AP Euro Semester One Review
Because of fiscal problems and rising discontent, Louis XVI of France was forced to summon the
Estates General
Henry VIII of England
Expected papal approval of his annulment of his marriage with Catharine of Aragon because popes had traditionally deferred to kings in these matters
How did the political structure of France change during Richelieu's ministry
Feudalism to absolutism
Would likely agree with Mirandola's views in the Dignity of Man
Francesco Petrarch
Which country was first to challenge Britain's position on industrial advancement?
Germany
What was a direct impact on labor arising from the developments of the Agricultural Revolution?
Growing working class dependency on wages.
What resulted in the growth of the cottage industry?
Growth of commercial agriculture
The religious wars in France ended because
Henry of Navarre, a Protestant survivor of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, became King and issued the Edict of Nantes
Martin Luther denounced indulgences because
His concept of "Justification by Faith" meant to him that indulgences were useless for Christian salvation
Leonardo da Vinci was most influenced by what Renaissance ideal
Humanism
What reflects Blaise Pascal's goal for mankind and the gaining of knowledge?
Individuals are meant to strive for the fulfillment of human potential.
One common theme for the monarchs of the 18th century was
Issuing edicts on governmental reforms and religious toleration
Mary Wollstonecraft's "Vindication of the Rights of Women" is significant because:
It advocated for the first time that women should have the right to vote and hold political office.
The French scholar whose teachings on the Reformation appealed to many of the well-to-do throughout Europe was
John Calvin
The French revolutionary regime that followed the overthrow of Robespierre was called the
Directory
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Divided the French Catholic population
The ideas expressed by James I most closely align with what 17th and 18th century philosophy
Divine right absolutism
The traditional view of the universe was undermined by the
- Hermetic doctrine that all matter from plants to the sun contained the divine spirit. - upsetting of traditional understandings of geography by the process of exploration. - printing press, which permitted more ideas to be published and spread more rapidly.
European powers that participated in the political developments of the Polish Partition were motivated by:
A desire by Central European monarchs to consolidate their power.
What closely reflects the reaction among European countries to the Napoleonic conquests?
A tide of popular protest against the deposed monarchy
Struggles among nobles and the monarchy within the Polish Partitions led directly to:
A weakening of the political powers of the nobles.
Under the direction of the Jacobins of the Mountain, the National Convention
A. expelled and arrested the leaders of the Gironde. B. enacted the Law of the Maximum to control the price of bread and flour. C. formed the Committee of Public Safety to carry out radical revolutionary programs.
British advantages over continental European countries during the early industrial revolution included
A. good water transportation B. major supplies of coal and iron ore C. the ability to mobilize capital for industrial development
One sign of growing discontent in France with the Reign of Terror and the Republic of Virtue was
A. the anti-revolutionary revolt in the Vendee region B. the assassination of Marat C. Danton's advice that the revolution take a more moderate course
The war that broke out in 1792 between France and much of Europe was caused by
A.the threatening attitudes of European monarchs toward the Revolution, egged on by exiled French aristocrats. B. the belief of the French royal family that France's defeat would mean the restoration of the old monarchy. C. the hope of French radicals that the war would expose the inefficiency and disloyalty of the king, paving the way for a republic.
Sugar growers in the New World turned to Africa as a slave source because
Africans had a greater resistance to European diseases, native population in the Americas were rapidly decreasing, and some African chiefs sought profit through the slave trade.
On the eve of the French Revolution, the nobility, the middle classes, Enlightenment intellectuals, and peasants all had disagreements with the monarch.
B. The middle class, growing in size and wealth, wanted reforms and access to the offices and privileges enjoyed by the nobility. C. Enlightenment intellectuals, by popularizing words such as "nation," "citizen," and "general will'" questioned long-established political and social institutions. D. Peasants (and many townsmen) were hurt by food shortages, high prices, and growing unemployment.
Napoleon's military conquest disrupted which major European state goal or policy regarding foreign affairs?
Balance of power
The country that first underwent modern industrialization was
Britain
What statement best sums up the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?
By challenging the accepted scientific wisdom, the early scientists paved the way for broader Enlightenment critiques of religion, government and society
How did wealthy landowners in the 18th century take advantage of the Agricultural Revolution?
By controlling and expanding their ownership of land through Parliamentarian enclosure acts.
The Council of Trent, the Spanish Inquisition, and the mysticism of Teresa of Avila were all part of the
Catholic Reformation
What summarizes the impact of the Polish Partitions on the overall European continent?
Challenges to the European balance of power.
for Martin Luther the concept of "Justification by Faith" meant that
Christians were saved through the grace of God and not through their own efforts
Besides salons, what was another example of spreading the ideas of the enlightenment to the widest possible audience
Coffee houses
Upon seizing power in France, Napoleon Bonaparte
Consolidated his rule by employing and seeking support from a combination of Jacobins, Old Regime Officials, returning emigrant nobles, and Catholics
What economic development grew in the 18th century?
Cottage Industry
What was one of the changes instituted during the Catholic Reformation
Creation of the Society of Jesus which led to improve education and conduct missionary work
What women argued for greater equality for women during the revolutionary period?
De Gouge
The "Act of Supremacy"
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the "supreme head of the Church of England" in 1534.
What best expresses the most significant political ramification for Western history resulting from the evolution of the British Coffeehouse?
Development of social forces arising out of critical review, such as public opinion.
Partially as a consequence of the sentiment described in the Marseillaise, the wars of the French Revolution could be considered "modern" in that
Large, citizen armies fought for national, rather than dynastic goals
The figure who, more than anyone else, personified the "Renaissance man" was
Leonardo da Vinci
The political philosophy expressed in the passage most clearly reflects (Locke):
Liberalism
The famous motto of the French Revolution was
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
What describes the basic underlying cause of conflict between Louis XVI and the French people?
Long held economic and social grievances among the lower classes
Which European ruler's reign most successfully reflected the ideas of James I
Louis XIV of France
According to Luther's 95 Theses, how did his concept of Salvation differ most from that of the Catholic Church
Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Catholic Church promoted the understanding that one could earn their way into heaven through good deeds
Ironically, what was a discrepancy in the legal status of women and their role in the French Revolution, itself?
Many women were active participants without equal legal or political rights
Enlightened despots
Monarchs adopted and embraced certain aspects of Enlightenment thought and supported the arts, philosophy and education.
What changes took place in the legal social structure and economic order?
Nobles began to surrender their feudalistic rights
The "second crisis" in England was caused by
Parliament feared the ties that James II had with the Roman Catholic Church
The primary purpose of The Prince was to promote the ideals of
Preservation of order and security for a government
Which 18th century idea regarding social progress would be supported by Voltaire?
Progress through the powers of the human mind.
The Anabaptists of the sixteenth century
Rejected infant baptism in favor of adult baptism
Castiglione's discussion in The Book of the Courtier clearly shows the influence of which trends in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Europe
Renaissance humanists developed the values of secularism and individualism
Some modern scholars have suggested that the Renaissance is not a separate historical era, because
Renaissance intellectuals overstated their case, underestimating medieval interest in the classics.
The Renaissance is often considered the beginning of a modern secular spirit because
Renaissance scholars, though religious, were usually not men of the churches, monasteries, or universities - institutions dominated by religious thought.
A long term effect of the Agricultural Revolution on the general western European population was:
Rising populations with better hygiene.
The "Thermidorian reaction" during the French Revolution came when the Convention overthrew and executed
Robespierre
The purpose behind the initial decision to build the Crystal Palace, was for Great Britain to:
Show off its great wealth and industrial advancement to the rest of Europe
Renaissance sculpture
Shows an exuberant praise of anatomical realism, such as in Michelangelo's David
which nation was primed for economic supremacy by 1498
Spain
Cortes and Pizarro were able to conquer the Aztec and Inca empires because the
Spaniards possessed guns and steel weapons and were partially immune to the diseases that devastated the native population
What was the fate of the church in France during the revolution?
