AP Euro Unit 9- Concert of Europe and Romanticism

Peterloo Massacre

11 people were killed for being against conservatism; suppressed

Contrast the concerns and goals of the major political "-ism" ideologies that developed in this period. Identify some of the major leaders of each ideology.

Conservatism- keep tradition, anti-revolution- Burke, Metternich, and de Maistre Classical Liberalism- individualism, constitution, natural rights- John Stuart Mill Nationalism- freedom, liberty, unity- Mazzini, Grimm Brothers Romanticism- nostalgia, beauty of nature- Delacroix, Shelley, Friedrich Utopian Socialism- community, cooperation- Fourier, Tristan, Owen

How did governments and other groups address the social and economic changes brought by industrialization?

Conservatives- suppressed any uprisings against them Great Britain made the Poor Law of 1834 to make the lives of poor people miserable and want to work and also the Reform Act of 1832 to take into consideration the middle class into voting Great Britain saw the rapid urbanization and created the Bobbies, or the police officers

Analyze the Romantic art movement: Why did it emerge? What were its major characteristics? How did some of the major Romantic writers and artists display these characteristics? (possible examples: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lord Byron, Mary Shelley, William Wordsworth, Caspar David Friedrich, Eugene Delacroix, Francisco Goya, J.M.W. Turner)

Emerged because it was a reaction to Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment Mary Shelley- Frankenstein showed extreme emotion Caspar David Friedrich- his art works showed extreme emotion, nature, individualism Eugene Delacroix- art showed extreme emotion, individualism

Revolutions of 1848

France- wanted a republic and succeeded Italy- wanted nationalism but suppressed by Metternich German States- created the Frankfurt Assembly to unite but were stopped by the king who did not want to be the emperor Austrian Empire- wanted legislative but was crushed by government

Greek War of Independence

Greece and the Quadruple Alliance vs. Ottomans for the Greeks independence; Greece won because the Quadruple Alliance helped

In what ways were liberals and nationalists both successful and unsuccessful in realizing their goals during this period, particularly in the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848?

In Germany, the nationalists created the Frankfurt Assembly which was a success until the king denied their actions to unite The French Revolution was a success because the French got their republic

Compare and Contrast the political changes in Great Britain from 1815-1850 and in continental Europe from 1815-1850. Consider the ways changes were achieved, and/or the outcomes of these changes. (Historical thinking skill: comparison)

The Reform Act of 1832 was created to recognize the middle class which allowed more voters (a good act the benefited some people) The Poor Law of 1834 was created to make being a poor, jobless person want to work by making their lives miserable (a bad impact on their lives) Countries added a police force to keep up with the rapid urbanization of the country Great Britain had a major advantage in the industrial revolution over other countries/states because of its natural abundance of resources and easy trading location just like it had the advantage of being ahead of all other countries

Analyze whether or not the Revolutions of 1848 can be considered a turning point in European history. (historical thinking skill: periodization)

The Revolutions of 1848 are not a turning point because they did not create any new ideas; the major ideology-conservatism- was based on keeping things traditionally and based off of how they were already made Metternich did not let European countries become nationalist because it would ruin his idea of the balance of power The german states could not be united under one king because it might ruin the balance of power and could not grow into a larger successful country There was no major successful change in the politics of Europe Everything was to be kept the same and not grow/change to be even more successful Napoleon's empire had created a greater change by promoting new ideas like nationalism

Conservatives in the period from 1815-1850 wanted to maintain continuity of the order established by the Congress of Vienna, while opposing ideologies attempted to change the status quo. Analyze the continuities and changes in European politics during the Concert of Europe era in order to determine whether conservatives or opposing ideologies were more successful. (Historical thinking skill: Continuity and Change)

The conservatives were more successful because their leader, Metternich, was able to keep uprisings from happening and maintained balance of power Countries were supportive of the Quadruple Alliance- Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain- because when in need of support or protection they were able to assist: Greece won its independence from the Ottomans during the Greek War of Independence but only because the Quadruple Alliance helped and supported the Greeks People were not always open to keeping things traditional because they did not think it was fair so new groups- liberals, socialists, and nationalists- formed and spread all over the continent

Romanticism

Was a reaction against rationality (Enlightenment; Industrialization) Emphases on: Extreme emotion Pre-industrial nostalgia Traditional culture and history (medieval history; religion) Individualism Nature Did not believe everything had to have or needed an explanation

In what ways was the Concert of Europe leadership both successful and unsuccessful in maintaining a balance of power and conservative status quo during this period, particularly in the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848?

