Ap Euro Study Guides

Suez Canal

"1875; The canal between Egypt and Asia; British took control of the Canal, its lifeline to Asia"

Sigmund Freud

"Father of Modern Psychology", said there were conscious and unconscious parts of our minds, repressed memories lie in the unconscious, believed humans were irrational and many their motives are in the unconscious, said dreams are the window to the unconscious, believed dreams had manifest content (places, people, and things we know/understand) and latent content (don't understand), believed that a person's personality was made up of id, superego, and ego, and an imbalance of these leads to mental illness

King Louis XI (of France)

"Spider King" son of Charles XII, raised taxes, improved the royal army and controlled nobles separate militias, set stage for french absolutism, relied on middle class and against nobles

Blitzkrieg

"lightening war", war tactic using planes, tanks, and trucks,

Prince Henry the Navigator

"the Navigator" who supported the study of geography and navigation and had objectives for military glory, Christianize Muslims, locate Prestor John, and find gold.

Book of Common Prayer

(1549) Archbishop Thomas Cranmer prepared the first Book of Common Prayer, which included the order for all services of the Church of England.

Revolt of the Netherlands

(1566-1587) revolt in response to Philip II's absentee rule

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

The New Left

A movement of students in the West who advocated simpler, purer societies based on an updated, romanticized version of Marxism.

Cheka

A new Red secret police. It replaced the old tsarist secret police. They aimed at nothing less than destruction of all those who opposed the new regime. Bourgeoisie were singled out who consider as "class enemies".

querelle des femmes

A new debate emerged over the proper role of women in society (starting with Christine de Pisan in the 14th century); the debate continued for six hundred years.

Green Parties

A political party intended to fight for environmental causes. Founded in West Germany in 1979.

The "June Days"

A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism.-Also with the June Days it led to having a new constitution demanding a strong executive, which led to the rise of Louis Napoleon.

the Fronde

A series of civil wars in France by nobles against Louis XIV's and Mazarin's authority triggered by growing royal control and oppressive taxation; they were unable to overthrow Mazarin.

Public Health Act of 1848

After Edwin Chadwick's report on the living conditions of the laboring classes, as well as numerous deadly cholera outbreaks, Parliament passed this in 1848, which called for the creation of a National Board of Health, and permitted cities to install new sewer systems.

Ho Chi Minh

After WWII, Ho Chi Minh led the independence movement in north Vietnam.1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Catherine the Great (of Russia)

After eliminating her husband, Peter III, she became empress of Russia. She worked to spread Western European culture to Russia, reform Russian practices, and expand her territory.

Munich Conference

Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union that G would not fight SU & SU wouuld stay neutral, this allowed Hitler to concentrate on a one front war once the war started and SU got land.

Queen Isabella (of Castile)

Aragon & Castile (Spain) queen of those two places; married during Reconquista (opposed by Castile nobles); created the Kingdom of Spain when they assumed the throne; reinforced authority over the Iberian Peninsula by reducing power of nobility (resulting in a prosperous Spain); wanted to unify Spain; took to the cause of the Reconquista, establishing the Inquisition, funded Columbus

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism. Belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity.

Cartesian dualism

Cartesian dualism Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter, that is to physical and spiritual. He believed that God had gave man reason for a purpose and that rational speculation could provide a path to the truths of creation.

Joseph Goebbels

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda

Carlsbad Decrees

Closed the Burschenschaften, provided for censorship of the press, and placed the universities under close supervision and control.

Alexander Dubcek

Communist Party Secretary of Czechoslovakia; loosens strict rules; permits criticism of government; assures loyalty to USSR; gets kicked out. Wanted to create "socialism with a human face."

Francisco Pizarro

Conquistador that led a group of soldiers to the Andes to capture Incas. Held Inca emperor for ransom then killed him.

Rembrandt van Rijn

Considered one of the greatest Dutch Baroque artists, his financial success was offset by tragic deaths of two wives and all four of his sons.

Cuban missile crisis (1962)

Cuba became a communist country in 1959 and an ally of the Soviet Union Oct. 1962: U.S. demanded Soviets remove their newly installed nuclear missiles from Cuba. Crisis became the closest USSR and US came to nuclear war. Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in return for U.S. removing its missiles from Turkey and vowing not to invade Cuba in the future. Crisis weakened Khrushchev and contributed to his downfall in 1964

Tsar Alexander I (of Russia)

Czar of Russia from 1801 to 1825; after the defeat of Napoleon's army in 1812, he became one of the most powerful leaders in Europe, supporting the suppression of all revolutionary movements in Russia and Europe

Vaclav Havel

Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and 1st president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936)

Boers (Afrikaners)

Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa

Discourse on Method

Discourse on Method The most famous work of Rene Descartes. It outlined his major beliefs, including that God endowed man with a reason and for a purpose and that speculation could provide a path to the truths of creations.

Quinine

Discovered in the Amazon forest by European Explorers during the 16th century, by the 19th century they discovered this can cure malaria

Brezhnev Doctrine

Doctrine created by Leonid Brezhnev that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever it saw the need.

English Bill of Rights

Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people. It also limited the king's powers in taxing and prohibited the maintenance of a standing army in peacetime. It limited the power of the monarchy & guaranteed civil liberties to the English privileged class. Also prohibited the Roman Catholics from occupying the English throne.

Crystal Palace

During the Great Exhibition of 1851, Great Britain built this centerpiece building to house its many technological achievements. This building itself was an achievement, as it was made entirely of iron and glass.

Separate spheres

During the mid nineteenth century, male and female gender roles became more defined into these, with the husband becoming he primary bread-winner and the wife becoming the primary home-maker.

Mercantilism

Economic principles that were followed in the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe. Trade was a "zero-sum game," governments attempted to keep a balance of power, and countries had to gain bullion in order to have a prosperous economy.

Perestroika

Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Soviet premier Gorbachev in 1985. Permitted an easing of government price controls on some goods, more independence for state enterprises

theory of special relativity

Einstein's theory that realities are subjective-speed, time, and space are all relative to the observer, therefore everything is subjective

Mary, Queen of Scots

Elizabeth's cousin, next in line to the English throne, was improsoned because Elizabeth was worried that she would overthrow her. Became involved with an assasination plot and was executed

Second French Empire

Emperor Napoleon III: took control of gov't in coup d'etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year a. Restored universal suffrage in 1852 and most people voted to make him president for 10 years · France was the only country in Europe at that time to provide universal suffrage b. 1853, many voted to keep him c. 1851-1859: Napoleon III's control was direct and authoritarian. · Strengthened centralized power · An imperial aristocracy emerged consisting of wealthy businessmen · Censorship of the press

Peace of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Year's War, gave sovereignty to over 300 German states, and reaffirmed the Peace of Augsburg.

Count Camillo di Cavour

Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy..

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

The Protectorate

English military dictatorship established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903) "Survival of the Fittest"

William Harvey

Englishman known best for his cardio discoveries. He explained how the heart pumps blood through viens, out into the body.

Enlightened absolutism

Enlightened absolutism occurred when government rulers took interest in the ideas of philosophes. Rulers still ruled by absolutism, but they reformed the government by applying philosophical ideas to their ways of ruling.

The Common Market

European Economic Community, created by six western european nations in 1957 as part of a larger search for european unity

Gunpowder Plot

Fawkes wanted to blow up the Parliament when the King came to talk, he would kill the whole government. Government stops the plot. Guy Fawkes is the fall man.

Patronage

Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.

King Henry VII (of England)

First Tudor, King of England that restored royal prestige, crushed the power of nobility, and established order and law at the local level

Social Darwinism

First coined by Herbert Spencer; this is the idea that life is a struggle and only the fittest groups of people should survive.

Truman Doctrine

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

Charles Talleyrand

Foreign Minister of France

Georges Clemenceau

French Premier who was determined to regain Alsace and Lorraine from Germany and weaken the German army as well as to use German financial resources to rebuild the French economy.

Georges Danton

French Revolutionary leader who stormed the bastille and supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for opposing the reign of terror

Dual Revolution

Fusion of economic and political changes in Europe

Georg Hegel

German Philosopher and historian (1770-1831) he believed in the Hegelian Dialectic, that ideas are the driving force of history, and in history being progressive. Even though Marx and Engels disagreed with the Hegelian Dialectic they respected Hegel.

Weimar Republic

German government established in 1919, Liberal and Democratic, Unusually progressive with voting rights for women and extensive civil liberties for German citizens,

Johann Gottfried von Herder

German philosopher who advocated intuition over reason (1744-1803)

Guest worker programs

Government-run programs in western Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy.

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Battle of the Bulge

Hitler's last offensive-After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Aryanization

Hitler's plan to create an entire race of well-off Aryans, Jews were fired from their jobs and many were forced to sell their businesses to "racially pure" Germans for low or no money.

Prague Spring

In 1968, Czechoslovakia, under Alexander Dubcek, began a program of reform. Dubcek promised civil liberties, democratic political reforms, and a more independent political system. The Soviet Union invaded the country and put down the short-lived period of freedom.

Chartists

In 19th century Britain where members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all MEN.

Henry Cort

In the 1780s, developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (made from coal, not the drink or drug). Also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form

Zollverein

In the 1830's, the German states (minus Austria) joined together in a tariff union known as this, in hopes of competing better with Great Britain in industry.

Cavaliers

In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.

Desiderius Erasmus

In works such as, "Praise of Folly", this intellectual bitingly criticized the Catholic Church for its hypocrisy. He "laid the egg that Luther hatched."

Cardinal Richelieu

Initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy. Eliminated political and military rights of Huguenots(French Calvinists) while preserving their religious ones.

Reform Bill of 1867 (Second Reform Bill)

Introduced by the Conservative ministry; it increased the number of voters from appr. 1,430,000 to 2,470,000 where large numbers of male working-class voters were admitted to the electorate.

Lateran Agreement

It was an agreement between Mussolini and the Pope that recognized the Vatican as a tiny independent state and agreed to financial support. The agreement raised the Pope's prestige in Italy and for Mussolini gave him support from the Catholics.