State control of church revenue and property
What effect did Luther's 95 Theses have on the future of the Catholic Church
The Catholic Church reaffirmed that traditional Catholic doctrine and strengthened the use of the Inquisition to root out heresy.
The sentiment expressed in the Marseillaise was ultimately opposed the most forcefully by what group
The Congress of Vienna
What act by the British government made raw materials more readily available
The Enclosure Laws
What can be attributed to the decision to execute Louis XVI
The French revolution became significantly disunified and lost the sympathy of many who might have otherwise supported it
supportive of Luther's condemnation of the Catholic Church
The German Princes
The execution of Louis XVI could best be viewed as a turning point in history of the French Revolution in what way?
The Jacobins began to harshly repress opposition through arrest and public execution of suspected enemies.
The factory system replaced what manufacturing system in England?
The Piece-Rate System
What best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtù
The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will
The Marseillaise exemplifies what trend during the French Revolution?
The diffusion to all classes of revolutionary ideals such as liberty and nationalism
What was significant about the social development in terms of "The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse"?
The emergence of civic venues for public discussions.
The women's march on Versailles illustrates what?
The enthusiastic participation by women in the early phases of the Revolution
The long-term significance of the Thirty Years War can be explained best as
The ideal of a universal church was largely abandoned as religion ceased to be the major cause for warfare between European states
What is a notable characteristic of venues or establishments of British Coffeehouses?
The increasing cultural influence and role of women within the institutions.
Which tenet of the philosophical movement of which Locke was a part of is most evident:
The rights of the individual
What development was most enabled by the 18th-century agricultural revolution?
The rise of cottage industries.
During the French wars of religion
There was a major massacre of French Protestant leaders on St. Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572
What Enlightenment thinker would likely agree with Cardinal Richelieu's viewpoint
Thomas Hobbes
Which group would most applaud Voltaire's point of view in the Candide:
Those who believe that superstition filled people with bigotry and violence.
Streams powering mills resulted in
Urbanization
Eighteenth-century warfare
Was waged by professional armies whose organization reflected the centralized bureaucratic governments they served
The Jacobins and the Girondins
Were rival revolutionary political factions in the National Convention
The thinking expressed by Pico della Mirandola and similar authors of the period led to
a growing willingness among intellectuals to question traditional sources of authority
The Polish borders in 1975 were a result of:
a lack of centralized government structure within Poland.
The French Revolution was in part precipitated by
a major financial crisis that weakened monarchical government.
After the Reformation
a strong link was forged, especially in Protestant countries, between education and work
The Jesuits were
a vigorous Catholic religious order that became the vanguard of the Catholic Reformation
a common belief regarding witchcraft in early modern Europe
all witches had pacts with the Devil
Burke differentiates modern historians from Burckhardt by
arguing that Burckhardt did not take into consideration biases of his sources
what best reflects how art in the earlier Middle Ages differed from that in Da Vinci's time
art was stylized and symbolic
The best description of Elizabeth I's religious policy is that
as a moderate Protestant, she opposed Catholics, but permitted all Protestants to worship together even if they had different doctrinal beliefs
The great European fear of witchcraft
began before the Reformation and lasted through the seventeenth century.
Scientific ideas were spread in large part
by a combination of private and royal societies.
How were womens rights limited later in the Revolution?
citizenship in the republic was restricted to men
Despite an emphasis on the ideals of the Enlightenment, monarchs during this period frequently came into violent conflict over
claims on territory with the goal of strengthening their dynastic holdings
Thomas Paine's statement "I believe in one God...I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church.?° is an example of Enlightenment
deism
Renaissance painters
developed the technique of linear perspective to create the illusion of three-dimensional space
Tyco Brahe
did not accept the Copernican system, and also rejected the Aristotelian belief that the heavens were composed of crystalline spheres
Who would be most likely targeted by witch-hunters
elderly, independent women
The Peace of Augsberg in 1555
established the Lutheran Church in Germany as an alternative to the Catholic Church
The Parisian sans-culottes
eventually gained control over the municipal government of Paris—the Commune.
