AP European History Unit 4 Progress Check: MCQ
"Another objection against enclosing*, is its apparent tendency to thin the country villages of inhabitants, and depopulate the nation in general. . . . Lesser farmers, labourers, etc. are thereby deprived of their employments; and if they are not immediately forced out of their houses, they are left to starve in them. In the counties of Leicester and Northampton, where enclosing has lately prevailed, the decrease of inhabitants in almost all the enclosed villages, in which they have no inconsiderable manufactory, is obvious enough to be remarked by everyone that knew their state twenty or thirty years ago, and sees them now. They have known [cases in which] upwards of an hundred houses and families in some open-field villages have since dwindled to eight or ten; and five or six hundred inhabitants, where there are not now more than forty or fifty: a plain proof this, that enclosing depopulates the countryside." *Enclosure was the practice of fencing off agricultural lands that had traditionally been used communally by villagers and reserving these lands for private use, generally by wealthy landowners Stephen Addington, "An Inquiry into the Reasons for and against Enclosing Open-Fields," report presented to the British Parliament, 1767 Addington's information about Leicester and Northampton in the second paragraph provides most direct evidence for which of the following in eighteenth-century England? A Demographic shifts associated with changes in agricultural practices B Dependence of industrial towns on labor supplied by migrants from the countryside C Greater productivity of privately-owned agricultural land D Overall population decline caused by concentration on non-food crops
Answer: A Demographic shifts associated with changes in agricultural practices Addington's description of villages becoming depopulated is direct evidence of the demographic shifts that resulted from the Agricultural Revolution of the eighteenth century.
"It is no longer to people that I speak. It is to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all times: if we feeble creatures are allowed to ask anything of you, then may you deign to have pity on the errors inherent in our nature; may these errors not be our undoing. You did not give us a heart so that we could hate each other, nor hands so we could slit each other's throats. May those who light candles at midday in adoration of you learn to tolerate those who simply bask in the light of your sun. May those who wrap a white cloth round their robes to express the command to love you not hate those who say the same thing under a coat of black wool. May those whose clothes are dyed red or violet and who rule over a small plot on a little heap of the mud of this world, and who happen to possess some rounded pieces of a certain metal, enjoy what they call greatness and riches without pride, and may others view them without envy: for you know that there is nothing to envy or boast about in these vanities. May all men remember that they are brothers! May they abhor the tyranny wielded over souls, as they ever execrate (condemn) the violent theft of the fruits of hard work and peaceful industry! Let us spend the brief moment of our existence blessing, together and in a thousand different languages, from Siam to California, your goodness in bestowing on us this moment." Voltaire, French philosophe, "Treatise on Tolerance," 1763 Voltaire's ability to publish the ideas presented in the "Treatise on Toleration" best reflects which of the following? A The spread of print media that popularized Enlightenment ideas B The continued influence of traditional forms of knowledge, such as classical texts, in the eighteenth century C The changing demographics of European society during the commercial revolution D The effective end of religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants during the Enlightenment
Answer: A The spread of print media that popularized Enlightenment ideas Voltaire and other Enlightenment philosophes took advantage of the ready availability of print technology to spread their ideas. In addition, the growing wealth of the commercial classes enabled more people to purchase books and pamphlets.
"Another objection against enclosing*, is its apparent tendency to thin the country villages of inhabitants, and depopulate the nation in general. . . . Lesser farmers, labourers, etc. are thereby deprived of their employments; and if they are not immediately forced out of their houses, they are left to starve in them. In the counties of Leicester and Northampton, where enclosing has lately prevailed, the decrease of inhabitants in almost all the enclosed villages, in which they have no inconsiderable manufactory, is obvious enough to be remarked by everyone that knew their state twenty or thirty years ago, and sees them now. They have known [cases in which] upwards of an hundred houses and families in some open-field villages have since dwindled to eight or ten; and five or six hundred inhabitants, where there are not now more than forty or fifty: a plain proof this, that enclosing depopulates the countryside." *Enclosure was the practice of fencing off agricultural lands that had traditionally been used communally by villagers and reserving these lands for private use, generally by wealthy landowners Stephen Addington, "An Inquiry into the Reasons for and against Enclosing Open-Fields," report presented to the British Parliament, 1767 Taken as a whole, Addington's report provides most direct evidence for which of the following trends in eighteenth-century England? A Indifference to the plight of the rural poor among the landowning class B Controversy over the commercialization of agriculture C Widespread resistance to enclosure by residents of open-field villages D Shifts in political representation caused by population movements
Answer: B Controversy over the commercialization of agriculture Addington's presentation of the arguments surrounding the effects of enclosure reflects the controversies that resulted from the effects of the commercialization of agriculture, such as unemployment, dislocation, and migration to the cities.
