AP Euro Semester 1 Review

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.

What was one important mode of influencing public opinion used by the French in French kings during the Hundred Years' War?

Instructing priests to deliver patriotic sermons

The Great Schism began with what deposition from the College of Cardinals?

Urban VI

The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by what?

Urban congestion and lack of sanitation

In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and what?

Vegetables

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?

Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property

During the Hundred Years' War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter did what?

Wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts

What was the most important source of patronage for Renaissance artists?

Wealthy individuals and rulers

What happened to Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas?

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.

What was the Star Chamber?

A court that dealt with noble threats to royal power in England

What was a consequence of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

A lengthy civil war

The period of climate change in Europe between 1300 and 1450 is known as what?

The "little ice age"

The Concordat of Bologna between Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, gave the French monarch authority to what?

Administer monasteries in Italy

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies.

During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?

Along the lines of traditional political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French pope and the others favoring the Italian pope.

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.

How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?

As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.

How did English induced panic among the French troops at the battle of Crécy?

By using the longbow to send a torrent of arrows into the French, followed by artillery from the ring of cannon

What battle provided the English and King Edward III a tremendous victory over mounted French nights in 1346?

Crécy

How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women?

English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?

Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.

What characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

Who gained control of papal banking toward the end of the thirteenth century?

Florentine merchants

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.

In what way did Charles VII of France expand his authority?

He expelled English from all French soil except Calais

According to his agreement with the Spanish Crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?

He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of material rewards of the journey.

Why did Jan Hus gain so many followers?

His attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech resonated with many people who opposed to the church's wealth and were experiencing an emerging Czech nationalism

Bartolomé de Las Casas asserted that the Indians had what?

Human rights

How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?

It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?

It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire.

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?

It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.

Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work during the Renaissance?

It was understood that a woman was either married, or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family.

After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian Independence resolved?

Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence.

On the Iberian Peninsula, who were the people referred to as the "New Christians"?

Jewish and Muslim converts.

What was the initial cause of the hundred years war between England and France?

King Philip VI of France's seizure of Aquitaine

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

Confraternities were part of the movement in which what happened?

Laymen and laywomen increasingly took control of parish affairs

What English weapon provided an advantage against the mounted French nights in the battles of Poitiers and Agincourt?

Longbow

What contributed to the success of Martin Luther's reform efforts?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?

Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

How did the new fashion practices of the eighteenth century demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?

Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes.

What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel?

Michelangelo

Between 1309 and 1376, a period known as the Babylonian Captivity, popes lived in where?

Milan

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately what?

Military dictatorship

The religious life of Bridget of Sweden demonstrates what?

Mystical experiences were an important part of medieval Christianity.

What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were where?

Off the coast of Asia

The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by what?

Promoting peace and social order at the local level.

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

In general, what did the clergy do during the plague?

Refused to administer sacraments to plague victims.

What French word was coined by historian Giorgio Vasari to describe the "rebirth" of the culture of classical antiquity?

Renaissance

What was theologian John Wyclif's main argument?

Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?

Several thousand Parisian women

What purposes were served by sumptuary laws?

Sumptuary laws reinforced social hierarchies, attempted to impose moral standards, and sought to protect local industries.

What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman?

The Courtier

How effective was the Universal Inquisition established by the papacy in 1542?

The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.

What best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtù?

The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will

As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?

The chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of scientific racism

What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

What characteristic distinguish the English Parliament from other representative assemblies?

The frequency of English Parliament meetings establish the sense and expectation that it's authorities was required for certain types of legislation.

The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?

The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor.

What characterizes Joan of arc's experience in the French military?

The king made her co-commander of the army and she let it to a string of victories

What describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

What characterizes the intersection of the hierarchies of wealth and orders in the Renaissance?

The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth.

Why was the pope unable to grant Henry VIII of England the annulment he desired?

The pope was essentially the prisoner of Emperor Charles V.

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

The rural poor worked for low wages

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?

There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.

Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?

They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed

How did European governments respond to the new science?

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.

What were the achievements of the Avignon popes before the Great Schism?

They reformed the financial administration of the church and centralized the government.

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance.

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?

To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within

Spanish settlement in the Americas was centered on

Towns and cities

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was what?

Treaty of Paris

According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on what?

Whether it provided order, security, and safety to the populace.

Most male Renaissance humanists argued what?

Women's sphere of activity was private and domestic.

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was what?

a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.

Voltaire saw Confucianism as what?

a natural religion

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was what?

a vigorous defender of Catholicism.

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to what?

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to what?

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation

Political power in the Dutch Republic was what?

controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen.

The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile did what?

created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state.

Mercantilist theory postulated what?

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as what?

empiricism

What did the legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate include?

everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on what?

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and what?

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed what?

human development is determined by education and society

In the eighteenth century, what happened to European public health measures?

improved water supply and sewage systems.

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred where?

in all regions of Europe.

Luther's reforms spread rapidly, in part because the Holy Roman Empire was what?

made up of hundreds of independent states.

In early Renaissance Italy, art did what?

manifested corporate power.

What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century?

middle class

Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because...?

of religious disputes among the colonists

A striking feature of the salons was what?

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

Eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were what?

popular with the European masses.

Copernicus's theory of the universe was what?

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

The concept of the reading revolution refers to what?

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief of what?

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was what?

the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy.