASON and GOODWILL. Theory of "TABULA RASA": the mind at birth is a blank slate to be influenced by education and environment

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

Scientific racism.

James Watt

Scot who invented the steam engine in 1869.

Rasputin

Self-proclaimed Russian holy man who became confidante to Czarina Alexandria, wife of Nicholas II. He reputedly was able to help the heir, Alexis, who suffered from hemophilia. His unsavory reputation and drunken behavior led to rumors that his relationship with the Czarina was inappropriate. Murdered in 1916.

English Bill of Rights

Set of English laws protecting individual rights and establishing relationship between king and Parliament

Trafalgar

The British barely beat Napoleon in this battle so he cuts off Britain as a trading partner which devastates the French economy

Lusitania

The British passenger ship torpedoed by the Germans in 1915, who claimed munitions were on board. Over 1,000 died, including Americans, and this event helped turn American opinion against Germany.

Five Year Plans

Stalin's attempt to rapidly modernize Russia's industrial capacity began in 1928, with the collectivization of farms as part of the process. Russia's heavy industrial capacity did increase, but the collectivization caused massive unrest and violence. The second Five Year Plan began in 1933.

Great Fire of London

Started accidentally by a baker. Again, Charles II is not blamed because they use science to discover the source of the fire The result of is the first fire department which is supported by the community and the beginning of urban planning (creation of zones)

Pietism

Starts during the Great Awakening, A much milder form of puritanism

Charles II

Stuart son of Charles I and ruler of England from 1660-83. Known as the "Merry Monarch" because of his restoration of a more liberal culture after Cromwell's conservative republic.

Charles I

Stuart son of James I and King of England, 1625-49. Beheaded by Roundheads at the end of the Civil War. Charles fought with the Puritan Parliament over his war expenses related to Scotland and Ireland, advancing his belief in the divine-right of kings, and marrying a Catholic, French princess.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish ruler during Thirty Years' War whose death caused France to help Sweden

John Calvin

Swiss leader of Protestantism and advocate of predestination who created theocracies in Swiss cantons. His ideas led to a large following in France, known collectively as the Huguenots.

Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist who was noted for his work dealing with archetypes. He also believed in the theory of collective unconscious (this refers to a dimension of human subconscious that all members of a particular social group would share).

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.

Ship tax

Tax imposed to all costal cities in England. This is expanded to all cities but is not approved by parliament. Charles I also revives old feudal taxes

Jansenism

Teachings of St. Augustine. Success with Paris' noble families until suppressed it.

Enlightened Absolutism

Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.

De Raemond's purpose in the passage is to criticize which of the following Protestant beliefs?

That the Bible should be directly accessible to all believers

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers sometimes came into conflict with Protestant rulers of the states in which they lived?

Some reformers believed that the church should not be subject to the secular state.

Counter-Reformation

Sometimes called the Catholic Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was started in the 1530s by the Church and was aimed at reforming internal Church practices to combat the success of the Protestant Reformation.

Phillip II

Son of Charles V and a devout Catholic, he was the Hapsburg ruler of Spain from 1556-98. He led the Spanish Counter-Reformation but failed to invade Protestant England with his Spanish Armada.

James I

Son of Mary Queen of Scots Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. Loves art and thee theatre and

James I

Son of Mary Queen of Scots. Ruled England and Scotland together until 1625. Believed in divine-right rule and Anglicanism, which led to conflict with the largely Puritan Parliament. Closest relative to Elizabeth I at the time of her death.

Frederick William I

Son of Prussian King Frederick I who ruled from 1713-40. He channeled royal funds toward militarizing Prussia, creating an efficient tax system and establishing compulsory education.

Frederick II (the Great)

Son of Prussian King Frederick William I and ruler of Prussia from 1740-86. He seized Silesia from Austria, starting the War of Austrian Succession and then Diplomatic Revolution.

Austria and Prussian Absolutism:

The Black Plague had decreased the population to the point where now there was more land to go around Serfdom will return and be widely utilized Towns will decrease, countryside life will grow The Hasburgs (Catholics) will take over Austria

Estates General

The French Style Parliament in that each estate gets one vote. This makes it so that the 1+2 estate always work together in the Parliament.

Loyola's "Rules" were created to most directly support which of the following?

The Catholic Reformation

Rump Parliament

The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic and abolished the House of Lords and the monarchy.

Alexander II

The Czar liberator who issued a proclamation "freeing" the serfs. However, he was assassinated in 1881.

At the end of the 1600's, most European economies were agrarian. Which country was the exception?

The Dutch Republic and England

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, formed in 1949, was the West's military organization designed to discourage further Soviet expansion and to counter the Warsaw Pact.

Ottoman Empire and Europe

The Ottomans and the Europeans fought often for territory. Their relationship was often tense, as the Ottomans were the LARGEST and most STABLE empire to rise after the fall of the Roman Empire

Code Napoleon

The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France 1. Equality before the law, 2. Abolishes noble titles, 3. Religious toleration, 4. Torture is allowed 5. Death penalty for minor crimes is abolished 6. Women's right to divorce, children, property rights, protest, and report physical abuse is taken away, 7 Civil Marriage- you must first get married in a court before a religious celebration. this makes it easier for Napoleon to track marriages in France, 8 Guarantees divorce for men

Vernacular Languages

The common speech of the masses. They were the alternative to Latin, the language of the learned. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of this in literature, though Latin remained the universal tongue of scholarship, politics, and the Church in Western Europe until after the Middle Ages and the Reformation.

Bodin's discussion of tyrannical and despotic monarchies reflects which of the following political developments in Europe?

The concentration of power in increasingly centralized governments

Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.

"The Irish Question"

The dispute initiated by Protestant Britain's takeover of Catholic Ireland in the 1700s and Britain's continued control of Northern Ireland has caused tension and violence between the two for centuries.

Nicolaus Copernicus

The Polish scientist who worked in the 1500s. HE abandoned the largely accepted geocentric theory that the planets moved around Earth and advocated the heliocentric theory, which stated that the center of the universe was near the Sun.

-Hans Herberle, shoemaker in Ulm, southern Germany, personal chronicle compiled in the 1630s The ability of someone of Herberle's social status in seventeenth-century Germany to read and write was most likely the result of which of the following?

The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible

Michael Ferrer's defense best illustrates which of the following?

The Protestant victory in the Glorious Revolution

Mary I

"Bloody Mary". Super-Catholic. Married PHILIP II of Spain. KILLED PROTESTANTS, or exiled them.

Olympe de Gouge

"Declaration of the Rights of Women" French writer who promoted the rights of women during the French Revolution; eventually guillotined for her outspoken ideas

Francesco Petrarch

"FATHER OF HUMANISM" First person to study actual literary classics and NOT their secondary commentaries.