Star Chamber

Judicial branch of England's royal council, dealt with perceived or actual aristocratic threats. Didn't have juries, used torture, was highly secretive. Henry VII

Sergei Witte

Key leader of Russian modernization. Inspired by the writings of Friedrich List, he believed that harsh reality of indus backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness. "Use the west to catch up with the west"

Assembly of Notables

King Louis XVI summoned this group of high-ranking nobles, bishops, and other members of French society in order to win support for a reformed tax system; however, they did not support his reforms and he had to call the Estates General.

King Louis Philippe (of France)

King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (smelled his popularity was diminishing) Known as the "Citizen King." Led a "bourgeoisie monarchy" that was characterized by stubborn inaction and complacency

Spanish Armada

Launched by Philip II in 1588, it was meant to help him invade England, take over the throne, and restore Catholicism.

The Mountain

Led by Robespierre, French National Convention's radical faction, which seized power in 1793

Leon Trotsky

Led the Red Army in the Soviet Union. Ultimately became a major political opponent and was murdered by Stalin. Led the Bolshevik revolution in 1918.

Marquis de Lafayette

Led the moderates in the French revolution, headed the national guard

Cardinal Mazarin

Louis XIV, 4 years old when he became King. Continued Richelieu's centralizing policies

Auxiliary Service Law

Ludendorff. men 17-60 had to work for the war effort solely in war related jobs. also aimed at women.

Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette queen, wife of Louis XVI, disliked due to her extravagence and opposition to reform which contributed in the overthrow of the monarchy, died by guillotined

Madame du Chatelet

Marquise du Châtelet was a French mathematician, physicist, and author Enlightenment.

Velvet Revolution

Mass protests in Czechoslovakia, led by playwright Vaclev Havel, that culminated in the fall of communism in that country in November 1989. Peaceful protest

Total war

Means the war effected the lives of all citizens, the governments, and the economy, in this case by leading to increased centralization of government, economic regimentation, and manipulation of public opinion.

Jan van Eyck

Netherlands | painter of The Arnolfini Wedding; early proponent of oil painting on wood or canvas

Solidarity

Outlawed Polish trade union that worked for workers' rights and political reform throughout the 1980s

cubism

Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form

Pope Julius II

Papal States | "Warrior Pope" because he brought Renaissance papacy to its peak of military/political strength; helped drive Venetians and French out of territory

viceroyalties

Provinces ruled by viceroys, direct representatives of the monarch. The Spanish used these to directly rule their VAST provinces in the New World.

Junkers

Prussian nobility

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

Published in Italian and widely read, this work written by Galileo mocked Aristotle's and Ptolemy's traditional view, but defended Copernicus's theories. With this book, Galileo was tried for heresy by the papal Inquisition, imprisoned, and tortured until he recanted.

Roundheads

Puritan supporters of Parliment, fighting the English Civil War from 1642-1649

The Great European Witch-hunt

Pursuit of people suspected of the Devil's work by Christians, usually in areas where their religion was not strong. Caused by a blend of local tradition and Christianity that blamed natural disasters and fires on the supernatural. 100,000 people tried for witchcraft, 75% women

Rococo

Rococo was a style of art popular in the early 18th century. It focused on elaborate a graceful qualities.

Leo Tolstoy

Russian realist-combined realism in description and character development with an atypical moralizing, which came to dominate his later work-War and Peace: monumental novel set against historical background of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812-probed deeply into lives of a multitude of unforgettable characters-central message: human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values

Salons/Salonnieres

Salons were places of gathering for upper-middle class and high middle class people to meet and talk about enlightened ideas/Women during the Enlightenment, such as Madame de Geoffrin, who ran the salons.

Politique

Someone in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else.

Victor Hugo

Son of a Napoleonic general, he achieved an amazing range of rhythm, language, and image in his lyric poetry. Wrote "Hunchback of Notre Dame." Well known for his poetry and prose

Glasnost

Soviet premier Gorbachev's popular campaign for openness in government and the media

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931) 1.glasnost (openness) 2. perestroika (restructuring)

Asiento

Spain's West African Slave Trade that was given to Britain as a result of the War of Spanish Succession

Francisco Franco

Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador(motivated by glory, God and Gold) who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Gustavus Vasa

Swedish ruler who came to throne during a civil war with Denmark and spread protestant ideas

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss humanist, priest, admirer of Erasmus, who believed Christian life rested on the Scriptures, attacked indulgences, the Mass, monasticism, clerical celibacy

Tabula rasa

Tabula rasa is the term that John Locked used to refer to the blank mind everybody has when they are born. He believed that the man can be improved from experiences

Francesco Petrarch

The "father of humanism"

Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts

The Encyclopedia has 28 volumes, 72,000 articles: it helped to popularize the enlightenment. Its goal was to change the general way of thinking.

Leonardo Bruni

The Florentine chancellor, patriot, and humanist,wrote The New Cicero which explained how an individual can be maturely and intellectually a "man" through participation in and out of the state

Amerigo Vespucci

The Italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of America as a new world. America is named after him

The National Guard

The National Guard militia of Paris, led by Marquis de Lafayette hero of the American revolution and young liberal aristocrat,

defenestration of Prague

The Protestant nobility in Prague responded to Ferdinand's decision to revoke the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants by throwing his regents out the window.

Potsdam conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe, but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War; Truman demanded free elections throughout eastern europe, but Stalin refused because he was afraid that free elections would lead to anti-soviet govts.

The Starry Messenger

The first published scientific work based on the observation of a telescope written by Galileo. It created a new method of learning and investigating without the reliance of the authority.

Margaret Thatcher

The first woman elected to lead a major European state, was one of the late twentieth century's most significant leaders. The controversial "iron lady" attacked socialism, promoted capitalism, and changed the face of modern Britain.

three field system

The problem with farming was soil exhaustion, so this technique was put in place. on all farm strips one year of wheat or rye would be planted followed by a year of oats, beans, or turnips.which in turn would put nitrogen back into the soil.

Détente

The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions

Great Migration

The time in which millions of people moved from their ancestral lands. For instance, between 1815 and 1932, over 60 million people left Europe.

Proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

Gunboat diplomacy

The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements.

Opium trade

The war in which the Chinese government tried to halt the British from exporting opium to China

Second Industrial Revolution

This development in the second half of the nineteenth century saw a closer connection between theoretical science and technology, a growth in the production of things such as steel, chemicals, and petroleum, and the rise of Germany and the U.S. as the world's leading industrial powers.

Thomas Malthus

This economic liberal believed that the growth of population would always outpace the growth of the food supply, thus leading to inevitable starvation. He believed the government shouldn't interfere with the "positive checks" that limited the population.

David Ricardo

This economic liberal proposed the "iron law of wages", which said that governments should not intervene to raise workers' wages because this would just encourage workers to have more children, which would inevitably depress wages again.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

This event, in which 1000's of Protestants were brutally murdered by the Catholic royal guards as they were gathered in Paris for a royal wedding, is often viewed as the trigger of the French Wars of Religion.

Public sphere

This was a space where people could gather to discuss political, social, and economic ideas.

Rome-Berlin Axis

This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. They assured an alliance with each other while agreeing to support each other against Allied powers.

Christian humanism

This was an intellectual movement, an offshoot of its Italian counterpart, which emphasized a re-examination of the earliest Christian Church through education and a return to simpler forms of practice and worship.

Reconquista

This was led by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain; its goal was to remove the last of the Moors and the Jews and Christianize Spain

Holy Alliance

This was the alliance between Austria Prussia and Russia on the crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution.

Utopian Socialism

This was the idea of creating an idyllic world through socialism, in which everything would be shared. This was not exactly communism, or Marxist Socialism, because people would still own personal property, and it did not advocate violence.

The Great Purge

This was when Stalin persecuted all those in Russia who he perceived to be a threat, and deemed "enemies of the people". There were millions of deaths, in addition to imprisonment, censorship, and other forms of oppression.

Emperor Napoleon III

Used Napoleonic legend to win elections in 1848 to become France's first president under universal suffrage for men. Seized power in 1851 via coup d' état and became dictator of second French empire. Discards constitution, taking France back to 1791. Leads period of economic growth: rebuilt Paris, extends French power overseas (Crimean War, war for Italian unification (which got some territory for France Nice and Savoy), Constructed Suez Canal between Mediterranean and Red Sea. Losses thru involvement in mexico and Franco-Prussian war. Went into exile.

Lord Byron

Was an important British Romantic poet. His works include "She walks in Beauty" and the unfinished "Don Juan." Many consider him to embody the spirit of Romanticism. He died from an illness contracted while in Greece, where he was supporting their independence movement.

Triple Entente

Was an informal, but powerful association of Britain, France, and Russia, rather than an alliance. This was significant because although it did not bind Britain to fight alongside France and Russia, it did ensure that Britain would not fight against them.

hyperinflation

When the German economy tried to print bills to pay off their debt, inflation rates of 40% a day

Catherine of Aragon

Wife #1 of Henry VIII, had a child named Mary, divorced

Catherine de'Medici

Wife of Henry II and mother of the Henry's 3 sons who provided weak rulership and was forced to take many of the ruling responsibilities

Moroccan Crisis of 1905

William II (Germany) protested France's dominance over Morocco and demanded that Germany get the same trading rights with Morocco as France. A conference was organized as a result. Germany walked away empty-handed. This is significant because France, Great Britain, and the US realize that they share a common goal: watch out and try to prevent Germany from developing into a major world power.

Helmut Kohl

a West German chancellor represented a ten-point plan for a step by stem unification in cooperation with both East Germany and the international community. He then promised the ordinary citizens of a struggling, bankrupt East Germany an immediate economic bonanza. Reunified Germany.

Society of Revolutionary Republican Women

a club of militant women that had called for the creation of female armies to combat counter revolution, banned October 30, 1793 by National Convention

Leni Riefenstahl

a woman film maker that directed a masterpiece of documentary propaganda, The Triumph of the Will, based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Émile

a work that says that children should not be treated like little adults, and that forcing children to read and study is not affective because it will only teach them to hate reading, children should be inspired to learn and do so out of curiosity so they can experience things and think for themselves

new imperialism

acquisition of territories on an intense and unprecedented scale; led to development of new tools for transit, communication, and domination that were necessary

Dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary (Ausgleich)

after austria's defeat by prussia in 1866, hungarians demanded more freedom. austria responded in 1867 by forming this monarchy, also called the austria-hungary, in which hungarians shared power with austrians.

