AP European
Charles V
Habsburg Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire during the Reformation. - Determined to stop the spread of Lutheranism. Issued the Edict of Worms - Led the Catholic German Princes in the civil war against the Lutheran princes. - Abdicated after the Peace of Augsburg showed that victory was impossible for either side.
Pedro Cabal
Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil
The Jacquire
named after the mythical agricultural labourer; Jaques Bonhomme. This was a French peasant uprising in 1358, due to tax rise for the hundred years war. Crowds swept through the country side killing nobles, raping their wives/daughters, burning their castles, and killing their livestock.
Mary Stuart of Scotland
queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed
Cesare Borgia
"Pope Alexander VI aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia reasserted papal authority in papal lands. He became the hero of The Prince because he began the work of uniting the peninsula by ruthlessly conquering and exacting total obedience from the principalities making up the Papal States."
Petrarch
(1304-1374) Felt that the writers and artists in ancient Rome had reached a level of perfection that had never since been duplicated. Believed that the recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement, an idea that many other came to share. Around 1350 proposed a new kind of education in which young men studied the works of ancient Latin and Greek authors. Studia Humanitates, humanists, humanism.
John Wycliff
(1320s - 31 December 1384) An English theologian, preacher, translator, reformist and university teacher who was known as an early dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century Followers are known as Lollards **Advocated for a translated version of the bible
Lorenzo Valla
(1406-1457) On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism.
Desiderius Erasmus
(1466?-1536) -Dutch humanist of Rotterdam -Spoke Latin -The Education of a Christian Prince (1504) -The Praise of the Folly (1509) -Themes: Education & Christianity
Raphael
(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
Thomas Cromwell
(1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary THomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant.
Martin Luther
- German peasant, lawyer, Catholic monk who will eventually establish the Lutheran Church. - What began as his stand against indulgences in 1517, gradually escalated into a full scale revolt against the authority of the Church and the State (Holy Roman Empire).
jan van Eyck
-(1366-1441) -Flemish painter -One of earliest artists to use oil-based paints successfully -Ghent Altarpiece -Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Pico della Mirandola
-(1463-1494) -Florentine writer -Leading humanist -Oration On the Dignity of Man (1486) -No limits on what man can accomplish
Thomas More
-(1478-1535) -English -Wrote Utopia in 1516 -Greed = source of problems -Key to improvement of individual = reform of the social institutions
Baldassarre Castilionge
-The Courtier - Discusses ideal men & women -Believed men should be talented in many fields
Sir Thomas More
1478-1535, English lawyer, statesman and humanist writer. Author of Utopia published in Latin, 1516. Describes perfect society on imaginary island. By lifting up general principles of morality as the bedrock of this "utopian" civilization, More was condemning the intolerance, brutality, poverty and corruption of his times. More was a great friend of Erasmus and a dedicated Christian. His refusal to pledge allegiance to Henry VIII as head of the newly formed Church of England during the English Reformation led to More's execution. Quote: "I die the King's good servant, but God's first."
Prince Henry the Navigator
1394-1460, Portuguese prince. First European royal to heavily promote discovery and exploration. Motivated by mercenary as well as missionary factors. Seeking to promote Portugese economic interests (challenging Muslim monopoly of gold trade) and to further Christian influence. Hope to find the kingdom of Prince Henry promoted settlement of islands in the Atlantic and exploration of the African coast. Founded the school for navigators at Sagres at the southwestern tip of Portugal.
Jacques Carter
1491-1557 French explorer who began the first of his voyages to Canada in search of the NorthWest Passage. During his second voyage, 1535-1536, Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River as far as the present site of Quebec city. Cartier's voyages established France's claims to North America.
Bartholome de La Casas
A Spanish priest, who wrote about the atrocities committed by Spanish settlers in the New World.
95 theses
A list of criticism of Indulgences. Historians mark the beginning of the Reformation with his posting of these( October 31, 1517) on the Cathedral door at Wittenberg. It must be remembered that he did not advocate breaking with the church in 1517.
Inquisition
A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution.
Habsburg-Valois Wars
A series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 between the leading European powers (Austria/ Spanish vs. the French) for control of the Italian states. The French lost their claims to Italian lands, but did help keep Germany from uniting.