The School of Athens best reflects the Renaissance's
focus on humanist ideals
The basic purpose of Napoleon's Continental System was to
harm the British economy by preventing Britain from exporting its goods into continental Europe
Although Joseph I undertook reforms where Frederick the Great feared to tread such as freedom for serfs and greater toleration of Jews he ultimately failed because
his reforms were often ill-conceived and autocratically imposed, not only alienating the powerful but also those whom the reforms were supposed to help.
Paintings of the March on Versailles depicted:
ideals of political power and citizenship
cottage industry
increased considerably during the late 17th to early 18th; all of the above
exploration and colonization of the New World in the sixteenth century impacted the European balance of power by
increasing the power of Spain and Portugal
The Renaissance
is known for major new trends in literature, architecture, and the visual arts
The Prince reflects changes in Italian politics of the Renaissance best summarized by
it embraced a "realistic" component of rule and echoed the politics of ancient Rome breaking from the tradition of the Middle Ages
The Protestant Reformation
led peasants, already upset by inflation and escalating payments to landowners, to adopt strong protests couched in terms reflecting Lutheran ideas on scripture
The peace in 1763 that ended the Seven Year's War
left matters in Europe much as they had been before.
The "agricultural revolution" of the eighteenth century refers to:
major changes that occurred in the way land was plowed and crops planted, leading to a major increase in food production.
In the "commercial revolution" of the sixteenth century, what occurred
major inflation, commercial capitalism, and enormous expansion of European markets as a result of exploration
What most directly influenced a 19th century change in the location of labor?
mechanization of textile production
Idea supported by the Dignity of Man
men have free will and the potential to do great things
Nicolas Copernicus is best known as the first
modern thinker to prove that the earth revolved around the sun
The Marseillaise
national anthem of France
Those in the Estates General who took the Tennis Court Oath vowed to
not separate until they had written a constitution for France
The Diplomatic Revolution
occurred because Maria Theresa sought new allies in an effort to retake Silesia from Frederick the Great of Prussia.
Cottage industry developed in part because;
of the growing rural labor supply, which would work for lower wages than would townsmen.
Johannes Kepler
offered the first real proof of the Copernican hypothesis by discovering three laws of planetary motion
The theological doctrine most commonly associated with John Calvin is
predestination
English entrepreneurs financed the establishment of New World colonies primarily through
private funds from the creation of joint-stock companies
The major purpose of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution was to
protect the new French Republic from its enemies and to satisfy the demands by the sans-culottes for immediate action against those enemies
a direct result of the printing press
public access to vernacular literature
The text calls the Renaissance a multifaceted movement. These ideas are part of the movement.
realism, secular spirit, romanticism
42. The area in which Frederick the Great cannot be called an "enlightened absolutist' is his
refusal to free the serfs or lessen their burdens.
The Third Estate at the Estates General of 1789
refused to leave the chamber when the king commanded the estates to leave and vote separately by order.
Copernicus's astronomical views were
rejected by Tycho Brahe, the greatest observational astronomer of the sixteenth century.
Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes in response to
religious turmoil faced by France as a result of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
the development of witch-hunting was most directly a reaction to
religious wars
The agricultural revolution in Britain
resulted in fewer people producing more food, so that surplus labor could work in the factories.
what most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic in the seventeenth century
rule by wealthy merchants
The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the:
scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and R
the term "humanism" when applied to Renaissance Italy refers primarily to the
scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome
The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the
scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome and the belief in the potential value and worth of human beings.