John Wycliffe

"Morningstar of the Reformation": Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollards. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope. Believed in reading the Bible, and translated it into English

Kristallnacht

"Night of broken glass," occurring in November 1938. This marked the beginning of overtly violent Nazi attacks against the Jewish population in Germany.

Descartes

(1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. Questioned everything except god; questioned own existance.

Joseph II

(Austria) -Expanded religious toleration: full tolerance to Lutherans, Ortho, Christians, Calvinists; improved lives of jews; freed serfs; believed in popular education and social equality -Despotic ways: practiced mercantilism, absolutist in terms of govt appointment -most of this didn't work

Diplomatic Revolution

(diplomatic revolution)

Frederick William of Prussia

(the Great Elector), took a giant step toward absolutism, Estates unable to successfully resist his demands, forced the Estates to establish permanent taxation without consent to pay for his permanent standing army, reconfirmed privileges of the nobility, could use naked force to break the liberties of the towns

Old Regime

**French society before the Revolution (pyramid)** 1. First estate—clergy -100,000 -Bishops and higher (not priests) -Tax exempt 2. Second estate—nobles -400,000 -Landowners -Running the government -Tax exempt and have political power 3. Third estate—everyone else: -26 million (pyramid inside pyramid) -Bourgeoisie: upper middle class, educated, pay taxes, no political power →Many see the cause of the revolution as the conflict between the third estate and the second -Wage Earners: affected by prices and inflation, radical →Set wage -Peasants: most numerous, feared serfdom, most oppressed by the nobles →Afraid of land owners - concerned that the nobles are going to ensurf (inslave) peasants for not being able to pay off debts

Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)

**Lasted 10 months** 1. Louis and family tried to escape -Disguised as peasants -Caught and placed in the Temple prison 2. Government became more dominated by radical elements who wanted to get rid of the king. -Republic? -Girondins—more moderate revolutionaries -Jacobins—radicals 3. War began -Austria was concerned about the well-being of Marie Antoinette; Prussia was concerned about the revolt spreading. -Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz which stated that they would declare war if other countries did as well. Were unsure about England. -Legislative Assembly took the initiative and declared war on Austria -The Legislative Assembly collapsed, and the government fell to the radicals. →They were arguing and shit -If the French lose the war, so is the revolution

Vasco de Gama

-1497=sailed on mission to reach India and open sea route from Europe to east -Portuguese explorer -1502-2nd expedition clashed with Muslim trader At India- estb 1st Portuguese trading post

Philip II

The king of Spain during their GOLDEN AGE. Pro-Catholic. Married to Mary I

1st Estate

1% of the Population. Bishops and Cardinals (not priests) that come from the noble class. Legally exempt from paying taxes. Receive tithes

Causes of the SCIENTIFIC Revolution

1. Growth of universities -Foster more questioning 2. Renaissance humanism 3. Technological advances -Invention of the lens -Telescope -Microscope 4. Beginnings of exploration 5. Challenges of the Church

Rump Parliament

50/500 original Parliament who did not support the King. This is what was left after Pride's Purge. They vote to have Charles I executed.

Witch Hunts

80% were single, widowed, 40+ WOMEN. Up to maybe 100,000 people sentenced to burn for witchcraft. Accused of doing perverted stuff with the devil. Bad reputation from CLERGY. Ended partly because SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION reduced SUPERSTITION.

3rd Estate

97% of the Population. Broken down into the Bourg, the Sans Coulat and the peasants. Anyone who is not in the nobility is considered this class

Napoleon

A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. They are corrupted by gov't and politics. Government should exist to protect common good and the general will

Madame du Coudray

A French midwife who taught other women how to deliver babies properly which helped to decrease infant mortality

George I

A German Protestant prince who spoke no English, therefore completely let Parliament have control and started the Cabinet, which was a handful of Parliament advisers

Regent

A person who rules a country for someone who is unable to rule alone (sick or a child)

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization. Only adults baptized.

Niccoló Machiavelli

A Renaissance Italian political theorist. His major theory is that rulers are most successful when they inspire FEAR in the subjects. Wanted to urge rulers to use ruthless methods to keep out foreign conquerors of Italy.

Yuri A. Gagarin

A Russian cosmonaut who became the first man to orbit the earth in 1961. The Soviets' early successful space missions spurred the United States to increase their efforts in this field.

Economic liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

class consciousness

A belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups

The Prince

A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and says how a ruler is able to keep power and manage to keep it disregarding enemies.

Cecil Rhodes

A firm believer in British rights to expand control across Africa. He successfully helped Britain gain control of South Africa and Rhodesia (named after him). Lived from 1853-1902.

Tariff protection

A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products.

Benjamin Disraeli

A great leader of Great Britain's Conservative Party, he held the office of Prime Minister in 1868 and again from 1874-80. He was a strong supporter of Britain's imperialist ambitions, but also supported a policy of liberal social reforms.

Conciliarists

A group of church members who believed that a council had the power to elect and depose of popes.

guerrilla warfare

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Versailles

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris that exhibited his power and served as his seat of government

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that the lands being explored to Europe's west were, in fact, a new continent, so America was named after him.

Nuclear family

A married couple and their unmarried children living together.

Printing press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. These devices using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450, thanks to Gutenberg.

Council of Trent

A meeting held to discuss and reform practices of the Catholic Church. It reaffirmed some of the core beliefs of the Church while reforming other practices and cracking down on abuses

Presbyterians

A member of a protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox

Mercantilism

A new economic theory in the 1400s based on the idea that a country's wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver it possessed. This led to fierce competition for metallic riches through exploration and imperialism.

Candide

A novel by Voltaire that uses fiction as a method of critiquing institutionalized religion

GREAT FEAR

A panic that swept the peasant population that the nobles would try to retaliate and wipe out the National Assembly It would lead to further revolt

Indulgence

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for repentance for sins

Pugachev

A peasant who claimed to be Peter III and led a peasant revolt against Catherine but it resulted in worse conditions for them than before (1773-1774)

Commercial Revolution

A period of economic innovation that was a result of colonization and exploration between the late fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. This revolution saw the rise of joint-stock companies and the growth of mercantilism.

Jacobin Club

A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.

Niccolo Machiavelli

A statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government in his most famous work, "The Prince"

putting-out system

A system developed in the eighteenth century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Hundred Years' War

A war between England and France from 1337-1453 with political and economic causes and consequences

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during and immediately after the Revolutionary War. Was scrapped in favor of the current Constitution that created a much stronger central government

Diplomatic Revolution

France allies with Austria prior to the Seven Years War. Leads to marriage of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI

Portuguese Age of Exploration

Africa and Indian Ocean

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Colbert

French Minister of Finances under Louis XIV who promoted mercantilism

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DECLARES CHANGES

August 4, 1789 v Pesant serfdom abolished v Exclusive hunting rights abolished v Fees for legal cases abolished v Government right to force peasants to work on roads abolished v Tithes forced to pay to church abolished

Great Hunger/Great Famine

Beginning in 1845, a sever blight struck the European potato crop. In Ireland, the results were devastating and millions died, with even more immigrating to Canada and the United States. The event is also called the Potato Famine.

Florence Nightingale

British nurse whose emphasis on cleanliness and training for nurses revolutionized health care.

Yalta Conference

In 1945, Stalin, Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt met to discuss postwar issues. Stalin was the winner, gaining a pro-Soviet government in charge of Poland, the division of Germany, and territory concessions in Asia as well.

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to Henry IV's weak son, Louis XIII of France. He worked to establish absolute rule by weakening the nobles and Huguenots and employing intendants.

Role of China (trading at indian ocean)

China entered economic expansion, growth, and urbanization China desired luxury products China advanced economically Admiral Zheng He was an explorer for China, reaching as far as Egypt China will eventually abandon maritime expeditions due to political conflicts India an important contributor of goods like pepper and cotton

Thomas Paine

Pamphlet COMMON SENSE motivated American colonists to separate from Britain.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch scholar known as "Prince of Northern Humanists." Lived from 1495-1536. He criticized the lack of spirituality in the Church in "The Praise of Folly", which ridicules the superstition, ignorance, and vice of Christians on pilgrimages, in fasting, and the Church's interpretation of the Bible.

Habsburg Dynasty

Dynasty that controlled Austria and Spain, up until 1900s.

Denis Diderot

EDITOR of a 17-volume ENCYCLOPEDIA. "Freedom and Economic Improvement"

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Paris Commune

After France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the liberal National Guard rebuffed the Third Republic's effort to disarm them and formed an independent Paris, a government called the Paris Commune. The conservative president of France, Adolphe Thiers, sent more troops to capture Paris and a bloodbath ensued. The Communards were defeated.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to liberty, equality, security, and resistance to oppression to all men

The image could best be used to illustrate which of the following general aspects of the initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans?

Advances in military and maritime technology usually gave Europeans an advantage over Native Americans.

Battle of Britain

After quickly defeating most of Western Europe, the Nazis launched an aerial attack against Great Britain in 1940. Believing that the bombing raids would force England's surrender, the raids, targeting both military and civilian targets, lasted until 1941. The British Army withstood the brutal Luftwaffe assault, and Hitler shelved his plan for the invasion of Britain.

Marshall Plan

After the massive destruction in Europe, following World War II, the United States propsed an economic plan in 1947 to help restore the region. Aid was provided to any European nation that promised cooperation (Soviet-bloc nations did not participate). The plan was very successful.

Ivan the Terrible

Aggressive Russian ruler who had a very violent "TIME OF TROUBLES". His death marked the beginning of the ROMANOV DYNASTY.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Spain and Portugal to divide from north to south the Atlantic Ocean so that the two nations would not be competing for the same lands in their zealous explorations. Spain was to explore the lands west of the line, while Portugal was to have the eastern region.

Kellog-Briand Pact

Agreement proposed by American Secretary of State Frank Kellogg in 1927. An outgrowth of World War I, the pact denounced war as a way to resolve conflict and was endorse by over 50 countries within 5 years.

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD) (Earth is the center of the universe)

Navigation Act

Allows English ships to stop any ship they want to. Led to conflict with the Dutch.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Also known as Frances Ferdinand, he was the heir of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. He was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914. This event sparked a series of actions that led to the beginning of World War I.

Aztec Empire

Also known as the Mexica Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. Spread catholaclism throughout the world, focused on education and military, strict.

Constitutional Government

Loose legal document that in theory restricts the power of the executive or monarch, Parliament reigns supreme.

Abbe Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes

Although a cleric, entered the Estates-General of 1789 as a representative of the Third Estate; author of pamphlet What is the Third Estate?; instigated the 18 Brumaire coup, but outflanked by Bonaparte.

Marcel Proust

An esteemed French writer who sought to integrate psychological elements, especially regarding suppressed memories, into literature. His most famous work is the multi-volume "Remembrance of the Things Past" (1913-1927)

Nationalism

An intense love of one's nation and desire to promote its interests. This idea was behind unification and statehood movements in Germany and Italy.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. He tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer. He was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War.

Millets

Areas of town where individual religious groups could live and practice their religions within the Ottoman Empire.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church. They were posted on October 31, 1517.

The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?

Aristotle

Neo-Classical Art

Art that Napoleon Fosters Used as propaganda and often has classical themes

Baroque Art

Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious AND secular themes. Involved with ABSOLUTISM.

Northern Renaissance masters

Art: -intense realism -oil paintings on wood panels -emphasis on visible appearance -Popular Artist= Jan Van Eyck known for the Arnolfini wedding Christian /NR Humanism: -Goal was to reform christianity -religious education would lead to inner piety -Erasmus-most influential christin humanist -Thomas more-"Utopia"

Impressionism

Artistic style developed in France in the late 1800s that employed light, shadow, color, and varied brush strokes to leave the viewer with a more natural impression. Claude Monet, Mary Cassatt, and Auguste Renoir pioneered the style.

The rebel leaders' insistence on the importance...

Attempts by corporate groups to use existing institutions of shared governance to resist royal encroachment

THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZENS

August 27, 1789 Statement of revolutionary ideals Similar to our Declaration of Independence "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights" "Liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression" Guaranteed: Equality before the law Representation government for the sovereighn people Individual freedom

Brunswick Manifesto

Austria declares this after France declares war on them in 1792. This says that if the royal family is harmed, France will be under attack.

Seven Years War

Austria vs Prussia; Austria abandoned old ally Britain for France and Russia; Prussia joined with British (WINNERS); significance: no territorial changes in Europe, Britain gained complete control over the overseas colonies of France (called The French and Indian War in North America); Russia and Prussia emerged as powerful forces in European affairs 1754 to 1763

Marie Antoinette

Austrian daughter of Empress Maria Theresa. Married Louis XVI to strengthen Franco-Austrian relations. Became the most hated woman in France because of her ostentation and refusal to support reforms. Guillotined in October of 1793.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who promoted conservatism and Concert of Europe

Frederick William the Great Elector

Austrian ruler who unified separate states and started process of militarization

Michealangelo

Avoided an apprenticeship by working for Lorenzo d'Medici and avoided being forced to copy a master for years. In Rome in 1496, he made the Pietá, which was never outdone by his later works and was one of the greatest sculptures of the Renaissance. In Florence, by age 26, he was well-known and thus was commissioned to sculpt his David, which united Renaissance and Classical styles. He then went on to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, against his wishes, and finally built Saint Paul's Cathedral over the base of St. Paul's grave, which was one of the most harmonious - and large- domes in architecture. 1475 to 1564

Wrote the book of the courtier an etiquette book for novels what is a renaissance man

Baldassare Castiglione

Aka charles-louis de secondat, wrote the spirit of laws, separation of power( 3 branches) with checks and balances, french man, no one should have all power of government

Baron de Montesquieu

Handel

Baroque German composer who spent much of his life in England; best known for his Messiah, a masterpiece even in today's world

Family Economy

Basic structure of PRODUCTION and CONSUMPTION in PRE-INDUSTRIAL Europe. Everybody worked, but the dad was the chief artisan.