Filipo Brunelleschi
A. This man was a famous architect of the Renaissance period in In Italy. He is most famous for his building of the dome on the Florence Cathedral. He was commissioned by the Florentine cloth merchants to do so, in order to show off their power. B. (1377-1446)- Built the dome of the cathedral of Florence. Example of how the artist commissioned powerful groups like guilds and religious confraternities in early Renaissance. Pioneered in perspective painting.
Joan of Arc
Accused of heresy, she persuaded the courts to crown King Charles the VII, she revived French morale when they were losing the war.Obscure French peasant girl who the ultimate success of the French is due to her. She saved the French monarchy. She was born in 1412 in the village of Domremy in Champagne. Grew up in a religious household. Started to hear 'St. Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret's voice in her head'. They spoke to her with urgency telling her the uncrowned King Charles VII had to be crowned and the English expelled from France. To convey her beliefs she cut her hair and dressed like a man, then she scandalized the court. Joan arrived before Orleans on 4/28/1429. She was 17. On May 8, the English withdrew from Orleans. Was burned at the stake for supposed 'witchcraft'
Charles VIII
After the Hundred Years War when Frances population and economy suffered, he revived the monarchy and also began the french recovery. He reconciled the Burgundians and Armagnaes from a civil war lasting the past 30 years and expelled the English from French soil (except Calais). He also reorganized the Royal Council which included an increase in middle class men. He also stenthened finances with taxes on salt "gabelle" and taille "land tax" becoming a chief source of income until 1789. He also, restablished the first permanent royal army. Also, in 1438 he established the Progmatic Sanction of Bourge.
Michaelanglo
An Italian painter, sculptor, and architect of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Among many achievements in a life of nearly ninety years, Michelangelo sculpted the David and several versions of the Pietà, painted the ceiling and rear wall of the Sistine Chapel, and served as one of the architects of Saint Peter's Basilica, designing its famous dome. He is considered one of the greatest artists of all time.
Secularism
Basic concern with the material world instead of with the external world of spirit. Though medieval business people searched for wealth, their dominant goals regarded life after death while in the Renaissance people were religous but focused on the here and now = materialism. For example, Christian doctrine frowned upon usurythough in the Renaissance practice of it baecame acceoptable. Secularism saw slow but steaady growth in 14th and 15th century Italy. Increase in trade and economic activity = secularism. Church leaders didnt attack secularism and in other words actually supported as renaissance popes beautified rome with artist and many structures that were buildt. New Papal chancellory, Saint Peters Basillica, etc. Though over people still remained faithful to church.Art had a religous focus proving this.
Popolo
Because not anyone could be in the new class of urban nobility due to the criterea of property, years of residence, and social connections for citizenship in the communes only a few percent possessesd these qualifications. In attack, the Popolo, a new force who were disenfranchised and heavily taxed wanted places in the communes and equality of taxation. in the 13th century they used armed forces to take control of city and then established republic governments in Bologna, siena, Parma, florence, Genoa, etc. Though the popolo victory was a temporary succes and more failur as they practiced the same kind of political exclusivity like the nobles and coulnt establish civil order.
Signori
By 1300, signori or despot/ or an absolute leader along with oligrachies spread wide across Italy.
Consumerism
Capitalism requires constant consumption; forces individuals to be consumers; manipulation through advertising
Louis XI of France
Charle's son Louis XI was a very traitourous and in other words Renaissance king. He said that money will reduce feudal disorder. So, he promoted new industries like silk and welcomed foreign craftsmen establishing many different trade treaties with England, Portugal, Hanseatic League. In addition he used the revenues and sever taxation to strengthen the army which thus helped stopp Aristocratic wild-like operations. Also, with the timley death of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, in 1477 dies and then Louis invades gaining the territories causing a extinction of the house of Anjou leadin to the extension of Anjou, Bar, Maine, and Provence counties.
Triangle Trade Route
Connected Europe, Africa and the American continents to form new Atlantic Economy. European merchant ships (England, France, Spain, Portugal, Dutch) carried European manufactured goods (guns, gin, cloth) to Africa; goods traded for a cargo of slaves; slaves shipped to the Americas and sold. European merchants bought tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, raw cotton and shipped them back to Europe.