By the end of the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
science had claimed precedence over religion in explaining the material world
Locke's view regarding government most clearly reflects:
self-government by reasonable people
in addition to food, what had an arguably greater if not equal impact
smallpox
in addition to disease, what best reflects the impact f Europeans in the populations of the Americas
subjugation through forced labor
African slavery in America was based on raising cash crops for export. Several crops were raised by slave labor, but the outstanding crop was
sugar
which of the Old World foods was most impactful on both the New and Old World
sugarcane
During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of
supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs
Voltaire advocated for which view of religion, as opposed to traditional Christian teaching at the time?
that belief in god and morality were products of reason.
The religious attitude of most early scientists, unleashed by the Reformation, was
that they were investigating a universe created by God.
The basic principle of mercantilism was that
the amount of the world's wealth was fixed, so that one country could increase its trade and manufacturing only at the expense of others.
what best reflects the effect of maritime explorations on European society in the 16th and 17th centuries
the creation of economic opportunites through trade and colonization
An important part of the new agricultural methods seen in Great Britain was:
the development of larger blocks of land by the enclosure process, and smaller farmers' loss of land
Raphael used the societal climate of the early 16th century to draw attention to what aspect of Renaissance culture?
the emphasis on Ancient Greek culture and its focus on rational thought
a direct long-term result of the printing press
the establishment of Protestantism
Enlightenment thinkers admired the psychology of John Locke, who argued that
the human mind was blank at birth, and thus schools and social institutions should mod the individual from childhood to adulthood.
The major reason for the brutal treatment of natives in the New World was
the need for labor to raise crops and extract precious metals from mines
The development of the printing press led to _______ in 15th century Europe
the spread and influence of humanist thought
The core of Renaissance Humanism was
the study of history, literature, and philosophy, stressing grammar, poetry, history, and ethics
The core of Renaissance humanism was
the study of history, literature, and philosophy, stressing grammar, poetry, history, and ethics.
long term impact of the Edict of Nantes
the subsequent assassination of Henry IV and revocation of the edict by Louis XIV would lead to the establishment of a n absolutist system that eventually led to the revolution
The industrial revolution was
the transformation of the European economy through the development of large factories based on new technologies.
what was the most important assumption underlying the economic philosophy of mercantilism
the wealth of nations was limited and needed to be carefully preserved
events that echoed the ideas expressed by James I:
the westernization of Russia by Peter the Great, the writings of Thomas Hobbes, and the financial practices in France under Colbert
Machiavelli's philosophy of rule mirrored a secular model for political behavior because
there was a distinct break from morality as espoused in Christianity and the Church
Overall, it can be said of the enlightened absolutists that
they advanced to some degree the Enlightenment program of religious toleration and more humane social and governmental institutions, though still continuing their pursuit of military power.
Luther's ideas spread rapidly in sixteenth-century Europe because
they offered a simple and elegant solution to the query, "How do I know that I am saved?", popular preachers told peasants in villages about Luther's ideas, and printing presses produced numerous widely-read pamphlets permitting many people to pick up Luther's ideas easily and quickly
What were Newton's Laws of Motion?
three basic laws of classical mechanics that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.
one of the goals of Peter the Great was
to increase Russia's military presence in the Baltic in order to assert Russian authority in the East
What was Ignatius of Loyola's main goal
to reaffirm the supremacy and doctrine of the Catholic Church
One of Napoleon's main goals of the military conquest was
to spread ideals of the French Revolution
In response to the Reformation, the Catholic Church
undertook its own reformation, spearheaded by rigorous religious scholarship in Spain and by new religious orders such as the Jesuits
Galileo Galilei
used a telescope to discover that Jupiter had moons and that sun had spots
How did the Catholic Church use negative forces to enforce doctrine
used the inquisition and Index of Prohibited books to limit the spread of heretical ideas
Who would be most likely to patronize Da VInci's art
wealthy merchants
The Thirty Years' War began
with a Protestant religious revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs in Bohemia.
Enlightenment figures such as Rousseau, who frequented salons expressed their ideas about the role of women in that:
women needed to rely on men for their well-being
Castiglione would have argued that in terms of gender relations
women's sphere of activity was private and domestic