Engraving by an unknown artist of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria accepting the homage of the Hungarian nobility, 1741 © De Agostini Picture Library / A. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images Which of the following best explains why Empress Maria Theresa presented her son to the Hungarian nobility as shown in the engraving? A She wanted to emphasize her acceptance of bourgeois concepts of domesticity. B She wanted to legitimize her rule through demonstrating the continuance of the Habsburg line. C She wanted to create a separate kingdom of Hungary with her son as its first king. D She wanted to abdicate her rule over the empire in favor of her son.
Answer: B She wanted to legitimize her rule through demonstrating the continuance of the Habsburg line. As with most hereditary monarchs of Europe, Maria Theresa's legitimacy depended in part on her ability to demonstrate that she was capable of ensuring an orderly succession of power. Her display of her son (the future Emperor Joseph II) to the Hungarian nobles establishes that the Habsburg line will continue beyond the empress.
"It is no longer to people that I speak. It is to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all times: if we feeble creatures are allowed to ask anything of you, then may you deign to have pity on the errors inherent in our nature; may these errors not be our undoing. You did not give us a heart so that we could hate each other, nor hands so we could slit each other's throats. May those who light candles at midday in adoration of you learn to tolerate those who simply bask in the light of your sun. May those who wrap a white cloth round their robes to express the command to love you not hate those who say the same thing under a coat of black wool. May those whose clothes are dyed red or violet and who rule over a small plot on a little heap of the mud of this world, and who happen to possess some rounded pieces of a certain metal, enjoy what they call greatness and riches without pride, and may others view them without envy: for you know that there is nothing to envy or boast about in these vanities. May all men remember that they are brothers! May they abhor the tyranny wielded over souls, as they ever execrate (condemn) the violent theft of the fruits of hard work and peaceful industry! Let us spend the brief moment of our existence blessing, together and in a thousand different languages, from Siam to California, your goodness in bestowing on us this moment." Voltaire, French philosophe, "Treatise on Tolerance," 1763 Voltaire's description of different societies in the second paragraph best reflects which of the following Enlightenment concepts? A The value of classical sources of knowledge in guiding political action B The use of skepticism to challenge existing institutions of government and faith C The use of new political theories to challenge royal absolutism D The belief in popular sovereignty as the legitimate source of political authority
Answer: B The use of skepticism to challenge existing institutions of government and faith Voltaire's choice of words deliberately trivializes external religious, economic, and political differences in an attempt to make his audience question their importance. Philosophes such as Voltaire typically used such a skeptical approach as the first stage in an attempt to persuade their audience to look for universal principles that could be the basis of a more just and stable society.
"The changes in intellectual outlook of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries formed the basis for what many consider to be the most important 'event' in Western history—the so-called 'scientific revolution.' Its breakthroughs in thought and advances in science still stand today at the center of every area of modern life. In the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, international trade and an increasing demand for consumer 'worldly goods' on the part of the wealthy triggered the European Renaissance in art and learning. The intellectual advances of the scientific revolution took place in the context of the broadened horizons of that consumer revolution. Emerging seventeenth-century science matched and furthered the globalizing interests that the Renaissance had stimulated. . . . In a number of ways the process of transmission of the new science was part and parcel of a general explosion in written and printed communication of the same period. That process influenced the very nature of science and determined some of the future directions of its development." Lisa Jardine, historian, Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution, 1999 Which of the following best supports Jardine's argument that increased international trade influenced the Scientific Revolution? A The European discovery of lands and peoples not mentioned in ancient and classical sources undermined those sources' authority. B The discovery of new trade routes gave Europeans access to new consumer goods such as coffee and tea. C The establishment of new trading post colonies in Asia exposed Europeans to foreign belief systems such as Hinduism and Confucianism. D The increase in international trade helped transition the European economy from a reliance on barter and traditional forms of exchange to a systematized monetary economy.