Waterloo

Battle on June 18, 1815. The allied powers under the direction of the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon, who then abdicated to the Bourbon monarch and was again exiled, this time to St. Helena, where he died in 1821.

Versailles

Beautiful but excessive palace in Baroque style that was built by Louis XIV that bankrupts the country. This controls the nobles because they are distracted by living there and Louis can easily keep an eye on them. Nobles become indebted to Louis through gambling

Louis XVIII

Became King of France in 1814; the conservative Congress of Vienna restored him and ruled as a constitutional monarch until his death in 1824.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Became the leader of the USSR in 1985. He proposed major reforms and adopted policies of greater openness (glasnost and perestroika) and allowed Soviet-bloc states greater independence. In 1991, there was an unsuccessful attempted overthrow of his government. The USSR dissolved in 1991 with Gorbachev's resignation.

Charles II

Becomes leader of England after Cromwell. Restores a constitutional government. He does not punish Cromwell supporters except for the Rump Parliament

Peter the Great

Becomes the Czar at 18 years old after Ivan. He tours Western European countries and reforms the government off of the absolutism ideas in the rest of Europe. Mandatory 25 year conscription in the army Makes himself head of the church Women are not allowed to leave the home All sons of noble families must go to western university

Three Estates

Before the 1789 Revolution, "Old Regime" France was divided into three estates: First Estate: Roman Catholic clergy (approximately 1% population) Second Estate: nobility (approximately 2% population) Third Estate: all the rest, including the bourgeoisie, city workers, rural peasants, and artisans (97% population).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Born in Austria in 1756, he was a musical child prodigy. Until his early death in 1791, he produced masterpieces in almost every genre. Among his famous works are "The Magic Flute" and "The Marriage of Figaro".

French-British Rivalry

Both coveted spots in N. AMERICA. Major rivalry in the WEST INDIES and INDIA.

Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?

Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.

Girondins versus Jacobins

Both were political groups in the National Convention. Girondins were republicans from the Gironde department who feared Parisian domination of France. The Jacobins favored Parisian control.

Charles X

Bourbon King of France. He was restored to power by the Congress of Vienna. His conservative actions prompted his overthrow in 1830.

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

Charles I had ruled from 1692 to 1640 without a Parliament, financing his government through extraordinary stopgap levies considered illegal by most English people. When Charles summoned Parliament in Nov 1640 to finance an army to put down the Scots, Parliament was not willing to trust him with an army.

English Civil War

Charles I's CAVALIERS vs. Parliament's ROUNDHEADS. Ended with execution of Charles I, the CROMWELL Puritan republic.

Pragmatic Sanction

Charles VI of Austria gets others to honor Maria Theresa's to become leader of Austria. Violated by Frederick II.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

Dutch Golden Age

Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry.

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England as part of the Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

Henry Hudson

Dutch sailor who searched for the Northwest Passage and claimed much of Northern Canada hen he was employed by the British.

Gulags

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in eastern Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died.

Frederick William the Great Elector

Formed the PRUSSIAN lands into a MODERN STATE. HIs son FREDERICK I made Prussian into a KINGDOM

Crimean War

Fought from 1853-56. This war pitted the Ottoman Empire (backed by Britain, France, and Piedmont-Sardinia) against Russia. Russia wanted to extend into Ottoman-held territory, and Britain and France objected. Russia was defeated and all parties suffered significant casualties.

Dutch East India Company

Founded in 1602, this joint-stock company had total control over trading (mainly in spices) between the East Indies and the Netherlands.

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises. This was the man who started the Jesuit movement to help people to find God around the world

William Morris

Founder of the Arts and Crafts movement. This movement rejected mass production of products and sought to revitalize careful hand production of goods.

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the JESUITS,a Counter-Reformation movement that was PRO-CATHOLIC, and taught Catholics to fully obey higher church authorities. Emphasis on education.

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits; ran his religious order like a military structure. Focused on missionary work and education

Codifier of the inductive method; believed knowledge is power and should be put into practical use; he died conducting experiments, believed you have to do the experiment; with a chicken and snow and got lemounia

Francis Bacon

Roger Bacon

Franciscan monk, English philosopher, and scientist in the 1200s who advocated for a system of scientific experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepted without question traditional Church and ancient beliefs. This led to the development of the scientific method.

Seven Years' War

Frederick II gets aggressive and starts attacking countries left and right. Fought in NORTH AMERICA and INDIA

Cossacks

Free groups and outlaw armies of peasants who fled the tsar and service nobility

Louis XIV

French ABSOLUTIST king. Believed in DIVINE RIGHT of kings. In his 75-yr reign, France became a huge EUROPEAN POWER with HIGH CULTURE and POPULATION. Lived at VERSAILLES.

Henry IV (of Navarre)

French Bourbon king. A POLITIQUE. Converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to support his country. ("Paris is worth a Mass"). Proclaimed the EDICT OF NANTES. LAID FOUNDATION FOR FRANCE TO BECOME THE STRONGEST EUROPEAN POWER IN THE 17TH CENTURY

Louis XIII

French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles. Ruled 1610 to 1643.

Estates General

French legislature called in 1788 formed by three separate social groups

National Assembly

French legislature formed in 1789 that wrote Declaration of the Rights of Man

Legislative Assembly

French legislature formed in 1791 that declared war on Austria and Prussia when they supported the monarchy

Louis XVI

French monarch during the French Revolution.

Observations proved the earth wasnt center if the universe; discoveries got put under house arrest by romn catholics- list of banned books by church

Galileo Galilei

Cromwell

General of the Roundheads who helps Parliament and the Puritans win the Civil War. He becomes leader of England after Charles I is executed. The Irish hate him, and he enacts a strict moral code on England. He works to increase English wealth with the Navigation Acts.

Congress of Vienna

General peace settlement after defeat of Napoleon that involved Russia, Austria, Prussia, Britain, and France

John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in

Geneva

John Calvin

Genevan Reformation. Theocracy established in Geneva--a haven for Protestant exiles. Calvinist beliefs---PREDESTINATION, transubstantiation is symbolic

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, Parliament gave the crown to James II's Protestant daughter, Mary II, and her Protestant husband, William III, as joint rulers rather than James II's Catholic son. It was a bloodless and "glorious" transfer of power.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

In 1790, the increasingly liberal National Assembly enacted policies that made the Catholic clergy employees of the French government. It deeply upset devout French Catholics.