King Victor Emanuel II (of Piedmont)

after granting liberal constitutions willingly. Victor Emmanuel ruled from 1849 onwards and appointed very capable prime minister in 1852, Camillo di Cavour - one of the shrewdest politicians of that and any age. Victor Emmanuel supported Cavour's policies and in 1861 became the King of Italy.

Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain

aging leader of France accepted defeat to the Germans, which allowed him to keep a very small portion of the south of France to himself under the puppet government of Vichy France

Popular Front

alliance in France between the Communists, Socialists, and the Radicals, feared growing fascism at home and abroad, this group made the first and only real attempt to deal with the social and economic problems of the 1930s in France

John Kay's flying shuttle

allowed fabric to be woven much faster than before, resulted in a greater demand for spun thread

Battle of Britain

an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

"new woman"

an independent female who could vote, have a job, spend her salary on goods (often a stereotype used in marketing), use makeup, smoke, and use their sex appeal

class-consciousness

an individual's sense of class differentiation

Caspar David Friedrich

another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx. Published "The Condition of the Working Class In England."

Friedrich Engels

another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx. Published "The Condition of the Working Class In England."

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

anti-soviet military alliance between western governments

Social Democratic Party

bismark largely repressed this party, believing socialism would undermine German politics and society. Being a socialist in Germany eventually meant sacrificing a respectable German life and possibly, a career. Its members had the goal of getting more and more representatives in the Reichstag.

Filippo Brunelleschi

built the magnificent dome on the cathedral of Florence, designed hospital for orphans carefully thought out ot achieve a sense of balance and harmony

Werner Heisenberg

came up with the uncertainty principle by furthering Einstein's special relativity theory, the principle said that nothing is certain because everything is subjective and therefore nothing can be proven and everything is doubtable

Dechristianization

campaign to eliminate Christain faith and practice in France undertaken by the revolutionary government

Christian Democrats

center right political parties that rose to power after WWII, rejected narrow nationalism and authoritarianism/communism, supported democracy and liberalism, supported traditional family values, supported free market economics

Cape Colony

colony of South Africa under Boer control

Josip Broz Tito

communist authoritarian ruler of Yugoslavia, prevented Stalin from taking over and thus never fell under the control of the Soviet Union and didn't become a satellite nation

Nobles of the sword

could trace lineage back to medieval times, born into status(older)

First Battle of the Marne

counterattack toward Schlieffen plan. 6 French Field Armies and 1 British Army along the Marne River, forced the German Army to retreat and abandon its push to take Paris; French and British armies were able to defeated the Germans in this battle.

Treaty of Versailles

created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all armed forces 2) Germany had to repair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Jeremy Bentham

creator of Utilitarianism. Advocates "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Taught that public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis.

Pablo Picasso

cubism artist, painted Guernica (mural of civilian bombing in the Spanish Civil War)

Edward Jenner

discovered that milkmaids/women that worked with cows didn't catch smallpox because they had already caught cowpox (a less deadly form of smallpox, people still got sores but they weren't fatal or infectious) from the cows, used cowpox to inoculate people against smallpox, became popular because the survival rate was higher than being inoculated with smallpox

popular culture v. high (elite) culture

diversion in culture between the wealthy/educated and the masses/lower classes, the wealthy began abandoning and looking down upon old traditions that the masses still followed

Dreyfus Affair

divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-semites against Dreyfus; because of this, the French government severed all ties between the state and church.

Eugenics

doctrine that maintains that the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characteristics of a national population. This is significant because it inspired Nazi ideas of "race and space" and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust.

King James I (of England)

first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)

Reform Bill of 1884 (Third Reform Bill)

gave the vote to almost every adult male. It made a giant leap for democracy in Britain.

New Deal

gov intervened into economy,new agencies for relief/reform/recovery,Federal Emergency Relief Administration-funds to help states/local communities meet the needs of the destitute/homeless,Civilian Conservation Corps-employed more than 2 mil peeps on reforestation projects

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

greatest blunder of National Assembly, made the church a branch of the secular state where the clergy and officials where voted in, had to take an oath to ensure that loyalty to the state came first

The Plain

group that agreed with the Girondists with some issues and the Mountain with others

Horatio H. Kitchener

he defeated Sudanese tribesman and killed 11,000 (with machine guns) while only 28 Britons died during the Battle of Omdurman

John Knox

he dominated the reform movement in Scotland leading to the establishment of a state church. Knox transformed the Presbyterian Church of Scotland into Calvinsist, adopted a simple and dignified service of worship

Robert Clive

head of British East India Company, his company forces defeated Mughal emperor in India and he became governor general of Bengal and had authority over the province

Boyars

highest ranking nobles in russia sig- moscow inherited the tradition of ruling in cooperation with the nobility

Charles Darwin

his theory of natural selection helped to explain evolution among organisms, and contributed to the growing belief in materialism among Europeans.

Anticlericalism

hostility to the clergy" People wanted reform of the church due to the corruption of the clergy. Anticlericalism was left unheard except for in areas such as Spain.

the "white man's burden"

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

just price

idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by the government decree if necessary

Jethro Tull's seed drill

it was game changing product created by Jethro Tull, instead of scattering seeds by hand and have animals come eat them, this allowed less seed loss and allowed almost all seeds to take root.

Bloody Sunday

massacre of peaceful protesters at Winters Square in St. Petersberg in 1905 that turned ordinary workers against the tsar and produced a wave of general indignation.

Pilgrimage of Grace

massive rebellion that proved the largest in English history.The "pilgrims" accepted a truce but leaders were arrested, tried, and executed

The Great Depression

massive unemployment (downward spiral - 33-40% in U.S. and Germany), investment dries up, bank and financial failures (Credit-Anstalt, 1931), protectionism and tariffs - world trade plummets

Girondists

moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793

Schlieffen Plan

named after chief of German general staff. attack French first (PARIS), then turn around & put bulk of soldiers towards Russia because they will be slow to prepare. want to go through neutral Belgium, which breaks the agreement, but is easy because of low defense.

Peter Paul Rubens

one of the 1st studio painters, employed a team of assistants. "The Raising of the Cross" "Portraits of Marie de Medicis" Popularized full figured women.

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife

Creole

people of Spanish/European ancestry that were born in the Americas

Neoliberalism

philosophy of 1980s conservatives who argued for decreased government spending on social services and privatization of state-run industries. Called for privatization

Liberalism (economic)

policies aimed at protecting and developing a country's economy

balance of power

prevent France from becoming Powerful: 1) The Low Countries of Holland and Belgium were combined to form a Dutch republic to be a check on French power in the north and west. 2) Prussia received separate territory along the Rhine River to be a check to French power in the East

Rationing

rationing of food supplies and materials...nationalization of transportation systems and industries

Dutch East India Company

rival of the British East India Company, had taken over Portuguese spice trade, monopolized Indian Ocean trade

Jansenism

sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed by heresy by the pope

Evolutionary Socialism

socialist doctrine espoused by Eduard Bernstein who argued that socialists should stress cooperation and evolution to attain power by democratic means rather than by conflict and revolution

Ignatius Loyola

soldier who converted to Catholicism and started the Jesuit order

Magyars

sought political control over non-magyar peoples living within the historical boundaries of Hungary.

Declaration of Pillnitz

statement agreed upon by Austria & Prussia to intervene in France if the revolution threatened the monarchy, angered France who then declared war

Burschenshaften

student societies dedicated to promoting the goal of a free, united Germany

King Charles X (of France)

succeeded his brother Louis XVIII. His desire to restore France to a Pre-1789 world led to the Revolution of 1830 and the ascent of Louis Philippe.

Salvador Dali

surrealist artist, painted dreamscapes

putting-out system

system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant

Hundred days of reform

the Chinese government launched a desperate hundred days of reform in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge

Transubstantiation

the bread and the wine actually turns into the blood and body of Christ

February Revolution

the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917

Sovereignty

the supreme authority in a political community; a modern state is said to be sovereign when it controls the instruments of justice (the courts) and the use of force (military and police powers) within geographical boundaries recognized by other states.

Wilson's 14 Points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

Empiricism

theory of inductive reasoning that calls for evidence through observation and experiments rather than reason and speculation. It was formalized by Bacon, but was already used by Brahe and Galileo.

Physiocrats

thinkers/philosophers that studied natural laws of the economy, came up with the idea of the "invisible hand" also known as laissez fare, an important one was Adam Smith (he believed the gov should only have 3 tasks: police, army, and public works)

John Wesley

this man's Methodist movement started a "Protestant revival" among the lower classes, travelled and preached to peasants in fields or other community spaces, taught them that anyone who sought salvation would receive it, criticized predestination

The Hundred Days

time from Napoleons return from Elba to his defeat at waterloo

Young Turks

various groups favoring reformation of the administration of the Ottoman Empire. The movement was against the monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and favored a re-installation of the shortlived Kanûn-ı Esâsî constitution. They established the second constitutional era in 1908.

Austro-Prussian War

war in 1866 in which railroads and the breechloading needle gun were used by the Prussians to defeat Austria. Prussia offered Austria generous peace terms, and Austria agreed to withdraw from German affairs. North German Confederation formed.

Maxim machine gun

was invented in 1884 was the world's first automatic machine gun.

Nobles of the robe

were appointed status because they served in the military or the gov, were looked down upon by the other group of nobles(newer)

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, with basic ideas on "racial purification" and territorial expansion that would define Nazis. Germans needed lebensraum (living space)and championed idea of Fuhrer (leader-dictator)

Hundred Years' War

(1337-1453) Long series of wars between France and England

Pope Leo X

(1475-1521) (Medici) Pope who authorized the sale of a special St. Peter's indulgence to be managed by Archbishop Albert of Mainz and sol by Johann Tetzel. Clashed with Luther, excommunicated him and declared him a heretic. (Built St. Peter's Basilica in Rome)-patron of Michelangelo

Habsburg-Valois Wars

(1521-1559) Series of wars in which France and the Holy Roman Empire competed for Italy

Act of Supremacy

(1534) Made the King of England the supreme head of the Church of England

Edict of Restitution

(1629) Emperor declared all church territories that had been secularized since 1552 to be automatically restored to Catholic Church

Frederick William the Great Elector (of Prussia)

(1640-1688) The "Great Elector" who built a strong Prussian army and infused military values into Prussian society. Was also elected to be emperor of the new German national state.