Answer: A The European discovery of lands and peoples not mentioned in ancient and classical sources undermined those sources' authority. The European exploration of the world and the creation of global trading empires revealed the existence of lands, peoples, plants, and animals not mentioned in classical texts. This lack of information created doubt about the value of the reasoning and theories found in such ancient texts and helped encourage greater reliance on empirical observation, reasoning from evidence, and the systematic cataloging of new phenomena. These habits of mind were a crucial feature of the scientific mind-set.
Engraving by an unknown artist of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria accepting the homage of the Hungarian nobility, 1741 © De Agostini Picture Library / A. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the way in which the artist chose to portray Empress Maria Theresa? A The artist wished to show her as an absolutist ruler of her diverse empire. B The artist wished to question the fitness of women to rule as monarchs. C The artist wished to stress Neoclassical ideals of public participation and citizenship. D The artist was primarily influenced by Mannerist techniques emphasizing distortion to create dramatic effects.
Answer: A The artist wished to show her as an absolutist ruler of her diverse empire. The image is carefully composed to suggest Maria Theresa's exalted status as an absolute ruler. Such rulers were believed to hold their power from God and to be answerable only to God.
"The changes in intellectual outlook of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries formed the basis for what many consider to be the most important 'event' in Western history—the so-called 'scientific revolution.' Its breakthroughs in thought and advances in science still stand today at the center of every area of modern life. In the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, international trade and an increasing demand for consumer 'worldly goods' on the part of the wealthy triggered the European Renaissance in art and learning. The intellectual advances of the scientific revolution took place in the context of the broadened horizons of that consumer revolution. Emerging seventeenth-century science matched and furthered the globalizing interests that the Renaissance had stimulated. . . . In a number of ways the process of transmission of the new science was part and parcel of a general explosion in written and printed communication of the same period. That process influenced the very nature of science and determined some of the future directions of its development." Lisa Jardine, historian, Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution, 1999 Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports Jardine's argument regarding the changes in intellectual outlook in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A The new ideas in astronomy and anatomy that led intellectuals to challenge the authority of ancient and classical sources of knowledge B The development of new methods of scholarship based on reinterpretation of classical texts C The willingness of Protestant reformers to challenge the scholarly and intellectual authority of the Catholic Church D The development and spread of vernacular literacy as a result of Gutenberg's development of the printing press
Answer: A The new ideas in astronomy and anatomy that led intellectuals to challenge the authority of ancient and classical sources of knowledge Jardine's argument focuses on the change in outlook that constituted an important part of the Scientific Revolution. New instruments and observational techniques in the fields of astronomy and anatomy led to challenges to ancient texts such as the works of Ptolemy (an ancient Greek astronomer) and Galen (an ancient Greek anatomist), which had previously been regarded as definitive authorities.
Engraving by an unknown artist of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria accepting the homage of the Hungarian nobility, 1741 © De Agostini Picture Library / A. Dagli Orti/Bridgeman Images The artist's portrayal of Maria Theresa was most likely a response to which of the following circumstances? A The spread of nationalist ideas in Europe B Growing rivalries among European powers C Increasing interest in the Enlightenment idea of popular sovereignty in eastern Europe D Heightened levels of religious conflict in eastern Europe
Answer: B Growing rivalries among European powers The composition of the picture with the empress bathed in light, standing in a raised position, and holding an infant as the nobles, in traditional Hungarian dress, kneel before her, is intended to express the devotion of the Hungarian nobility to the empress and her cause. At the time, Austria, like other European powers, was engaged in various rivalries with other European powers. Austria in particular was confronted by the growing power of Prussia, whose ruler, Frederick the Great, challenged the legitimacy of Maria Theresa's rule and seized the province of Silesia the year before this engraving was made.