Quadruple Alliance

In 1814 a coalition of Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria met and agreed to restore the pre-Nepoleonic balance of power as well as to restructure boundaries.

George Stephenson

In 1815 he successfully invented a locomotive engine, which revolutionized rail transportation.

The Peterloo Massacre

In 1819 British troops sought to stop a peaceful meeting at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. Citizens favoring more liberal government policies organized the meeting. Soldiers killed several in the unarmed crowd and hundreds were injured.

Fashoda Incident

In 1898 England and France almost came to war over Fashoda, located in Sudan. The area was of no economic or political importance. This incident illustrated the dangers of imperialism, in that European nations were willing to fight over useless territory.

Battle of Jutland

In 1916 the Germans and British navies me for the only major naval engagement of the war. Although the British actually suffered more losses than the Germans, the German navy was so damaged that it retreated and was unable to challenge Britain's highly effective blockade.

Zimmermann Telegram

In 1917, German Foreign Secretary Zimmermann sent what was supposed to be a secret message to the government of Mexico. He asked Mexico to attack the United States, and Germany would, in turn, support MExican territory claims in the southwest United States. The message was intercepted by the British, who gave it to the United States, and it was one of the major reasons the United States entered World War I.

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote "Mein Kampf".

Great Depression

In 1929, the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange triggered a virtually worldwide financial crisis that came to be known as this. Extensive trade barriers between industrial nations also contributed to the problem.

General Francisco Franco

In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. Franco led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Franco ruled until his death in 1975.

Enclosure Movement

In Britain, due to farming improvements, large land owners began fencing in their property. This displaced many small farmers, who generally migrated to cities or abroad. The Enclosure Movement provided the labor needed for the industrialization of Britain.

Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

In England, the mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as British trade with its colonies grew substantially.

Martin Luther

In Germany, a catholic monk, martin luther became involved in a serious dispute in the catholic church § Martin Luther's break from the Catholic Church began the Protestant Reformation & inspired a series of new Christian denominations. § Catholic Church condemned Luther & rejected his ideas. § In 1521, Luther was called before the Diet of Worms, a meeting of church & political leaders. § at the diet of worms, Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church

Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?

In March 1974, Robespierre sent long-standing collaborators whom he believed had turned against him, including Danton, to the guillotine. Knowing that they might be next, a group of moderates and radicals in the Convention organized a conspiracy.

"Bloody Sunday"

In late 1905, a large but peaceful group of poor Russians marched to the Winter Palace to present a petition to Nicholas II. Soldiers opened fire on the group, and many (including women and children) were killed or injured; this further reduced trust in the Czar.

Rape of Nanking

In late 1937, Japan defeated the Chinese city of Nanking. Chinese civilians were brutalized, and thousands were killed. The event shocked Western powers and contributed to sanctions against Japan.

Luddites

In nineteenth-century Britain, some workers, accurately predicting that the factory system would replace them, joined forces and attacked factories and destroyed machines. Their movement lasted from 1811-16.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) in (1519)

Jihad

Islamic term for a holy war. In the eighteenth century it was used to promote African unity in the face of European imperialism, and into modern times to promote Arab nationalism against Western ideals.

Pragmatic Sanction

Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.

How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

Which of the following best explains why the printing press was a significant factor in spreading Protestant ideas?

It greatly decreased the cost and increased the quantity of written materials.

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?

It had new delegates and a different character: they were younger and less cautious than their predecessors and most belonged to the Jacobins Club.

Robert Walpole

King George II's chief minister until 1742 who worked for peace. He strengthened the role of Britain's cabinet and stabilized the political landscape, earning him the label as the first English "Prime Minister".

King's Great Matter

King Henry VIII of England created the Church of England so he could divorce Catherine of Aragon 1527

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution

Fredrick William I

King of Prussia who built up the army and treasury, but did not go to war.

Fredrick II of Prussia

King of Prussia. He subscribes to Enlightenment in that he limits torture, establishes a 1 year public education system and has a system of religious toleration. He wants to expand the size of Prussia so he takes territory from Austria, Silesia (War of Austrian Succession)

Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Francesco Petrarch

Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He lived from 1304-74 as a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in Italian vernacular expect for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin.

Adam Smith

LAISSEZ-FAIRE. Letting people do what they want in the economy w/o gov't interfering for the maximum wealth. Applied FOUR-STAGE THEORY.

Petition of Rights

Limited the power of Charles I of England. He signed it so that he could get money for his war with Spain a) could not declare martial law during peacetime b) could not collect taxes without Parliamentary approval c) no trial without Jury d) No quartering of soldiers

Cahiers

Lists of grievances sent by provinces to the meeting of the Estates General called by Louis XVI in 1788, which he needed to obtain approval for new taxes to combat France's ruinous economy.

In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was

London

What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?

Maria Theresa loss Silesia and Prussia became a major European power with Silesia.

Eastern European Household

Marriage before twenty. Wives older than husbands. Serfs cultivated land.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's list of complaints and reforms. He accused Johann Tetzel of wrongdoing in his selling of indulgences and asking people to pay for false promises of exoneration of their sins. Luther's protests spread throughout Europe, igniting the Reformation.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Mexica Empire (aka Aztecs) and conquered New Spain in the 1520s

Johannes Kepler

Mathematician who used models, observations, and mathematics to prove the heliocentric theory developed by Copernicus. His work was later supported by Galileo.

Galileo Galilei

Mathematician, astronomer. Laws of MOTION, created telescope, Discovered the moon was rough, the EARTH MOVED, and PROVED COPERNICUS' HELIOCENTRIC THEORY. Findings conflicted with Catholic church until 1992.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815

Bubbles

Meteoric rise in stock prices that were not backed by true financial growth leading to a tumbling of value. Happened in the Netherlands with Tulips, and in England and France with promises of wealth from the new world.

Which of the following does the author use as evidence of the impact of the introduction of European cattle to the New World?

Migration into labor settlements

Wrote don Quixote the first modern European novel

Miguel de Cervantes

Glasnost

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of "openness" in Soviet government. While it was meant to gain the support and trust of Russian citizens, it actually undermined the Soviet's reputation and stability.

Cardinal Richelieu

Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

WOMEN'S MARCH ON VERSAILLES

October 5, 1789 A large crowd of pesant women demanding bread for their families gathered other angry Parisians and marhed toward the Palace of Versailles. When they arrived, soaking wet from the rain, they demanded to see King Louis XVI. The king, aware of the danger, agreed to distribute food from the palace. Some protestors discovered an unlocked gate and broke into the quarters of Queen Marie Antoinette. In the chaos inside the palace, several protestors and palace guards were killed. Marie Antoinette escaped through a secret passageway. The crowd demanded bringing the King and his family back to Paris to "live among the people". Louis conceded to their demands and agreed to go to Paris with the mob, believing it would only be a temporary inconvenience. The event, however, removed forever the aura of invincibility that once cloaked the monarchy.