John Constable

(1776-1837) Fascinated by nature and painted gentle Wordsworthian landscapes in which human beings were at one with their environment, the comorting countryside of unspoiled rural England

Joseph M.W. Turner

(1785-1851) Fascinated by nature and depicted nature's power and terror with wild storms and sinking ships. Notable romantic poet in England

Eugene Delacroix

(1798-1863) One of the greatest and most moving romantic painters in France. Probably the illigitimate son of French prime minister Talleyrand. He was a master of dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred the emotions. Fascinated with remote and exotic subjects and a passionate spokesman for freedom

King Louis XVIII (of France)

(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He was old, ugly, crippled by gout, and was not a favorite among French. Let Napoleon take over in the 100 days.

Battle of Peterloo

(1819) This battle, occurred at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester, England. It was more of a massacre than a battle; people had gathered to discuss political reform and spread new ideas, and were killed by government troops

The Great Rebellion (the Sepoy Rebellion)

(1857-1858) Widespread uprising of Indians against the British E.I.Co. Resulted in total british colonization of India

J.A. Hobson

(1858-1940), criticized imperialism, felt it was caused by the needs of unregulated capitalism, argued that imperial possessions did not benefit the country as a whole, believed it diverted attention away from domestic reform, morally condemned whites ruling nonwhites

Maastricht Treaty

(1994) The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on February 7, 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final negotiations on December 9, 1991 between the members of the European Community and entered into force on November 1, 1993 during the Delors Commission. It led to the creation of the European Union and was the result of separate negotiations on monetary union and on political union. The Maastricht Treaty has been amended to a degree by later treaties

Leonid Brezhnev

(General Secretary - 1964-1982) Beginning in 1964, USSR under him began a period of stagnation and limited re-Stalinization. Massive arms buildup started in response to humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis.USSR avoided direct confrontation with the U.S.; in effect, new era of peaceful coexistence

Muhammad Ali

1. He drafted the peasants, reformed the government, and improved communications. 2. The peasants lost out because the land was converted from self sufficient farms to large, private landholdings to grow cash crops for export.

1968 student revolts

1. reform the universities 2. protests of the Vietnam War 3. attack on materialism and other aspects of Western Culture

Parlements

13 regional courts of law in France that had the right of remonstrance which gave them some check on royal power.Louis XIV, 4 years old when he became King. Continued Richelieu's centralizing policies

Germany Peasants' War of 1525

1525, peasants made demands that they believed conformed to the Scriptures and to Luther, however, Luther soon opposed the peasants rebellion and the nobility killed 75,000 peasants

King Charles I (of England)

1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded

Test Act

1673- Legislation that excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England form voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, ore assembling for meetings

Klemens von Metternich

1773-1859. Austrian prince who was an early nineteenth century statesman who epitomized conservatism. He exercised chief control over the forces of European reaction.

Legislative Assembly

1791-1792, convened October 1791 after National Assembly, consisted of younger and less cautious well educated middle class men, many were a part of the Jacobin club

Giuseppe Mazzini

1805-1872. explains his understanding of nationalism in "Mazzini Defines Nationality." He combines a generally democratic view of politics with a religious concept of the divine destiny of nations. Mazzini says the essential characteristics of a nationality are common ideas, common principles, and common purpose.

impressionism

1860s-1880s style of art that started the movement away from realistic, blurry, quickly painted, captured a fleeting moment, colorful, atmospheric, artists looked to the world around them for subject matter

Meiji Restoration

1867; The policy of Japan to reverse its isolation and replace the feudal rulers of the shogun and increase the power of the emperor

Triple Alliance

1879 Bismarck signed alliance with Austria-Hungary. In 1882 Italy added. If any member attacked by 2 powers other members would help.

King Leopold II (of Belgium)

1879; Sent Stanley to explore the Congo

post-impressionism

1880s-1900s style of art, often considered to be the real beginning of modern art because there was no longer any attempt to fool the viewer, had the impressionist motifs of light and color but added a deep psychological element-artists were trying to express their feelings onto the canvas

Cecil Rhodes

1890; The diamond mine millionare; British

South African War (Boer War)

1899-1902; The war where the British defeated the Boers and annexed the two republics (Orange Free State and Transvall)

The Boxer Rebellion

1900; uprising of Chinese nationalists to drive out all foreigners and restore China to isolation; Failed

surrealism

1920-1930 style of art, influenced by Freudian psychology, portrayed images of the unconscious, uncomfortable symbols, fantastic dream worlds, and impossible alien landscapes, seen as a radical political mission along with Dadaism

Treaty of Rome

1957 created european economic community, generally known as common market, beginning of european economic integration

the Helsinki Accords

1975, ratified european territorial boundries post ww2, establish watch committees to monitor human rights in 35 nations that signed Helsinki accords, high point of cold war

Jean-Paul Sartre

20th century philosopher that agreed with Nietzsche that there was no god, therefore there is no higher power judging our actions or guiding our fates, believed that we are alone in the universe and are free to create our own destiny, "we are condemned to be free"-this freedom is empowering and terrifying, no one to blame for our failures but ourselves, believed that we are allowed to pick how we will react in every situation and can choose how it will affect us, our lives are what we choose to make of them, "existence precedes essence"-every person gives life meaning to their life through their own choices

Ptolemy's Geography

2nd century book written by Ptolemy, showed the world was round and treated lattitude and longitude

Anglo-Dutch Trade Wars

3 small wars between 1652 and 1674 for dominance in trade, Navigation Acts severely hurt the Dutch, in 1664 Britain seized the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, by late 17th century the Dutch were falling behind in shipping, trade, and colonies and weren't competition for Britain anymore

Lusitania

A British passenger liner that was sunk by German U-boats in May 1915. More than 1000 lives were lost, including 139 American citizens. President Wilson was very upset that German had done this (and violated naval code in the process) and forced Germany to relax its submarine warfare for two years or face war with the United States.

Benjamin Disraeli

A British politician who extended the vote to the rich middle class in order to broaden the political base of the conservative party and who as Prime Minister bought controlling interest in the Suez Canal and made Queen Victoria the empress of India

Tycho Brahe

A Danish mathematician and astronomer who built two observatories, one in Denmark and one in Prague, studying and recording the positions of the stars. He believed that that all the planets except earth revolve around the sun and that the entire group of sun and planets revolves around the earth-moon system. Later astronomers would use his data to prove the heliocentric theory.

Bartolome de Las Casas

A Dominican monk who was one of the most vocal critics of the brutal treatment of Native Americans by Spaniards during the Age of Exploration.

Galen

A Greek doctor who came up with the idea that man contained 4 liquids and that illness was entirely caused by an imbalance of these liquids. This idea was rejected during the Enlightenment.

Lech Walesa

A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.

Paracelsus

A Swiss man who proved Galen wrong by experimenting with medicines and chemicals to solve illness, and proved to be correct.

Crédit Mobilier

A bank who advertised extensively and used the savings of its many small investors and the resources of its big investors. It built railroads all over France and Europe.

Gavrilo Princip

A black hand assassin who killed Arch Duke Ferdinand which set off WWI.

Thermodynamics

A branch of physics built on Newton's laws of mechanics that investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy

James Hargreaves' spinning jenny

A gifted carpenter who invented the cotton-spinning jenny

tariff protection

A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products

White Rose Movement

A group of university students resisting Nazis and handed out pamphlets-once they were discovered they were executed.

William Gladstone

A liberal prime minister who supported Robert Peel, free trade, the repeal of the Corn Laws, and efficient administration. He lowered taxes and government expenditures issued The Ballot Act of 1872 Introduced voting by secret ballot

Reform Bill of 1832

A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas

Tet Offensive

A military campaign launched in 1968 by North Vietnam against South Vietnam. Tet was the turning point in America's involvement in the Vietnam War.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship with a triangular sail developed by the Portuguese in the exploration of the Atlantic

Eduard Bernstein

A socialist who wrote Evolutionary Socialism. He suggested gradual gains for workers, which were heresy by the German Social Democratic Party, but gained popularity among German socialists

Richard Arkwright's water frame

A spinning machine that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill - a factory

war communism

A system introduced under Bolshevik rule after 1917 which involved land being seized and redistributed, factories given to the workers, banks being nationalized, and church property being granted to the state. This was enforced by the Cheka.

Kristallnacht

A well-organized wave of anti-semetic violence which smashed windows, looted shops, and destroyed homes and synagogues.

Dawes Plan

Accepted by France, Germany and Britain. Germany would get private loans from the United States and pay reparations to France and Britain thus enabling those countries to repay the large sums they owed the United States.

Third World

Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Characterized by increasingly low standards of living in comparison to Europe in the period after European industrialization.

The Concordat of 1801

Agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power/it recognized Catholicism as the religion of a majority of French people, and in return, France was able to keep all Church lands that had been secularized during the French Revolution.

denazification

Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary and politics of any remnants of the Nazi regime. It was carried out specifically by removing those involved from positions of influence and by disbanding or rendering impotent the organizations associated with it

Berlin Conference (1884-5)

Also called the Congo Conference, this conference was called to divide Africa amongst the more powerful European nations. Arranged by Bismarck, it was intended to help Germany colonize because Germany was new to Imperialism. It's result was the "scramble for Africa."

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique

American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism-talked about woman feeling unfufilled

Sir Francis Bacon

An English politician and writer who believed in new knowledge had to come from empirical research. He came up with the use of inductive reasoning, and his ideas would be incorporated into the modern scientific method.

Robert Boyle

An Irishman who was crucial in the foundations of chemistry. He found nature was made up of atoms, and that gas varies inversely with its volume.

the Red Shirts

An Italian Guerrilla Army, under Garibaldi, that fought for a democratic republic

Red Brigades

An Italian radical group that assassinated Moro

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Revisionism

An effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect the realities of the time.

Margaret Cavendish

An example of a woman who became educated during the Enlightenment. She also even shared scientific discoveries and debated among men.