"The goal of government is the good of mankind, and which is best for mankind—that the people should always be exposed to the boundless will of tyranny or that the rulers should sometimes be liable to be opposed? Upon the forfeiture of their rulers, power reverts to the society and the people have a right to act as supreme and place it in a new form or new hands, as they think good." John Locke, An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government, 1690 Which of the following best explains the contemporary development of the theory of absolutism in France, which contrasted sharply with Locke's views on popular sovereignty? A The greater size of the French population in the seventeenth century B The lack of any successful challenges to monarchical power in seventeenth-century France C The greater success of England in establishing overseas colonies in the seventeenth century D The continued existence of a substantial Protestant minority in seventeenth-century France
Answer: B The lack of any successful challenges to monarchical power in seventeenth-century France Louis XIV's success in crushing religious dissent and in suppressing the ability of the nobility and local authorities to check his power paved the way for a universal concept of absolute rule by a powerful monarch.
Engraving of the estate of David Wells in southern England, circa 1750 © Universal History Archive/UIG/Bridgeman Images The caption reads: "To David Wells, Esquire, this view of his house at Burbach, engraved at his expense is inscribed by his obliged friend J. Nichols." The engraving shows Wells's house, formal gardens, a model farm, parkland for hunting, woodland, and enclosed fields of former common land in the background. The engraving and its inscription provide most direct evidence for which of the following conclusions about the attitude of wealthy landowners toward agricultural improvements in the eighteenth century? A They saw such improvements as a threat to their social position. B They saw such improvements as a source of pride and prestige. C They saw such improvements as having little influence on their way of life. D They saw such improvements as beneficial to the country as a whole.
Answer: B They saw such improvements as a source of pride and prestige. The fact that the engraving was a gift from a friend of Wells, that it emphasizes his possession of luxuries such as a country house and an ornamental garden, and that it shows his interest in agricultural improvements such as the model farm and the enclosed fields, all suggest that Wells regarded his involvement in agricultural improvements as a source of pride.
"It is no longer to people that I speak. It is to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all times: if we feeble creatures are allowed to ask anything of you, then may you deign to have pity on the errors inherent in our nature; may these errors not be our undoing. You did not give us a heart so that we could hate each other, nor hands so we could slit each other's throats. May those who light candles at midday in adoration of you learn to tolerate those who simply bask in the light of your sun. May those who wrap a white cloth round their robes to express the command to love you not hate those who say the same thing under a coat of black wool. May those whose clothes are dyed red or violet and who rule over a small plot on a little heap of the mud of this world, and who happen to possess some rounded pieces of a certain metal, enjoy what they call greatness and riches without pride, and may others view them without envy: for you know that there is nothing to envy or boast about in these vanities. May all men remember that they are brothers! May they abhor the tyranny wielded over souls, as they ever execrate (condemn) the violent theft of the fruits of hard work and peaceful industry! Let us spend the brief moment of our existence blessing, together and in a thousand different languages, from Siam to California, your goodness in bestowing on us this moment." Voltaire, French philosophe, "Treatise on Tolerance," 1763 Enlightenment philosophes such as Voltaire primarily drew on which of the following to advocate for changing human institutions? A A return to traditional religious values as defined by the Roman Catholic Church B Beliefs in alchemy and astrology, which claimed to explain the spiritual forces that shaped the universe C Principles of the Scientific Revolution, such as rationalism and empirical observation D The writings of Martin Luther and other religious reformers from the Reformation period
Answer: C Principles of the Scientific Revolution, such as rationalism and empirical observation Enlightenment philosophes attempted to apply the observational and analytic techniques developed by European scientists studying the physical world to human society and institutions. They hoped that a rigorous application of these principles would result in social improvements.