Intendent System

Official appointed by the French crown under Louis XIV to administer a territorial département. Their powers were extensive but counteracted to some extent by other local officials. The term was also used for certain administrators in Spain, Portugal, and Latin America. Used by Cardinal Richelieu to weaken the nobility in France. Replaced local officials with civil servants that reported directly to the king.

Intendants

Officials of the French absolute rulers who were dispensed as regional representatives into French provinces to consolidate the Crown's control.

Bloody Mary

Oldest daughter of Henry VIII. Queen of England from 1553-58. Known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England. She married Spain's Philip II.

Institute of Government of 1653

Oliver Cromwell's attempt at creating the first written constitution of England provided landowners the power to elect MPs (members of parliament).

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima

William Gladstone

One of Britain's great liberal leaders, he favored expanding political rights for British men. He served several times during the mid to late 1800s.

Napoleonic Code

One of Napoleon's most substantial achievements was the Civil Code of 1804, which centralized the disorganized body of French laws, safeguarded property rights, and upheld conservative attitudes toward women and labor organizations.

Polish Monarchy

One of only two examples of government with no absolute monarch. The Parliament has all power however they need an anonymous vote to pass anything so they are very weak so the Russians support them

Enrico Fermi

One of several important physicists of the twentieth century whose work led to the splitting of the atom. He was also instrumental in the Manhattan Project (development of the atomic bomb).

Pablo Picasso

One of the artistic giants of the twentieth century. Helped found the Cubist and Abstract movements. During his life, 1881-1973, he worked in various media and is noted for scores of important works. His painting "Guernica" is one of the most powerful anti-war expressions of the modern era.

Leon Trotsky

One of the leaders of the Russian Communist revolution (1917). A close supporter of Lenin, he was largely responsible for creating the Red Army. After Lenin's death in 1924, he and Stalin sought control of the party; Stalin won. He was deported in 1929 and murdered in 1940 by an agent of Stalin.

Cornelius Vermuyden

One of the most famous Dutch engineers. He had large drainage projects in Yorkshire and Cambridgeshire—turned swampy wilderness into some of the best farmland in England.

Treaty of Versailles

One of the treaties of Paris (1919) that ended World War I. It incensed Germans because of its harsh terms for reparations, territory, and control.

Scientific Revolution Women

Only NOBLEWOMEN and women from the ARTISAN CLASS could dabble slightly in science.

William and Mary

Only co-rulers in British history. They are protestants from the Netherlands who come to power during the Glorious Revolution. They agree to the English Bill of Rights.

1453

Ottomans capture Constantinople & end of the Hundred Years' War

Which of the following is best supported by the passage?

Owning and reading Protestant religious literature was illegal in Spain.

Frederick the Great

PRUSSIA. Enlightened monarch. Promotion through merit, religious toleration, administrative and economic reforms.

John Calvin

Religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

Humanists

Renaissance scholars of classical Greek and Roman works of literature and thought who were great advocates of liberal arts education and the importance of the individual.

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance sculptor, scientist, engineer, architect, and painter. His most famous works include "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa". His artistic style embodied the spirit of Renaissance investigation and its focus on the realistic portrayal of human life. He lived from 1452-1519.

Advocated deductive method; defined two kinds of matter (thinking and extended substance); famous quote"cogito ergo sum"- for I am -deduce things based of observations- can use your logic

Rene Descartes

Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?

Spain

Which of the following best describes the impact that the economic and political processes described in the passages would have in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

Spain would fall behind England, France, and the Netherlands in economic development.

War of the Spanish Succession

Spanish Habsburg king Charles II gave Spanish territories to Louis XIV's grandson, and the other countries feared European domination by Louis XIV. French poorly equipped in war against England.

"Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive." This statement was a contemporary characterization of

Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World

Star Chamber Courts

Special courts under England's James I designed to punish political dissenters and Puritans. A symbol of absolutism dating back to Henry VII.

Diet of Worms

Special imperial council in Worms, Germany, to which Martin Luther was summoned after his excommunication 1521. Luther was ordered to abandon his revolutionary ideas, which he refused to do, so he was banished from the empire. Luther was then sheltered in Saxony.

Salon

Sponsored by wealthy women, it was where the philosophes could gather and discuss opinions freely.

Congress of Vienna

The 1815 meeting of Europe's major powers (England, Russia, Austria, and France) to decide how to redraw the European map after Napoleon's fall from power. Reactionary policies restored royal families to their legitimate claims and ordered France to pay restitution for damages.

Role of The Middle East (trading at indian ocean)

The Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad (Iraq): controlled an area from Spain to China Muslim Arab traders expanded routes to obtain spices, porcelain, and other goods for the bustling cities Persia and Turkish Ottomans will take over this trade land Ottoman control motivated European traders to find new routes so they could control their trade

Johannes Gutenberg.

The European inventor of the printing press, which allowed books to be printed quickly and economically. He used his invention to print copies of the Bible. This innovation aided the spread of Renaissance and Reformation ideas throughout Europe.

Taxes

The French monarchy needed this desperately following the 7 Yrs' War

Hanoverian Dynasty

The Georges. A small aristocratic family that are modern day monarchs in that the Parliament has more power than the king

Immanuel Kant

The German philosopher who postulated that experience dictates human knowledge. He also said morality rests on the "categorical imperative".

In addition to the conquest of the last Muslim outpost in Spain at Granada and Columbus' voyage to the Americas, which of the following occurred in 1492?

The Jewish population was expelled from Spain.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

The Shite leader who led the Iranian 1979 revolution, overthrowing the pro-Western government of the Shah. Iran would become radically anti-Western under his leadership.

Which of the following does the author cite in support of the claim that Native Americans had defenders among the Spanish?

The actions of Bartolomé de Las Casas

Realism

The artistic and literary school emphasizing the dignity of common people, doing common things.

Battle of Poltova

The battle in which the Russians defeat the Swedish during the Great Northern Wars

Deism

The belief that God is great and created everything but then he took a step back to let it take its course. Believe that Christ is not the son of God

The ordinances in the passage best exemplify which of the following aspects of Calvinism?

The belief that laws must be based on religious principles

The petitioners' accusation that Anglican preachers are "mere readers [of the Book of Common Prayer]" is a reflection of which of the following Protestant beliefs?

The belief that the Bible conveys the message of salvation

Nationalism

The belief that the virtues you feel your country upholds makes you better than those that do not subscribe to those virtues. This creates an us vs them ideology

THE FIRST ESTATE

The clergy Churches collected tithes from church goers Gave part of their income to the government Gave part of their income to help the poor

Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of the effects of European diseases on Native Americans?