Maria Winkelmann

An example of a woman who tried to bring equality, but was denied it. She made important astrologic discoveries but was still denied a seat at the Berlin Academy, all because she was a woman.

Pluralism

An official holding more than one office at a time (in the Catholic Church).

Absenteeism

An official not participating in benefices but receiving payment and privileges

Fascism

Anti-Socialist, anti democratic, extremely nationalistic, use of secret police, propaganda/mass media, indoctrination, leader cult of personality, and death/concentration camps

Apothecary

Apothecary sold plant/herb based medicines

Assignats

Assignats paper currency issued by the National Assembly consficated church property, did not last long due to inflation

Quadruple Alliance

Austria, England, Prussia, and Russia align against Napoleon. England was aligned with them only versus Napoleon, Russia vs. everyone.

Theodor Herzl

Austro-Hungarian Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people

The Lost Generation

Authors or other people in creative professions who were affected by WW1 or any other war in some way or another. They were depressed, or very emotional and sensitive, and ended up painting really drastic or emotional pictures, or sometimes pictures that made no sense, like their minds.

Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza was a philosophe. He believed in monism, which means he thought of mind and matter as one. He, similarly to Pascal, tried to reconcile religion and the sciences.

Bismarckian system

Bismarck knew the emergence of a unified Germany in 1871 upset the power established in Vienna (1815). Afraid of the French's desire for revenge over their loss of Alsace-Lorraine in the Franco- Prussian War, he made an alliance with Austria- Hungary and Russia.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's attack on the Catholic church resulting from Pius IXs declaration of papal infallibility

Index of Forbidden Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe(Council of Trent)

Pico della Mirandola

Brilliant student of Ficino that wrote "On the Dignity of Man" and stressed that man can freely choose whether to rise to angels or descend to animals

Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France

British Conservative that condemned the Revolution and believed it was going too far too fast, wrote this to express his opinion

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Battle of Gallipoli

British forces tried and failed to take the Dardanelles and Constantinople from the Ottoman Turks. The invasion force was pinned down on the beaches. 10 month long battle

Corn Laws

British laws, revised in 1815, that prohibited the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people

appeasement

British policy that granted Hitler everything he could reasonably want (and more) in order to avoid war.

Battle of Omdurman

British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns.

Henry Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

Count Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

modernization

Changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time

General Paul von Hindenburg

Chief of Staff of the Army in 1916, and with military support he and Ludendorff formed the Third Supreme Command, a military-industrial dictatorship, which held power until September 1918.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Copernicus wrote this to first present the theory that the stars and planets, including the sun, revolves around a motionless sun. As a result there was sharp attacks against his belief by the Catholic and Protestant church when he went away with the interpretation of the Bible.

Treaty of Lisbon

Created the EU presidency and a much more powerful European Parliament

Suez crisis

Egypt's president Nasser, who had seized control of the Suez Canal, until then controlled by the British and French interests. Egyptian control had threatened the the access of Great Britain and France to Persian Gulf oil supplies, essential to their industrial economies. The Suez intervention proved that without the support of the U. S. the nations of western Europe could no longer use military force to impose their will on the rest of the world.

Concert of Europe

European powers working together to solve disputes, starting with the Congress of Vienna

Glorious Revolution

Event in 1688 when William and Mary invade England and take the throne without any bloodshed

The September Massacres

Executions & jailings in Paris of people who were thought to be counter-revolutionaries and suspected of being against the republic

National Liberation Front (FLN)

FLN, Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Ludwig von Beethoven

First great romantic composer and very famous who used contrasting themes and themes to produce dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions. (1770-1827)

Tehran conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Battle of Stalingrad

First major turning point in war where German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union thanks to harsh winter.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

First site where the Americans dropped an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945. Beginning of the Atomic Age. Second site where the Americans dropped an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945.

Raphael

Florence/Papal States | patron-supported artist; painted madonnas and the School of Athens: fresco portraying many philosophers and scientists; perfect example of Renaissance technique

Giotto

Florentine painter who led the way in the use of realism

Intendants

France was divided into thirty-two generalities (districts), in each of which after 1634, a royal intendant held a commission to perform specific tasks, often financial but also judicial and policing

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly (legislative body in pre-Revolutionary France) with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

Franco-Prussian War

Franco-Prussian War war between 1870 and 1871 that Bismarck crafted in order to drive the southern German states into his arms. Started under the diplomatic pretext of the issue of the king of Spain. Won decisively by Prussia, consolidating Germany and creating strong German nationalism.

Partitions of Poland

Frederick of Prussia made a deal with Austria and Russia in which all three countries got a large portion of Poland.

Auguste Comte & System of Positive Philosophy

French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical and scientific. Founded "sociology." Influenced Realpolitik-verifiable facts, no wishful thinking, questioning assumptions

Rene Descartes

French philosopher who decided to doubt everything he ever knew, and accept only the things that his reason told him to be true. He favored deductive reasoning as the surest path. His famous quote is, "I think, therefore I am"

Honore de Balzac

French realist novelist. Chiefly remembered for his series of 91 interconnected novels and stories known collectively as The Human Comedy which pictures urban society as amoral and brutal characterized by a Darwinian struggle for power.

Charles Fourier

French sociologist and reformer who hoped to achieve universal harmony by reorganizing society (1772-1837) He was a lonely, saintly man, envisaged a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, self-sufficient communites made up of 1,620

Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex

French writer and philosopher who analyzed the position of women within the framework of existential thought and argued that women had almost always been trapped by particularly inflexible and limiting conditions. She believed that only through courageous action and self-assertive creativity could a woman become completely free.

Michel de Montaigne

Frenchman who developed a new literary genre-the essay to express his thoughts and ideas. His works expressed Skepticism (the doubt that true knowledge could be ever be obtained) and cultural relativism (belief that one culture isn't superior to another, just different). He also wrote the essay "Of Cannibals" which is based off cultural relativism.

Sudetenland

German speaking area of Czechoslovakia

The Central Powers

Germany and its allies were known as the Central Powers in WW I. The Central Powers then were: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey(1914) and Bulgaria(1915). These were opposed by Allied Powers

Hitler Youth

Germany's young men who joined the Nazi political party and pledged their allegiance to Germany and Adolf Hitler. The Hitler Youth organization "brainwashed" the children and convinced them of German superiority.

Emile Zola

Giant of Realism movement in literature, articulated the key themes. Depicted life as it was, everyday life, rejected romantic search for exotic and sublime. wrote about typical and commonplace, focused on middle class and then working class. Zola a determinist, human actjion were casued by unalterable natural laws, heredity and environment determined human behavior.

Indian National Congress

Group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule while it was still under the control of Britain.

Kulaks

Group the NEP blamed for peasant hoarding of grain. Stalin portrayed them as the cause of agricultural shortages, defined by party as a class of peasant farmers who were better off and exploited their poorer farming brethren

King Ferdinand (of Aragon)

Habsburg Emperor of Austria at time of '48 revolutions. Resisted liberalism and nationalism under advise of Metternich. But Metternich had fled in March Days and Ferdinand made promises to liberalize. When counterrevolutionaries regained power in October, leaders thought it best to replace Ferdinand since he had appeared weak in face of liberal/nationalist opposition. Successor, Francis Joseph, became emperor.

Emelian Pugachev

He led a rebellion of serfs with the goal of abolishing serfdom and taxes. This showed Catherine that the peasants were too dangerous to be free, and the nobles should have power over them. This lead to the nobles having the highest privileges in Russian history.

Jean Francois Millet

He painted scenes of rural life, especially peasants laboring in the fields. His Realism had some Romantic elements. His most famous work, "The Gleaners", shows three peasant women gathering grain in a field

Dmitry Mendeleev

He was a Russian chemist who developed the modern periodic table of elements.

Emperor Joseph II (of Austria)

He was called Revolutionary Emperor because he abolished serfdom. Also, he allowed peasants to pay their landlords with cash rather than manual labor. This plan did not work because it was rejected by the nobility and serfs because they did not have money to pay their landlords.

President Hindenburg

He was the aging president of Germany who started the use of article 48, he also recruited Hitler and gave him his first legal power in 1933 by making him Chancellor.

Alexander Kerensky

Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Heir to throne of Austria-Hungary, he was assassinated along with his wife Sophie by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip while he was visiting the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on June 28 1914.

Moses Mendelssohn

Helped lead a movement to enlighten the Jewish faith during the 1700s. This lead to a more tolerant view of Jews in Europe.

Hungarian uprising (1956)

Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country. Hoped U.S. would come in and help achieve Hungarian independence Soviet forces invaded Hungary and crushed the national democratic revolution. Soviets installed firm communist rule.

iconoclasm

Idea by Calvinists to take down images of God: paintings, statues, stained-glass windows

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian inventor whose work around 1900 and the development of the vacuum tube in 1904 made primitive transmissions of speech and music possible

Sandro Botticelli

Italian painter of mythological and religious paintings (1444-1510)

Giorgio Vasari

Italy | painting/architect who was the first who referenced the Renaissance movement; famous for his biographies ("Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Architects, Paintings, and Sculptors in 1550")

First International (a.k.a. the International Working Men's Association)

Its aim was to unite different left-wing socialists, Marxists, anarchists and trade union organizations that were based on the working class and class struggle.

Jacobin club

Jacobin club political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans

Predestination

John Calvin greatly emphasized this belief that all people's souls have been determined by God, even before their birth, to go to heaven(the elect) or hell(the reprobate).

King Philip II (of Spain)

King of Spain and a devout Catholic. Under his reign, Spain became a world power. Spain reached the peak of its influence as he directed explorations around the globe, prompting Spanish colonization.

Sultan

Leader of the Ottoman Empire. Had total control of all capital- there was no private property or hereditary nobility

Madame de Pompadour

Madame de Pompadour mistress of Louis XVI, middle class women so their relationship was controversial, led to desacrilization of the king

Frankfurt Assembly

May 1848-June 1849. German national parliament that tried and failed to create a united German state during the 1848 revolutions. First meeting in May 1848, the convention was populated by middle class civil servants, lawyers, and intellectuals dedicated to liberal reform. However, after drawing the boundaries for a German state and offering the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm, the Kaiser refused in March 1849, dooming hopes for a united, liberal Germany, and the Frankfurt assembly dissolved soon after.