Were able to suppress most uprisings against the government Keep sates checked in the Balance of Power Metternich played a major role in keeping the conservative status quo Liberalism, socialism, etc still spread

Henri de Saint-Simon

a Utopian socialist who was also a duke

Congress of Vienna

a conservatist group that was led by Klemens von Metternich that wanted to suppress any uprisings and keep traditional ways; was mostly successful

Joseph de Maistre

a conservatist who believed the absolute monarchy would be the best government; was against revolution; one of the three leaders of conservatism

Klemens von Metternich

a conservatist; led the Congress of Vienna; kept balance of power with Concert of Europe; wanted to keep things traditional

Edmund Burke

a conservative believer/leader with similar ideas to John Locke; believed society is a contract

Flora Tristan

a female socialist who agreed with Fourier's phalansteries theory but any efforts were ignored

John Stuart Mill

a liberal who believed absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment; was also one of the first male feminists

Simon Bolivar

a liberal who spread Enlightenment ideas in Latin America, with Jose de San Martin, and was successful against the conservative Metternich

Jose de San Martin

a liberal who spread the ideology in Latin America and liked Enlightenment ideas; very similar to Simon Bolivar

Thomas Malthus

a liberal who stated that the cycle of life should not be changed: when the Irish Potato Famine happened he said that the British should not help them because the cycle of life is population growth but no increase in food production, starvation and emigration, then back to the regular number, then repeat

Caspar David Friedrich

a romantic artist who painted The Abbey in the Oakwood, Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, and The Stages of Life

Eugene Delacroix

a romantic artist who painted The Massacre at Chios, Liberty Leading the People, and The Women of Algiers

Mary Shelley

a romantic author who wrote Frankenstein: extreme emotion, adventure, and pre-industrial nostalgia; daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft (an enlightened feminist)

Charles Fourier

a socialist who had proposed a theory to make phalansteries: small model communities that live and work together for mutual benefit and rotate jobs so no one has to be stuck with an undesirable job for a long time, but he was not able to test the theory because of a lack of funding

Robert Owen

a socialist who tested his theory to make small, healthy flourishing communities, which were similar to Fourier's phalanstery theory

July Revolution

aka French Revolution of 1830; was a rebellion against the king

Anti-Corn Law League

an act passed to help the working class by lowering the bread prices that had recently gotten tariffs placed on them, which also helped the middle class by favoring the free trade

Polish Rebellion of 1830

an unsuccessful rebellion of the Polish people wanting to have independence

Liberalism

based on liberty, freedom, laissez-faire; advocates were John Stuart Mill, Thomas Malthus, Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin

Grimm Brothers

collected and published traditional folk tales that had romantic characteristics; were spreading nationalism because German states were all reading and sharing the same folk tales/culture/religion

Concert of Europe

consisted of the Quadruple Alliance-Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain- to keep the balance of power; a group of countries working together to keep a balance of power in Europe

Socialism

favored equality, collective ownership, and cooperative; opposed economic competition and private property; advocates were Charles Fourier, Robert Owen, and Flora Tristann

Reform Act of 1832

increased the number of voters by decreasing the land owning qualification; good effect on middle class, but no effect on lower class

Poor Law Act of 1834

made jobless people want to work by making paupers lives horrible

Decembrist Revolt

military leaders had revolted but were brutally suppressed

Nationalism

sense of community; individuals of common interest banding together, but threatened political order and balance of power; advocates were the Grimm Brothers, Giuseppe Mazzini

Burschenschaften

student groups in favor of nationalism

Giuseppe Mazzini

wanted nationalism and belived that countries/nations were successful when rulers accepted a constitutional state

Conservatism

wanted to conserve the old order; counterrevolution; contain/suppress changes; maintain stability; Metternich, Burke, and de Maistre

Frankfurt Assembly

was made to fulfill a nationalist dream of uniting the German states; was a success in gaining all states participation but failed in the end when the king refused to be emperor