The change in the population of central Mexico

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

The considerable road and canal building of the 18th century permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local family crop failure.

Military operations such as the one shown in the engraving were most strongly supported by which of the following features of Louis XIV's government?

The creation of a strong centralized system of taxation and state finance

Bodin's discussion of monarchical power best reflects the early stages of which of the following?

The development of absolutist systems of government

Bodin's assertions about a legitimate monarchy are best understood as an example of which of the following developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

The development of new ideas concerning the value of secular systems of government

Directory

The five-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic for four years after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

The Portuguese slave trade described in the passage led most directly to which of the following?

The establishment of a European-dominated system of plantation agriculture

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, & diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

House of Lords

The exclusive "club" that the patriarch of a noble British family got in.

The increased European consumption of luxury goods in the 1700s resulted most directly from which of the following economic developments?

The expansion of trade between Europe and other regions of the world

Which of the following best accounts for the consistent difference between the male and the female literacy rates recorded in the tables?

The expectation that women would engage in different social and economic activities than men

Medici

The family members were wealthy politicians, businessmen, and patrons of the arts who influenced both individuals and the bigger picture, in Florence and all of Europe. Cosimo de Medici ruled Florence for five years after strategically getting himself elected, and used his grandson Lorenzo as a diplomat so that he was aquainted with other leaders of Europe. Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts, like other members of his family, and helped many artists such as Michelangelo. He also helped spread Florentine art and culture throughout Italy. Lorenzo used personal charisma and diplomatic prowess to end a war against Naples and the Papacy in 1479, but shortly after his death, wars tore apart Italy and lowered it from its status of the center of European civilization. aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century. Wool business to banking for the pope.

Versailles.

The fancy-schmancy PALACE outside Paris built by LOUIS XIV. A shrine to the "SUN KING". Louis tried keeping NOBILITY there so he could spy on them and exert his INFLUENCE on them.

Vasco da Gama

The first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. His initial journey was very profitable, encouraging others to follow his lead.

John Wesley

The founder of Methodism

Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following?

The fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct.

Law of the Maximum

The government controlled the price of bread

Taken together, the two portraits best represent which of the following artistic developments of the Italian Renaissance?

The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism

The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes of everyday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe during the sixteenth century?

The growing prosperity of new commercial groups

The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?

The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor.

The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?

The growth of individualist humanism in artistic expression

The overall increase of European wealth best explains which of the following demographic developments in the 1700s?

The growth of urban commercial centers

Absolutism

The idea that a monarch holds all power and governs by divine right. The monarch only has to answer to God

Just price

The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary.

The licensing of trade described in the passage is an example of which of the following state policies?

The implementation of mercantilism to promote the state's economic interests

Müntzer's appeal to the princes to overthrow the political order is best explained by which of the following developments?

The increasing use of Luther's religious ideas to challenge political authority

Which of the following best accounts for Núñez de Castro's confidence in Spain's economic position?

The influx of resources from the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the Philippines

Jan Hus

The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy.

The graph most strongly indicates which of the following about the likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed in the period 1550 to 1700?

The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed remained approximately the same throughout the period.

Sugar

The major CROP in the WEST INDIES. Became a STAPLE in European life. SLAVE LABOR used for maximum PRODUCTIVITY.

Coffee Houses

These play an important role in the Age of Enlightenment. Come from the Ottoman Empire to Europe. They are extraordinarily expensive so they are a status symbol where aristos can go and talk about ideology.

Joseph II of Austria

The most radical royal reformer; son and successor of Maria Theresa; introduced legal reforms & freedom of press; supported freedom of worship; abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash

Viceroyalties

The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata.

Weimar Republic

The name of Germany's fledgling post-World War I democracy. Named for the seat of government, it was beset by social and economic problems and ended with the election of Hitler.

Elite vs. Popular Culture

The new distinctions in society based on wealth and literacy. The commoners are still superstitious, eat dark bread, while the upper echelons are more highly educated and eat white bread.

Virtu

The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will

The Balkans

The region north of the Greek peninsula, home to various and frequently violent ethnic groups. World War I began here (Sarajevo) and it was the region of intense ethnic violence in the 1990s. Tension among Slavic people and between Christians and Muslims also have led to war.

Reconquista

The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.

"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs." Conrad Celtis, oration delivered at the University of Ingolstadt, 1492 The passage above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following trends in fifteenth-century Europe?

The revival of classical learning and the development of Northern humanism

The portrait of Heraclitus best reflects which of the following features of the Italian Renaissance?

The revival of interest in classical works

Which of the following is true of the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-1525 ?

The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands

Extraterritoriality

The right given to foreigners to live using their own laws rather than the laws of the nation in which they reside. Europeans and Americans in the nineteenth century often demanded and received this privilege.

What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?

The right to vote for all adult men. They also called for liberty, fraternity and equality; guaranteeing workplace reforms, freeing all slaves in French colonies, and abolishing the death penalty.

Decline of Spain

The rise in population coupled with inflation led to a weakening of Spanish industry and emigration. The expulsion of Jews and Moors in 1492 also contributed to the decline, as they were productive members of the economy.

Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?

The schools taught 6 to 12 year olds basic literary, religion, and perhaps some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls. The majority of the common population was not educated however.

illegitimacy explosion

The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls.

Industrious Revolution

The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.

Philip II

The son of Charles V was born and educated in Spain. He ruled Spain until his death in 1598. Spain's financial problems grew as he pursued his leadership position as head of the Counter Reformation. He sent the Spanish Armada against England in 1588, but it ended in disaster.

The image provides the clearest evidence for which of the following features of European expansion in the early modern period?

The spread of Christianity as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous peoples

Print Culture

The spread of printed materials influencing the general public

Which of the following affected the status of women during the Reformation?

The suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy

Proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

Which of the following evidence does the author provide to support the claim that Luther's theses were meant for a wider audience?

The translation of Luther's theses and their rapid printing

Which of the following best describes the claim communicated by the artist about the Peace of Westphalia?

The treaty would lead to a new period of peace and prosperity.

Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus' hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments?

The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works

Le Chapelier Laws

These banned the formation of trade unions. This was important because the French ideals of 'liberty and equality' applied to everyone except for the working class. The working class had very little rights which prevent strikes from occurring which made owning a factory or business less risky.

The commissioning of Image 1 best represents which of the following trends of the Italian Renaissance?

The use of art to enhance the prestige of the elites

Copernicus' citation of Cicero and Plutarch was likely intended to counter which of the following ideas?

The use of classical authorities to support traditional views of the natural world

The ability of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses to have a significant effect on Europe is best explained by which of the following?