Factory Act of 1833

Movement in Great Britain that outlawed the employment of children under the age of nine in textile mills; also limited the work days for those aged nine to thirteen to nine hours a day, and teenagers to twelve hours a day

Baron Georges Haussmann

Napoleon III tasked this architect with the job of rebuilding Paris. He gave it broader streets, more open spaces, and underground sewers.

Coup d'état

Napoleon and group of men overthrow the Directory to satisfy peoples' want for a strong leader in gov

Easter Rebellion

Nationalistic uprising in Dublin, Ireland in 1916. The Brits suppressed it in less than a week, executed the leaders and immediately created a broad nationalistic movement.

Beer Hall Putsch

Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.

Conversos

New Christians, 14th century term for Spanish Jews and Muslims who accepted Christianity

Vichy France

New French government formed after Nazis took France, formed by Petain, puppet government and they cooperated with Nazis

realpolitik

New generation of conservative leaders who were proud of being practitioners of Realpolitik, "The Politics of reality"; use of armies & power politics to achieve foreign policy goals; think of the welfare of the state above everything

Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy)

Newton's most famous work, explaining his three laws of motion, using mathematical laws that explain motion and mechanics. These laws were so complex that it took scientists and engineer 200 years to work it all out.

Five-year plan

Objectives were to increase industrial output by 250% and agriculture output by 150% and have 1/5 of Russian peasants on collective farms. The methods were forced farming and scare tactics like gulags. The success was that of industry, which produced 4 times as much as before, implemented by Stalin

Enabling Act

On March 23, 1933, the Nazis pushed this through the Reichstag, which gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

One of the first to invent the idea of absolute monarchy - since kings received their power from God, no one should be able to challenge kings

Rationalism

One of the most important products of the Scientific Rev, this was a new way of thinking in which conclusions could only be drawn by reason.

Henri de Saint-Simon

One of the most influential socialist thinkers was a nobleman. He was an early utopian socialist, who advocated industrial development. Saint-Simon also stressed in highly moralistic terms that every social institution ought to have its main goal improved for the poor. Saint-Simon's stress on industry and science inspired middle-class industrialists and bankers such as the Pereire brothers, founders of the Crédit Mobilier. (p.764)

Table of Ranks

Peter the Great instituted it to create opportunities for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility. There were 14 levels. Each official was required to begin at level one and work his way up. When a non-noble reached the eighth rank, he became a noble.

The People's Budget

Philosophy of a very liberal form of government which included many unprecedented taxes on the wealthy and radical social welfare programs to Britain's political life.

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

Nonalignment

Policy of postcolonial governments to remain neutral in the Cold War and play both the United States and the Soviet Union for what they could get

Iron curtain

Political, Warsaw Pact Countries along with the Soviet Union with its satellite countries on the Eastern Side, separated by Berlin Wall in Germany, quoted by Churchill

Syllabus of Errors

Pope Pius IX issued this which set Catholic Church squarely against contemporary science, philosophy and politics

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese explorer who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope (Africa), but was forced to turn back

Vasco de Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. Sailed around Cape Horn of South America and was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Yalta conference

Post-war meeting of the big three in which they decided to divide Germany into occupation zones. Also, Germany would pay heavy reparations to Russia, and Russia agreed to attack Japan after Germany.

Pierre Bayle

Prometer of skepticism and not being able to find absolute faith in all things, religion included.

Pietism

Protestant revival movement in early 18th century Germany & Scandanavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

Methodism

Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Anabaptists

Protestants who were considered "radicals" of the Reformation b/c they advocated for complete separation of Church and State as well as adult baptism.

King William III and Queen Mary II (of England)

Queen of England and Scotland and Ireland; she was the eldest daughter of James II and ruled jointly with her husband during the "Glorious Revolution", recognized the Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act of 1689

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. They were against provisional government. They murdered the tsar and his family.

Tsar Alexander II (of Russia)

Realized Serfdom didn't help agricultural efficiency nor the economy, so instituted the Emancipation Edict along with other changes that together formed the Great Reforms. These changes did not go as planned, and he was assasinated in 1881 by a group of Jews.

Reds and Whites

Reds Bolsheviks Whites counterrevolutionaries made up of tsarist imperial officers, Mensheviks, democrats, and 18 groups going against the Communists

Geneva

Reformer who creates Calvinism which focuses on predestination and the elect; builds a Calvinist city in Geneva, Switzerland. Calvin is the second more radical wave of the Reformation. Becomes more influential on the look and feel of Protestantism in the long run than Luther. Reformed Church" is a reference to a Calvinistic Church.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russian withdrawal from WW I since revolution on-going. National independence of peoples on Russia's western border - Poles, Ukrainians, Bessarabians, Estonians, Latvians, Finns(thus size of Russia to shrink). Bolsheviks did not want to sign but needed to end war and consolidate revolution at home. Signed Treaty in March of 1918. Marked big success for Germany. Dominated Eastern Europe, access to Ukrainian bread basket and no longer fighting 2 front war.

Empress Maria Theresa (of Austria)

She was guaranteed the Austrian throne by the Pragmatic Succession, but did not get the power because Frederick the Great invaded her German province, Silesia. She formed an alliance with France and Russia in hopes to regain Silesia and conquer Prussia.

industrious revolution

Shift that occured as families in Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods

Teresa of Avila

Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents. Believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation

Einsatzgruppen

Special mobile killing units that had been created to round up all Polish Jews and kill them in ghettos.

Spinster

Spinster with the inventions of the flying shuttle there was a greater demand for spun thread, widowed women that needed to support themselves became a part of the putting out system by spinning thread for money

Lebensraum

The "living space" needed by the German race to grow and triumph which Hitler wrote about in Mein Kampf. This land was to be found to Germany's east, in central Europe, where Hitler claimed was inhabited by 'subhuman' Slavs and Jews.

OPEC

The Arab-led Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. They watched the price of crude oil decline consistently comapred with the rising price of Western manufactured goods. So they decided to reverse that trend by presenting a united front against Western oil companies.

The consistory

The Consistory was a watch dog of every man under 12 men and the pastors. calvin was the permanent moderator. the looked to see everyone lived orderly in life. They had very strict regulation cooperated to government punishing all normal and moral crimes. However, serious crimes were handled by civil authorities who sometimes under the approval of the Consistory used torture.

The Spirit of Laws

The Spirit of Laws was written by Baron de Montesquieu. It explained what the separation of powers was and how it was beneficial to society. It also told how the environment can effect what time of government is best for an area.

Berlin airlift

The U.S.-sponsored airlift, from June 1948 to May 1949, which brought supplies to West Berlin; it was a response to Soviet troops cutting off all land traffic from the West into Berlin in an attempt to take control of the whole city

Peace of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands

"final solution"

The answer to the Jewish and undesirables "problem." Consisted of Jews being deported to labor and concentration camps in an attempt to kill off the Jewish race with the most benefit to the government. Propaganda helped the public accept it.

Conciliarism

The authority of the church resting in the hands of councils rather than in the hands of the pope. Used to end the great schism and lead the councils of Constance and Pisa.

New Model Army

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

Duma

The elected parliament. est. w/ October manifesto to seem like the Czar was giving people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

The Grand Empire

The empire which Napoleon and his allied ruled, encompassing virtually all all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia

League of Nations

The fourteenth point of Wilson's Fourteen Points. It was an international organization designed to peacefully mediate disputes. Although the United States proposed it, the US never joined

gabelle and taille

The gabelle and tallie were taxes in France implemented to strengthen the royal treasury after the Hundred Years War during the reign of of Charles VII. The gabelle was a tax on salt and the tallie was a land tax. These taxes remained the chief sources of income for the French Crown until the French Revolution.

Utilitarianism

The idea of Jeremy Bentham that social policies should promote the "greatest good for the greatest number."

Dialectical materialism

The idea, according to Karl Marx, that change and development in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways.

fuhrerprinzip

The leadership principle, it entailed nothing less than a single-minded party under on leader. The Nazi party has to follow it. By Hitler: "A good National Socialist is one who would let himself be killed for his Fuhrer at any time."

Reichstag

The lower house of the North German Confederation legislature; Represented all the people elected by universal male suffrage

Gustave Courbet

The most famous Realist artist. The word Realism was coined in 1850 to describe one of his paintings. He showed realistic portrayal of everyday life and one of his famous works, "The Stonebreakers" (1849) showed human misery of laborers breaking stones for roads.

enclosure movement

The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.

Rocket

The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1830 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16 miles per hour

Weimar Republic

The name of Germany's fledgling post WWI democracy. Named for the seat of government, it was beset by social and economic problems and ended with the election of Hitler.

Holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy

Ruhr Valley

The originally German controlled coal-rich valley, later France-occupied, leading miners to go on strike, resulting in the German government in printing additional money to pay the miners, leading to inflation.

Right of remonstrance

The parlèment de Paris' ability to complain about new laws passed without fear of repercussions from the king Check on royal power

war guilt clause

The part of the Treaty of Versailles in which Germany had to accept full responsibility for causing the war and have to pay reparations to all countries that were destroyed

Agricultural Revolution

The period in europe from the mid-seventeenth through the mid-nineteenth centuries during which great agricultural progress was made and the fallow land was now planted on to replenish nutrients.

Postcolonial migrations

The postwar movement of people from former colonies and the developing world into Europe.

Decolonization

The postwar reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the declining power of European nations, and the freedoms promised by U.S. and Soviet ideals.

iron law of wages

Theory proposed suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level

Combination Acts

These were a series of laws that worked much like the Le Chapelier Law; their intention was to prevent the formation of unions. As it proved almost impossible to enforce, it was eventually done away with.

Haskalah

This Enlightenment movement was led by Moses Mendelssohn. It fought for rights and freedoms of Jews in Europe. It allowed Jews to be eligible to join the military, attain a higher education, and ended the requirement of them to wear special clothes to mark their religion.

Emperor Charles V

This Holy Roman Emperor was tasked with dealing with the Lutheran controversy. However, numerous other commitments, such as dealing with the Turks, the Valois family in France, the pope, and the uncooperative German princes, prevented him from dealing with the new religion until it was too late.

Pope John Paul II

This Polish Pope brought the world's attention to the solidarity movement of the Polish, calling for human rights. He became a hero of the Polish nation.