"It is no longer to people that I speak. It is to you, God of all beings, of all worlds, and of all times: if we feeble creatures are allowed to ask anything of you, then may you deign to have pity on the errors inherent in our nature; may these errors not be our undoing. You did not give us a heart so that we could hate each other, nor hands so we could slit each other's throats. May those who light candles at midday in adoration of you learn to tolerate those who simply bask in the light of your sun. May those who wrap a white cloth round their robes to express the command to love you not hate those who say the same thing under a coat of black wool. May those whose clothes are dyed red or violet and who rule over a small plot on a little heap of the mud of this world, and who happen to possess some rounded pieces of a certain metal, enjoy what they call greatness and riches without pride, and may others view them without envy: for you know that there is nothing to envy or boast about in these vanities. May all men remember that they are brothers! May they abhor the tyranny wielded over souls, as they ever execrate (condemn) the violent theft of the fruits of hard work and peaceful industry! Let us spend the brief moment of our existence blessing, together and in a thousand different languages, from Siam to California, your goodness in bestowing on us this moment." Voltaire, French philosophe, "Treatise on Tolerance," 1763 Voltaire's plea for tolerance is best understood in the context of which of the following developments? A An upsurge in religious enthusiasm among the working classes B Increased support for atheism among European intellectuals C Establishment of overseas colonies by religious dissidents from Europe D New concepts of faith resulting from rational analysis of religious practices
Answer: D New concepts of faith resulting from rational analysis of religious practices Voltaire and other Enlightenment philosophes analyzed religious practices mostly in terms of religion's usefulness to society. While not denying the existence of God, many of them thought of God as removed from the everyday workings of the world. This idea led them to place less value on the specific differences of beliefs and practices among different religions and religious sects.
"The changes in intellectual outlook of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries formed the basis for what many consider to be the most important 'event' in Western history—the so-called 'scientific revolution.' Its breakthroughs in thought and advances in science still stand today at the center of every area of modern life. In the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, international trade and an increasing demand for consumer 'worldly goods' on the part of the wealthy triggered the European Renaissance in art and learning. The intellectual advances of the scientific revolution took place in the context of the broadened horizons of that consumer revolution. Emerging seventeenth-century science matched and furthered the globalizing interests that the Renaissance had stimulated. . . . In a number of ways the process of transmission of the new science was part and parcel of a general explosion in written and printed communication of the same period. That process influenced the very nature of science and determined some of the future directions of its development." Lisa Jardine, historian, Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution, 1999 Which of the following pieces of evidence most directly challenges Jardine's implied claim that the Scientific Revolution was characterized by a universal change in outlook? A Copernicus' development of the heliocentric view of the cosmos B William Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood through the body C Galileo's observation of moons orbiting Jupiter D Newton's investigations into alchemy
Answer: D Newton's investigations into alchemy Although Isaac Newton was the foremost scientist and theoretician of the Scientific Revolution, his interest in the medieval traditions of alchemy (whose practitioners sought to change other elements into gold and discover the secret of eternal life) suggests that the transformation in intellectual outlook was not universal, even among the leaders of the Scientific Revolution.
"The goal of government is the good of mankind, and which is best for mankind—that the people should always be exposed to the boundless will of tyranny or that the rulers should sometimes be liable to be opposed? Upon the forfeiture of their rulers, power reverts to the society and the people have a right to act as supreme and place it in a new form or new hands, as they think good." John Locke, An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government, 1690 The influence of the Scientific Revolution on Locke's reasoning regarding the right of people to establish new forms of government is most clearly reflected in his A assumption that monarchical government can devolve into tyranny B assertion that people will sometimes resist oppressive governments C implication that opposition to oppressive governments is sometimes successful D appeal to universal principles that supposedly define the function of government
Answer: D appeal to universal principles that supposedly define the function of government The Scientific Revolution attempted to discover universal laws that governed the behavior of nature, such as Newton's laws of motion. Locke's appeal to universal principles represents an attempt to apply that method of thinking to society and government.