The use of the newly developed printing press to rapidly spread Protestant ideas

Parisian Women

These people marched to Versailles with weapons to protest bread prices and brought King Louis XVI back to Versailles

Secularism

The view that the present well-being of mankind should predominate over religious considerations in civil or public affairs.

The conflict that Herberle describes in his chronicle resulted in which of the following?

The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries

Storming of the Bastille

The working class storms this castle because it represents complete monarchial control, even though it is only an arms depot. The Parisians steal guns and amp which shows the National Assembly has power

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

They had at first welcomed the revolution as weakening a competing power, but then later feared its impact on their own countries.

How did governments respond to the new science?

They intervened to support, established academies, and sometimes direct research.

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille

They married in 1497, which united Aragon and Castille into one Spanish nation. During their reign, they captured Granada from the Moors in 1492, took powers away from the Church courts and Spanish nobility, and forcibly united Spain along a Catholic identity through the Inquisition.

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France. He was the prime example of absolutism in France

Ernest Haeckel

This German philosopher, a believer of Darwinism, founded Monism, which postulates that humans are simply a part of nature. In 1899 his "The Riddle of the Universe" was published to wide acclaim.

Romanov

This Russian dynasty lasted until until 1917 with the Anastasia thing and all. Began with Michael ROMANOV (*coughcough*)

Stamp Act of 1765

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items.

Kepler

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun. German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

Tennis Court Oath

This declares that the 3rd Estate will not leave the tennis court until there is a new constitution for France

Which of the following was the likely purpose of St. Teresa's Way of Perfection?

To justify the reform of a Catholic religious order, the Carmelites

Charles II of England

Took part in the Restoration of the English monarchy; undid several reforms of the Puritans, reopened pubs and theaters; died childless

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty ending Thirty Years' War, reaffirming Peace of Augsburg, and recognizing Calvinism as a religion for German states

Peace of Utrecht

Treaty ending War of Spanish Succession, stating that France and Spanish monarchies cannot join, and giving Austria control of former Spanish Netherlands

Toleration Act

True and honest toleration. You may openly practice religion but that doesn't mean your community won't punish you

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

Unemployed labor was abundant, and poor peasants and landless laborers would work for low wages. Since production in the countryside was unregulated, workers and merchants could change procedures and experiment as they saw fit. Because workers did not need to meet rigid guild standards, they became capable of producing all kinds of goods.

Which social groups comprised the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe?

Urban workers and students served as the shock troops, but they were allied with middle-class liberals and peasants.

Johannes Kepler

Used Tycho Brahe's data for 3 laws of planetary motion; ELLIPTICAL ORBITS

Ivan Pavlov

Using dogs, he helped explain conditioning. He was a leader in the field of behaviorism and psychology.

Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean?

Vasco da Gama

Italian City States

Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples

Hundred Years' War

War between England and France which lasted from 1337-1453. King Edward III (England) claimed the French throne despite France's appointment of Philip VI of Flanders as King. France officially won the war and expelled the English from all French lands except Calais.

War of the Roses

War between the York and Lancaster houses in England for control of the English crown. The white rose symbolized the York House and the red rose symbolized the Lancaster House. By 1485, Henry Tudor of Lancaster defeated King Richard III of York. Tudor set up a strong monarchy in England.

War of Spanish Succession

War fought by European powers after the death of the last Hapsburg ruler of Spain in 1700, which left the throne to Louis XIV's grandson. Ended with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.

Seven Years' War

War from 1756-63. Began as the "French and Indian War" in North America. Evolved into a war on the European continent resulting from the alliance structure developed in the Diplomatic Revolution and ending with Russia's surprise switch to an alliance with Prussia and a confirmation of Prussia's hold on Silesia.

Thirty Years War

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. Bohemia, Denmark, Sweden, France.

Moses Mendelssohn

Was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas influenced the Haskalah, the 'Jewish enlightenment'

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haitian Revolution

LOUIS XVI & MARIE ANTOINETTE

Was only twenty years old when he inherited the throne Louis XVI was an ineffective and indecisive leader He made a series of choices that would only make things worse in France Marie Antoinette was his wife Originally from Austria Loved to spend money and gamble She had no interest in her people Very unpopular

De Medicis

Wealthy merchant family of bankers who controlled the Italian city-state of Florence during the Renaissance era. Their subsidization of the arts, especially under Lorenzo, supported the flowering of the Renaissance.

Elizabeth I

politique who brought many Protestant ideas into Church of England, let people practice whatever religion they wanted at home, and resisted invasion of Spanish Armada

The romantic movement was characterized by

a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

English Civil War

a conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy

War of Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

Renaissance humanism is primarily defined as

a curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history

Religious change in the seventeenth-century Netherlands led to

a great vitality in intellectual and artistic life

State Building

means the creation of a consolidated power structure

European monarchs of the 1700s mostly attempted to promote trade and consumption in luxury items by following

mercantilist policies that protected domestic industries and encouraged the creation of colonies

Protestant Princes

military alliance schmalkaldic league vs. charles V; in HRE

All of the following were common subjects of Italian Renaissance works of art EXCEPT

peasant life

Reign of Terror

period where National Convention attempted to carry out the "war against tyranny" through mass execution

95 Theses

piece written by Martin Luther against clerical abuses and sale of indulgences

One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was led by

the Cossacks and peasants against the nobles and officials, demanding fairer treatment. The nobles united and crushed the rebellion and brought Michael Romanov onto the throne.

Spanish Armada

the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. Sent by Philip II in 1588

The 1648 Peace of Westhalia ended

the Thirty Years War

Deism

the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation. the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation

Secularism

the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife

Heliocentric Theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

New political theories developed during the Renaissance were characterized by an emphasis on

the improvement of centralized forms of government

The political strength of the Medici family in Florence was initially based on

the influence and wealth of their bank

Montezuma II

the last Aztec emperor in Mexico who was overthrown and killed by Hernando Cortes

Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793

the mountain

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

Silesia

the part of Austria that Frederick the Great captured, and it started the War of Austrian Succession

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648; helped create the modern nation-state system in Europe

Enclosure

the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

Spanish (what they did, where, why, how) SPAIN IN THE AMERICAS

• Columbus is from Genoa, Italy but is hired by the Spanish Crown • Expecting to find Asia instead lands in the Caribbean • Because he assumes he is in India, he names the Natives he finds there "Indians" • Enslaved the people of Hispaniola and established settlers in new territories • Revolts broke out against Columbus and he was sent back to Spain • The territories were now under royal control

Afro-Eurasian trading at the Indian Ocean

❏ Crossroads for commercial and cultural exchange ❏ Trading volume increased ❏ China excercised powerful ecomic influence ❏ Indian ocean trade ❏ Marco Polo's travels fueled Western Fantasies