Pragmatic Sanction

This agreement guaranteed that Maria Theresa would get the Austrian throne following the death of Charles VI.

The elect

This group was expected to follow the highest moral standards and be completely dedicated to God's wishes.John Calvin's belief

Edict of Nantes

This is a royal order, signed by King Henry IV of France, which recognized the religious and civil rights of French Protestants. It ended the French Wars of Religion.

Peace of Augsburg

This is the peace treaty that ended the Schmalkaldic Wars in 1555 by reaching the compromise of "whose the region, his the religion"

Friedrich List

This man advocated in his book, System of Political Economy, fir high external tariffs in order to keep out cheaper British industrial goods, and thus protecting allowing for the growth of domestic industry. In his mind, it was a security issue, as he argued that industry gave a nation military might.

Mao Zedong

This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

Louis Pasteur

This man came up with the Germ Theory.

Joseph Lister

This man took the theories of others to develop the "antiseptic principle", which called for doctors to sterilize wounds, instruments, and operating rooms to prevent the spread of germs and the cause of infection.

Counterculture movement

This movement began at Berkeley with a free movement, heavily protested opposition of Vietnam; experimented with drugs and sex

Universal law of gravitation

This state that everything in the universe is attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is porportional to the object's quantity of matter and inversely porportional to the square distance between them. It was thought by Newton who explained how planets move about the sun using this certain discovery.

Germ theory

This theory replaced the miasmatic theory in explaining how disease spread. Its development caused a dramatic decrease in the death rate in Europe.

Luddites

This was a group of skilled artisans who showed their displeasure at having lost their jobs to machines by attacking and destroying the machines themselves.

Le Chapelier Law

This was a law that was passed in France that prohibited the formation of unions among French working class people.

German Confederation

This was a loose union of German states created at the Congress of Vienna. It consisted of 39 states under Austrian control.

What is Enlightenment?

This was a pamphlet written by Immanuel Kant explaining that he thought the Enlightenment was about people thinking for themselves. He said the motto of the Enlightenment was 'Have the courage to use your own understanding.' The pamphlet stated that the Enlightenment was about applying reason to one's life.

Totalitarianism

Total rule, total control over a government with a single party dictatorship and power controlled by a single ruler Examples include Russia and Germany after WW1

Treaty of Locarno

Treaty between France, Germany, England, Italy, and Belgium in 1925 that guaranteed borders between Germany and France; marked a turning point in Franco-German relations and seemed to show that there could be peaceful relations between the two rivals

Armenian genocide

Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

Tories and Whigs

Two political parties of England. Tory ministers largely dominated government and no desire to change existing political and electoral system, while Whigs had support of industrial middle class and wanted progress.

Marshall Plan

US's plan for rebuilding Europe after WW2. It was also aimed at getting rid of communism. Aid was offered to all European countries that were suffering, even the Soviet Union

House of Savoy

Victor Emmanuel were from the House of Savoy. Savoy, the territory, was part of a French Italian deal made with Napoleon for help against Austria. Nice and Savoy were to be given to Napoleon III in exchange for French military help against Austrians in Lombardy & Venetia. Technically, Lombardy & Venetia were considered a part of Italia Irredentia - i.e. Italian territory unredeemed from Austria. (Other parts of Italia Irredentia were Trieste, Trentino and Istria). The House of Savoy was the only native Italian dynasty.

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks in Russia and was a communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. He led the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1924 he worked to create a socialist economic system. Leninism was a belief in where it tried to achieve a direct-democracy dictatorship of the proletariat. Leninism was created by Vladimir Lenin and his interpretation from Marxist Theories.

Walter Rathenau

Walter Rathenau Jewish industrialist in charge of Germany's largest electric company, convinced the government to set up the War Raw Materials Board to ration and distribute raw materials

Great Northern War

War between Russia and Sweden in the early 18th century for control over the Baltic sea; Russia won.

Wars of the Roses

War between the York and Lancaster houses for control of the English crown. The white rose symbolized the York House and the red rose symbolized the Lancaster House. By 1485, Henry Tudor of Lancaster defeated King Ruchard III of York. Tudor set up a strong monarchy in England.

Ostpolitik

Willy Brandt's policy of "opening toward the east" that increased relations between West and East Germany in 1972. German for eastern policy

T.E. Lawrence

World War I broke out he became a member of the British Military Intelligence Department in Cairo, and eventually became the British liaison officer to the Arabs during their rebellion against the Turkish Empire.

Thomas More

Wrote "Utopia" in which Utopian institutions are prefect, people are selfish because of posessions

John Locke's Two Treatises of Government

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England

"economic miracle"

[Germany] used hard work and the marshall plan to rebuild economy. New immigrants worked hard to help build econ. Management and labor work together to avoid social conflict, and by 1955 their GNP exceeded pre-war GNP and their employment dropped from 8% in 1950 to .4% in 1960.

Treaty of Tordesillas

a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Germaine de Stael

a Franco-Swiss writer living in exile, urged the French to throw away their worn-out classical models "On Germany": extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of German writers and thinkers

Auschwitz-Birkenau

a Nazi concentration camp for Jews in southwestern Poland during World War II

Edwin Chadwick

a great and conscientious government official well acquainted with the problems of the working population, concluded that the "whole mass of the laboring community" was increasingly able to buy more of the necessities and minor luxuries of life

Romanticism

a movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life

Second Vatican Council

a national worldwide leadership council from 1962 to 1965 that brought tremendous changes to the catholic church meant to renew the church and broaden its appeal

Immanuel Kant

a philisophe whose motto was "Dare to know" (Sapere aude).

Army Order No. 1

a radical order of the Petrograd soviet that stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers.

Thermidorean Reaction

a reaction to the violence of the reign of terror in 1794 resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls

William Wordsworth

a romantic English poet whose work was inspired by the rural Lake District of England where he spent most of his life (1770-1850)

Foundling homes

also called orphanages, these were homes that single mothers could put their children if they couldn't afford to raise a child, conditions were terrible (unsanitary, understaffed), 90% of children died, "legalized infanticide"

Kellogg-Briand Pact

also known as the Pact of Paris after the city where it was signed on August 27, 1928, was an international treaty to prevent war. It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. It was named after the American secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand, who drafted the pact.

Catholic vs. Counter Reformation

attempt by the Catholic church to stop the spread of the Protestant Reformation, win back Protestant converts, convince Catholics to remain faithful, and to reform the corrupt aspects of the church

Spartacist Uprising

attempted to bring about a proletarian revolution in Germany with the aid of Russian Bolsheviks. Crushed by the Social Democrats government, aided by demobilized army officers and volunteers. Leaders were arrested and shot. Led to a wider gap between the Social Democrats and Communists

Joseph Stalin

became dictator of Russia after Lenin's death in 1924. He led the USSR through WWII and into the Cold War. He died in 1953 and is remembered for his brutal purges in his nation (kulaks)

economic liberalism

belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smiths argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals rich and poor

Deism

belief supported by Thomas Paine. This belief is that god was the creator of earth and then let it run by itself. Just like a watch maker.

Anti-Semitism

belief that Jewish people are inferior and worthy of discrimination.

existentialism

belief that: god doesn't exist, we have to create our own moral code (break free from things like Christianity), break free of "herd mentality", no such thing as destiny or fate, you create your own destiny, you give your world and your existence meaning

Wassily Kandinsky

cubism artist, said that modern art was a "representation of mood, not objects"

The Vendée

department in Western france that was in open rebellion against National Convention, didn't like that a group of people that they didn't vote for were making laws for them

Queen Mary I (of England)

devout Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon, rescinded the Reformation legislation of her father and restored Roman Catholocism. Executed several hundred Protestants

Imperialism

did not usually acquire territory in Africa and Asia but rather built a series of trading stations

Ernest Rutherford

discovered how to split the atom, which was later used to make the atomic bomb

Marie and Pierre Curie

discovered that a radium atom was giving off particles which led to the discovery of subatomic particles

Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi

drew on conservatives forces. The traditional ruling group temporarily produced new and effective leadership for China. In 1860, govt was on verge of collapse. Tzu Hsi was a critcal factor in a 30 year comeback. Governed in name of her young son, combined shrewd insight w/ vigorous action to revitalize the bureaucracy.

John Maynard Keynes

economist who believed that the Versailles Treaty was too harsh on Germany and their economy, thought that the treaty focused on politics and short term rather than economic and long term, believes that Europeans have lost control their lives (could be improved by discouraging hate and changing opinions) and leaders only focused on their wants

New Economic Policy

established by Lenin; established limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry; successful politically and economically

Third Republic of France

established by thiers, they established public education. this began a new patriotic nationalistic movement. also they hired married couples to counter the ideas of nuns and liberal catholic schools. they wanted more secular society.

modernism

experimentation in architecture, art and music in immediate pre-war years and 1920s

Andreas Vesalius

father in the field of anatomy. He is responsible for discovering many new organs and parts of the body. This was all shown in his book On the Structure of the Human Body

The Great Fear

fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the french countryside and led to further revolt

Carnival

few days of revelry in catholic countries that preceded lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy specatcles that turned the established order upside down

President Ronald Reagan

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Collectivization

forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state controlled enterprises, goals were to Increase food supply for urban populations, supply enough resources for raw materials, and the export caused Many peasants starved to death and some were relocated to concentration camps. Also the Soviet economy weakened.tation of agricultural, caused

Little Entente

formed in 1921, a mutual defense pact between France, Poland, Czech., Romania, and Yugoslavia, because France felt isolated after WWI and wanted allies for protection

Émigrés

former nobles who fled France for safety during the revolution

Toussaint L'Ouverture

former slave in Saint Domingue led successful revolution against Code Noir

Anti-Corn Law League

founded in Manchester in 1839, made mostly by the middle class manufacturers and then joined by the working class people. It was a mass liberal crusade whose goal was to lower grain prices by repealing the Corn Laws. Because Irelands poraro crop failed in 1845, they were afraid famine would hit Great Britain also. Robert Peel, a member of the Tories, joined and repealed the Corn Laws in 1846 and Britain escaped famine.