Lorenzo Bernini
Date Alive: 1598-1680 Occupation: Artist Contributor of: Baroque Arts Contributions: Bernini created many master pieces including a sculpture of St. Teresa of Avila and the construction of the great tabernacle below St. Peter's Basilica's dome and directly over the space St. Peter is buried.
John Wycliffe
Early critic of the Church. He was an English Priest & theologian who translated the Vulgate Bible into English. He pushed for many reforms and was eventually declared a heretic.
Edward III
Edward III (13 November 1312 - 21 June 1377) Transformed England into a major military power in Europe, *Reign saw vital developments in legislature and government and black death. 1338 declared himself rightful heir to French throne, started Hundred Years War
Lollards
English followers of Wycliffe. They preached in English and distributed Bibles in English. Once peasants begin revolting inspired by the teaching of the Lollards, political authorities declared it subversive and outlawed the movement.
Francias Drake
English sea captain, robbed Spanish treasure ships; 'singed the king beard'; involved in the armada. The second person to circumnavigate the globe.
Queen Isabella and Ferdinand
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isablella of Casille were the monarchs who united Spain in 1469 when they married. Responsible for the success of the reconquista in 1492., King and Queen of Spain who sponsored Columbus' journey to New World
Niccolò Machiavelli
French man who gave expression to the Renaissance preoccupation with political power. Wrote The Prince. Believed a ruler should behave on Christian moral principals and understanding of the human nature.
John Knox
He was a man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He was a passionate preacher who set to work reforming the Church of Scotland. He persuaded parliament to banish church authority; he then established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland that ran the church, not the bishops.
Henry VII of England
Henry VI was on the side of the Tudors working to reduce nobility power. As parliament held the money for financing wars Edward IV and other Tudors used diplomacy for foreign policy to avoid costly wars, cutting the need to rely on the Parliament (nobility). Henry VII at first summoned Parliament at first to confirm laws. Though the center of authority was in the royal council. In general Henry VII rebuilt the monarchy expanded the cloth industry and marin trade sengin wool sales through the roof. He crushed the Irish invasion and secured Scotland.
Humanism
Humanism emphasized human beings and achievments as humanists studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Italian cities, especially Rome in the renaissance showed a huge archeological urge for recovering manuscripts. Humanists became critical of classics and studdied classics to understand human nature while in the medieval times they searched for God. Humanists looked to reinterpret and oppose tradionatl ideals. They also loved the language of the classics, Latin.For example Pope Nicholas V planned the vatican Library for 9,000 manuscripts he collected while pop Sixtes IV built that library.
St. Teresa of Avila
Important Spanish nun who had mystical visions. She was a Catholic reformer / writer who encouraged a contemplative life through mental prayer. Importance/Example of: The new emotionalism/piety of the Catholic Reformation. Catholics were getting as "fired up" as Luther/Calvin but staying faithful to the Church.
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
In 1469 Isabella of castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were married. However this doid not bring unity between the two lands except for politcal union of the 2 royalties. Thus, Spain was still left a loose seperate kingdom each with own sept govt and "cortes" parliaments. To limit the Aristocracy Ferdinand and Isabella revived the hermandades. Also, they reformed the Royal council to exclude aristocrats, extending it to have full executive, judicial, and legislative powers under monarchy. The council waas only for the middle class honoring the crown and were trained on Roman law. Also, there was a diplomatic alliance with the Spanish pope Alexander VI with Spanish monarchs which secured the right to appoint Bishops in Spain and in Hispanic American colonies. Revenues from the eccclestial estates were used to continue the reconquista in Grandad. Ferdinand was not very religous, he just wanted to appear as a moral Christian and respectful. In fear of rioting and disorder and the fact that the Spanish hated conversos, he recieved papal permission to set up the Inquisition in Spain. in 1496 Ferdinand married his second dauther Joanna heirres to Castile, to the archduke Philip heir to Burgundaan Netherland sand Holy Empire. Did this to gain international recognition of hatred for French. Their granch child Phillip II joined Portugal to Spain unitieing the Iberian peninsula in 1580. however, the kingdoms were seperatley adminstred.
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
Anabaptists
In the reformation, the most radical member of the protestant group that believed in baptizing only those people who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state, it was literal interpretation.