Constituent Assembly

freely elected assembly promised by the Bolsheviks, but permanently disbanded after one day(January 18,1918) under Lenins orders after the Bolsheviks won less than one fourth of the elected delegates.

Charles de Gaulle

french general and statesman, leader of Free French forces during WWII when Germany occupied France

Claude Monet

impressionist artist

Spanish Civil War

in 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Dutch Realism

in the high of exploration, dutch golden age, reaction from ornate to real.... very realist normal people in the 17th century artist: Rembrandt, vermeer

Olympe de Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman

in this declaration, she demande that women be regarded as citizens, equality in marriage, improved education, right to own property, that men recognize illegitimate children and pay child support, comes from Declaration of the Rights of Man, but women instead of only men

Commercial Revolution

increase in global trade involving new goods and new techniques, took place in late 1400s through late 1700s, resulted in economy becoming more like it is today

Communist Information Bureau (Cominform)

international organization dedicated to maintaining russian control over communist parties abroad in western and eastern europe

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

international organization to control and integrate all european coal and steel production with a goal of bringing nations so close together that war between them would be impossible, consisted of West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France

Pope Pius IX

issued the Syllabus of Errors, summoned the First Vatican Council, believed the Catholic Church could only sustain itself in the modern world of nation-states with large electorates by centering the authority of the church in the papacy itself

Tsar Ivan IV (of Russia)

ivan the terrible. saw the change of a medieval nation state to an emerging regional power. intelligent but mentally unstable. killed his heir to the throne sig- first tsar of russia, long reign

Sans-culottes

laboring poor of paris, called that because men wore trousers instead of the knee breaches of the aristocracy and the middle class

Friedrich Nietzsche

late 19th century philosopher that believed in existentialism, said that man's most fundamental desire was the will to power which was an innate and irrational drive that is unconscious, believed that Christianity inflicted a slave morality on Westerners b/c it teaches compassion, didn't believe there was a god and didn't believe in democracy or socialism b/c it was idealistic and told people that all men are equal, believed some men could rise above the herd mentality by creating their own moral code and could become an ubermensch (superior man) by living life on his own terms, without superior men Western Civ would continue its decline

great white walls

laws designed by Americans and Australians to keep Asians out.

Nikita Khrushchev

led Soviet Union from 1958-1964, led de-stalinization, attacked Stalin in his secret speech, lessened gov control of Soviet citizens, seeked peaceful coexistence with west

Black Shirts

mainly discontented ex-soldiers. Ultranationalist, they posed as champions of law and order and violently attacked Communists, socialists, and other radical and progressive groups, under the power of Mussolini

zemstvo

new institution of local government in reformed Russia, whose members were elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners.

Presbyterian Church

of Scotland which was strictly Calvinist in doctrine (presbyters, or minister, not bishops, governed them)

Gustavus Adolphus

of Sweden beats Catholics at the battles of Breitenfield(1631) and Lutzen(1632); Adolphus killed at the battle of Nordlingen(1634) but Protestants gain momentum

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

organization for economic cooperation in European Communist states. Started by USSR to keep communist states from taking American money

guild system

organization of artisinal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers

Robert Peel

originally a Tory Prime Minister, in 1846 he joins with the Whigs to repeal the Corn Laws. With him, the power shifts from the Tories to the Whigs.

community controls

pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community(Illegitimacy rates remained relatively low because of these)

Abbe Sieyes' What is the Third Estate?

pope's writing that condemned the system of privilege in the Old Regime because the third estate did the most work and paid the most taxes and therefore represented the nation of france

blood sports

popular with the 18th century masses, events such as bull baiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals

Vincent Van Gogh

post-impressionist artist

Displaced persons

postwar refugees, including 13 million Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced laborers, and orphaned children

Medici family

powerful banking family that ruled Florence and surrounding area from 1434-1737. Main rulers- Cosimo, Lorenzo. Produced 3 popes

Condottieri

powerful military leaders brought in by merchant oligarchies that had their own mercenary armies

Boris Yeltsin

president of the Russian Republic in 1991--the first post-Cold War leader; he came to power by helping Mikhail Gorbachev when hard-line Communists attempted to overthrow him--but soon forced Gorbachev to resign & declared an end to the USSR

James Joyce's Ulysses

published in 1922, an ironic parallel between a single day in the life of an ordinary man wandering around Dublin, Ireland, and the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses one of the most disturbing novels of its generation, abandoned conventional plot, broke rules of grammar, etc to create a huge confusing mess, intended to mirror life itself

Albert Einstein

quantified/calculated the amount of energy being emitted from radium (E=mc^2), led to the discovery that people could harness the energy in atoms which led to the atomic age, came up with the theory of special relativity, discovered that laws of physics don't apply to subatomic levels

the Consumer Revolution

rapid increase in consumption of consumer goods, made possible by higher wages, higher employment, more willingness to have debt, creation of credit, etc.

Cossacks

rebellious group of peasants that came about during the reign of ivan the terrible, fled central russia to territories in the south. sig- caused uprisings and searched for a tsar that would reduce heavy taxes and lighten the hold of the lords

Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

rebuttal to Burke's work, demanded equal rights for women, advocated for education for women

The Directory

republican gov with five executives that was overthrown by Napoleon in coup d'état

October Manifesto

result of a great general strike in October 1905, it granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected duma (parliament) with real legislative power

The Great Famine

result of four years of crop failure in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent of potatoes as a dietary staple, blight attacked young plants, government slow to act because of laissez-faire but they still collected taxes, anti-British feeling and Irish nationalism

De-Stalinization

resulted in communist reformers and the masses seeking greater liberty and national independence.

Tsar Peter the Great (of Russia)

ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, wanted closer ties to western europe, modernize and strengthen Russia

King Frederick William IV (of Prussia)

ruler of Prussia who makes some liberal concessions in order to keep the throne

Samizdat

russian term meaing "self-published" referred to books, periodicals, newspapers, and pamphlets that directly criticized communism and thus went far beyond the limits of criticism accpeted by the state. Underground literature critical of communism

Baroque

sensuous and dynamic style of art of Counter Reformation

Navigation Acts

series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies

illegitimacy explosion

sharp increase in out of wedlock births that occured in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by the low wages and the breakdown of community controls

Louis Blanc

sharp-eyed, intelligent journalist, focused on practical improvements-"Organization of Work": urged workers to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully-believed state should set up govt.-blocked workshops and factories to guarantee full employment

Infanticide

single mothers that couldn't afford children and didn't want to turn to prostitution or place the child in a foundling home often killed their children by abandoning them in the streets

Queen Elizabeth I (of England)

sister of Mary Tudor, became head of the throne after Mary's death, referred to herself as the "supreme governor of the Church of England." Chose a middle path between Catholic and Puritan extremes

Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

sought to train, disipline, and fashion the young man into a gentleman. Also discussed the perfect court lady

Warsaw Pact

soviet backed military alliance of eastern european nations

cottage industry

stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market

King Henry IV

started absolutism, people were fighting civil wars in France, Henry IV became Catholic in order to make the people happy (politique), passed the Edict of Nantes to make the Protestants happy, through religious settlement, Henry IV brought peace to France, got people to turn to the king, instead of nobles

Black Death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

Paris Commune (of 1871)

the liberal National Guard rebuffed the Third Republic's effort to disarm them and formed an independent Paris, with it's own government. The conservative president of France, Adolph Thiers, sent more troops to capture Paris and a bloodbath ensued. Independent Paris was defeated

Virtù

the quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

this was a work written by John Locke. It talked about how the mind is a tabula rasa when first born, Then later in life learns

Stadholder

this was the hereditary chief executive, meaning that they got the country or land through a family relation and then took full control of it. Some countries like Holland and the Netherlands had them. They were in place of the countries absolutist rulers

Peace of Lodi (1454)

treaty created a 40-year period of relative peace in northern Italy during the Renaissance

Treaty of Paris

treaty that ended the Seven year's war in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts

Nuremberg Trials

trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.

Max Planck

tried to measure how much energy was being emitted from the radium in "quanta" (units), led to the discovery that matter and energy are two sides of the same thing

Petrograd Soviet

two thousand to three thousand workers, soldiers and socialist intellectuals, modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905.

Article 48

under the Weimar Republic constitution, this authorized emergency decrees by a dictator(democracy fails)

Frederick the Great (of Prussia)

violated the Pragmatic Sanction by invading Silesia in attempt to gain power of Austria, instead of letting Maria Theresa have the throne. He made Prussia the most dominant power in Germany. He fought in the Seven Years' War to maintain his Prussian state

id, ego, and superego

what Freud believed personalities were made of, id: unconscious, animalistic, pleasure principle (do what we want because it feels good), like a child superego: unconscious, morality, tells us right from wrong, what we should do, develops around 5 yrs old ego: conscious, reality principle, balance out id and superego, turns us into good and mentally healthy adults

Qing/Manchu Dynasty

which required all foreign merchants to live in the southern city of Canton and to buy from and sell to only the local merchant monopoly

"consumer revolution"

wide ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes in consumer goods that emerged in the cities of northwestern europe in the second half of the eighteenth century

wet nursing

widespread and flourishing business in the 18th century in which women were paid to breast feed other womens babies

Midwifery

women who were trained to help other women through childbirth, male doctors started to take over the field because they viewed delivering babies as doctor's work and women weren't allowed to become licensed doctors

Saint-Domingue

world's leading producer of coffee and sugar and most profitable plantation colony in the New World due to slave labor, France still had possession of it even after the Seven Years War, France profited enormously

Rudyard Kipling

writer and poet who coined the phrase "White Man's Burden" in his poem of the same name

stream-of-consciousness

writing technique that relied on internal monologues to explore the psyche, connected to unconscious thought (Freud) and represents how alone one is and how they focus on their own life (existentialism)

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

written by Martin Luther, related to the German Peasants' War, Luther's reaction to the Peasants' War, and alludes to Luther's concern that he might be seen to be responsible for their rebellion, as well as to his desire to keep his reformation on track

On the Freedom of a Christian Man

written by Martin Luther, this summarized the new teaching of salvation by faith alone

Christine de Pizan

wrote, fighting the stereotypical image of women. She argued that they were not weak and could be virtuous. Her famous work was "Hymn to Joan of Arc", which brought dignity to women.