Caravaggio
Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light (1573-1610) - The Supper At Emmaus 1597
Amerigo Vespucci
Italian explorer Recognizes America as a separate continent from Asia in letter "Mundus Novus"
Hermandades
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
Leonardo Da Vinci
Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).
Ulrich Zwingi
Leader of SWISS REFORMATION. Established THEOCRACY(A Government run by Religion) in ZURICH. Only the EUCHARIST was symbolic. LITERAL interpretation of Scripture, no transubstantiation, Bonus- Art and Music.
Edict of Worms
Luther's Heresy trail before Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire in which Luther was expected to recant . He did not, and the Diet issued the Edict of Worms: banishment from the H.R.E. A meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw.
Emocionada system
New World equivalent of manorial system. "Lord" or Spanish overseer controlled work of Indian laborers - four days per week. But often abused. Like system in E. Euro. Black slavery introduced as Indian pop. declined - disease mostly
Oligarchy
Oligarchies and Signori spread across Italy at the same time. Oligarchies were small governing groups governing a land and people for their own purposes.
House of Commons
One of the houses of Parliament including wealthy landowners and rich business leaders that represent the middle class and are elected to office.
Bartholomew Dias
Portuguese explorer whose motives were to "serve God, give light to those in darkness, and grow rich as all men desire to be"
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese explorer that leads 1st journey to circumnavigate the world
Savonarola
Savonarola was a very fierce preacher who condemned humanists, the clergy, rulers, and pretty much anyone who existed. He eventually took over the role of the Medici in Florence before the people attacked him and demanded that he leave.
Brethren of common life
Sought to make religion a more personal and intimate experience - lived simply and helped the community. Existed in late 14th century in holland. lived in simplicity, spread the gospel daily, saw religion as a person/inner experience
Hernando Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Vasco Nunez de balboa
Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama
Fransisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
St. Ignatius Loyola
Spanish nobleman who founded the society of Jesus. took vow of obedience. spread their message through education
Baroque
Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Presented life in a grandiose, three-dimensional display of raw energy. Associated with Catholicism.
cuius regio, eius religio
Summation of the Peace of Augsburg 1555 (ended the German religious civil wars). Each prince within the Holy Roman Empire could choose to be Lutheran or Catholic. His turf (and all those living within) would be of that religion. It's a strange kind of religious toleration (for the leaders only).
Johan Gutenburg
The European inventor of the printing press, which allowed books to be printed quickly and economically. He used his invention to print copies of the Bible. This innovation aided the spread of Renaissance and Reformation ideas throughout Europe.
Battle of Crecy
The English had a great defeat over French nights and crossbowmen. A cannon was fired for the first time by the British, marking the first use of western artillery, and confused British, alongside the use of the longbow.
predestination
The belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Prince Revolution
The great increase of price and inflation across Europe in the later 1500's to mid 1600's beginning in Spain as a result of the increased population causing an increased demand for goods which the nonexistent Spanish middle class couldn't meet after the Jews and Muslims were kicked out during the Reconquista. This forced a high increase in prices. Also, the great influx in gold and silver from the New World caused inflation as there was a much higher quantity of it and the value therefore decreased.
nationalism
The identification of an ethnic identity with a state, love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
enclosure movements
The process by which British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops. The Enclosure Acts led to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners.
John Calvin
This French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Hugeunots. One thing he specifically believed was that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell, by PREDESTINATION.
Artemisia Gentileschi
This baroque artist painted vivid depictions of dramatic scenes. He/she was known for his/her Judith scenes.
Council of Trent
This council met to correct abuses of the Church, but refused to agree with or give credit to any Protestants. They ended the sale of indulgences, and made rules to regulate the behavior of clergy. They ordered seminaries formed where there were no universities in order to end clerical ignorance. They also held onto the insistence that salvation was based on faith and good works, not faith alone. The ideals of the Council of Trent were the epitome of Counter-Reformation ideals in the Catholic Church.
conciliar movement
This was a movement in the church that believed that the reform of the church could best be achieved through periodic assemblies, general councils, representing all the people. This meant having the church led my cardinals instead of popes.
Babylonian Captivity
This was the period in which the Papacy was centered in Avignon, not Rome. (1309-1378) The seven Popes resided here and were heavily influenced by the French crown.
Hundred Years' War
Waged between France and England in the 14th and 15th centuries. Centered on the relationships of the Kings of France and England over the duchy of aquitaine. Series of wars fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453 that resulted in the final expulsion of the English from all French territories except Calais. One reason it lasted so long is because it became a French civil war, with some French barons supporting English monarchs in order to disrupt the centralizing goals of the French crown France won the war
Reconquista
Wars of Northern Christian kingdoms to control entire Iberian peninsula with military and religous objectives. They wanted to convert or expel the Jews and Muslims, and wanted politcal control of the south. Also, in the mid 15th century Castile and Aragon won control of Novarre, Purtugal, Granada. The entire Iberian Peninsula with the exception of Granada had been won for Christianity.
Individualism
Was one of the Renaissance hallmarks stresssing personality, uniqueness, genius and full development of ones capabilities. Despite the fact Christian humilty discouraged self-absorption, 14th and 15th centiury guilds and parish provided strong support for the individual as people distanced themselves from the past and medieval times.
Institutes of the Christian religion
Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation. John Calvin's seminal work on Protestant systematic theology. The book was written as an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for those with some previous knowledge of theology and covered a broad range of theological topics from the doctrines of church and sacraments to justification by faith alone and Christian liberty. It vigorously attacked the teachings of those Calvin considered unorthodox, particularly Roman Catholicism.
Vasco Da Gama
]1498 V.d G rounded Cape and made it to India (to Calicut on the Malabar coast) He was Portuguese sea captain. Brought back ship loaded with Eastern goods worth many times (x60) cost of expedition. 2nd. trip - used brutal means to establish Portuguese interest there (Arabs, Egyptians, Venetians et al interested in maintaining their monopoly.) Significant because established Portuguese interest in east - first all sea route to valuable trade sites.
Treaty of Tordesillas
a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Society of Jesus
a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen
Craft guild
a group of skilled labourers who specialized in the monopoly of a certain product. *the bigger the guild, the less skilled. Guilds had high standards and looked after the sick, poor, the widowed, and orphaned.
Dutch East India Company
a joint stock company chartered by the States-General of the Netherlands to expand trade and promote relations between the Xdutch government and its colonial ventures. It established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope (1652), and in the 1630s it paid a return of 35% on investments.
Thomas Cranmer
archbishop of Canterbury who wrote the book of Common Prayer and grants Henry VIII and annulment without the pope
Transubstantiation
belief of the catholics that the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ, who is fully present in the bread and wine.
Jan Hus
ca. 1372 Husinec, Bohemia - 6 July 1415) A Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at Charles University in Prague Burned at the stake by civil authorities for the propagation of what the Catholic Church considered to be his heretical views. His teachings had a strong influence on the states of Europe, most immediately in the approval for the existence of a reformist Bohemian religious denomination
Capitalism
economic system based on free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of the means of production. encourages private investment and businesses. It is the development of Adam Smith's laissez-faire ideas outlined in his definition of capitalism, 'An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'.
John Cabot
in 1497 and '98 John and his son, Sebastian, both Genovese sailors, made voyages along the northeast coast of North America. Employed by King Henry VII of England, Cabot hoped to find a northwest passage leading to Asia. Henry soon lost interest in the undertaking, although English claims to North America were based on Cabot's voyages.
Peace of Augsburg
marked the end of religious warfare in Germany. The war ended in a stalemate with neither side able to impose a uniform religion on the H.R.E. The Peace made Protestantism legal. Each German Prince got to choose the religion within their own country.
Peter Paul Rubens
one of the 1st studio painters, employed a team of assistants. "The Raising of the Cross" "Portraits of Marie de Medicis" Popularized full figured women.
Commercial Revolution
the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Ptolemy
the greatest astronomer of antiquity who viewed the universe as a series of rotating concentric crystalline spheres with earth at the center
Book of common prayer
the official prayer and liturgical (worship manual) book of Anglicanism. Charles I and Laud tried to impose it upon all Protestant churches in England- many people resisted.
Simony
the selling of Church offices
Johann Tetzel
took over the sale of indulgences, used the phrase, as soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs
