A+P exam 3

Match the structure of the cerebellum with its description. 1. Superior Peduncle 2. Middle Peduncle 3. Inferior Peduncle 4. Arbor Vitae 5. Folia

1. Connects the cerebellum to the midbrain 2. Connects the cerebellum to the pons 3. Connects the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata 4. White matter of cerebellum 5. Ridges of the cerebellar cortex

Relate the part of the cerebrum with its description. 1. Longitudinal fissure 2. Sulci 3. Cerebral cortex 4. Cerebral medulla 5. Lateral fissure

1. Divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres 2. Grooves between the gyri 3. Gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum 4. White matter of the cerebrum 5. Separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum

Match the brainstem component with its location and function 1. Medulla oblongata location 2. Midbrain location 3. Pons location 4. Medulla oblongata function 5. Midbrain function 6. Pons function

1. Inferior part of the brainstem 2. Superior to the pons 3. Middle portion of the brainstem 4. Heart rate and breathing reflexes 5. Visual reflex center 6. Relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum

Match the part of the diencephalon with its description. 1. thalamus 2. subthalamus 3. epithalamus 4. hypothalamus

1. Largest part of the diencephalon; the sensory relay center of the brain 2. Immediately inferior to the thalamus; involved in controlling motor functions 3. Superior and posterior to the thalamus; contains the pineal gland 4. Most inferior portion of the diencephalon; contains mammillary bodies; controls endocrine system

Match the lobe of the cerebrum with its function. 1. frontal lobe 2. parietal lobe 3. occipital lobe 4. temporal lobe

1. Voluntary motor function, aggression, mood 2. Receives sensory information other than smell, vision, and hearing 3. Receives and integrates visual input 4. Memory functions; receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing

1. association tract 2. commissural tract 3. projection tract

1. communication within the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere 2. communication between hemispheres, corpus callosum 3. connects cerebrum to brainstem, forms the internal capsule

1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Pons 3. Midbrain

1. regulate heart rate, coordinates swallowing and hiccuping reflexes, olives function in balance and coordination 2. middle cerebellar peduncles present, respiratory and sleep centers 3. visual reflexes, substantia nigra helps regulate motor movements, superior and inferior colliculi present

1. thalamus 2. hypothalamus 3. epithalamus

1. relays sensory nerve signals to the cerebrum 2. regulate secretion of pituitary hormones, involved in the sensation of sexual pleasure, coordinates autonomic nervous system activity 3. pineal gland involved in sleep-wake cycle and other biorhythms

1. Olfaction and hearing are processed in the ____________ . 2. The ____________ provides critical function in motivation, logical reasoning, expression of emotion, and social attitudes. 3. Housing the visual centers, the ____________ receive inputs from the optic radiation. 4. The ____________ separates the temporal lobe from the cerebrum. 5. The ____________ receives sensory information other than that from smell, hearing, taste, and vision. 6. The deepest of the cerebral lobes, the ____________ receives taste sensory input.

1. temporal lobes 2. frontal lobes 3. occipital lobes 4. lateral fissure 5. parietal lobes 6. insula

True or False: Each of these are components of the brainstem. 1. medulla oblongata 2. pons 3. thalamus 4. midbrain

1. true 2. true 3. false 4. true

What is the correct order for the events of neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal? 1) Extracellular Ca2+ enters terminal and binds to sensor protein in the cytoplasm2) Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft3) Action potential reaches axon terminal4) Ca2+-protein complex stimulates fusion of the docked synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane5) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

There are __________ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column.

31

Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor. (1) motor neuron(2) interneuron(3) effector(4) sensory neuron(5) sensory receptor

5, 4, 2, 1, 3

A student observes gray tissue in a preserved section of a human brain. Which of the following might he be looking at?

Basal nuclei

When a doctor gives a patient epidural anesthesia, they are inserting a needle between which two structures?

Body of the vertebrae and dura mater

Identify the only spinal nerve that does not have a specific cutaneous sensory distribution.

C1

Imagine a defect in arachnoid granulations, causing CSF to accumulate in the subarachnoid space (external hydrocephalus). Which of the following brain regions or structures will the surrounding CSF press up against?

Cerebral cortex

Most synapses are thought to employ more than one neurotransmitter, and synapses may be located in close proximity to each other. What receptor property prevents one neurotransmitter (e.g., norepinephrine) from activating a nearby receptor for another neurotransmitter (e.g., acetylcholine)?

Differences in receptor structure

Which of the following would be a likely result of damaging the musculocutaneous nerve?

Difficulty flexing the shoulder

Which of the following would be a likely result of severing the tibial and common fibular nerves?

Difficulty with dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Which of the following statements best describes the movement of ions across the plasma membrane?

Each ion species follows its own diffusion gradient, regardless of differences in the concentration of other ion species.

A student observes a stained slide of brain tissue under the microscope. She notices a large number of neuron cell bodies and dendrites. What type of brain tissue is she looking at?

Gray matter

Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter.

Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons.

In an adult, the spinal cord extends down the vertebral column to the level of which vertebrae?

L1-L2

Identify the correct sequence of structures involved in the passage of information across a chemical synapse.

Presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane

Which is not a function of the limbic system?

Speech

A blood vessel ruptures and bleeds between the meningeal dura mater and arachnoid mater. Which of the following describes the location of this bleed?

Subdural space

Which is not a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

Supply CNS tissues with extra protein

What structure makes the dorsal root different from the ventral root?

The dorsal root has a ganglion

If a blockage forms in the cerebral aqueduct, where will CSF back up first?

Third ventricle

What do the cavities of the neural tube become in the adult brain?

Ventricles

A dermatome is the area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by

a pair of spinal nerves.

The _______ is a period of time when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong).

absolute refractory period

Along myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system, ion currents must cross the plasma membrane of the neuron

at nodes of Ranvier.

Endoneurium directly surrounds a/an __________.

axon

Glial cells that are directly involved in defending the CNS against infection and injury include _____________.

both astrocytes and microglial cells

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus.

brachial

Dermatome maps are important clinically because they

can be used to help locate nerve damage.

In the cerebrum, the basal nuclei are the __________ nucleus, which is described as having a tail, and the ________ nucleus, which is described as being lens-shaped.

caudate; lentiform

Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in __________.

cell bodies

The division of the nervous system responsible for problem solving is the _____________

central nervous system

The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord is the location where nerves that supply the upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord, and the __________ enlargement is the location where nerves that supply the lower limbs enter and leave the spinal cord.

cervical; lumbosacral

In the ventricles, CSF is produced at ___________, which are composed of specialized ependymal cells surrounded by supportive connective tissue.

choroid plexuses

Rami that carry axons associated with the sympathetic division of the ANS formed from the rami of thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves are called __________ rami.

communicating

The equilibrium centers of the brain receive information from inner ear structures as well as the retina of the eyes. This arrangement is an example of a ______ circuit.

converging

Ralph is someone who tends to make counterproductive decisions in dealing with his life. He was secretly taking cocaine, a "recreational" drug that inhibits dopamine neurotransmitter reuptake. While this increase of dopamine stimulated his pleasure center, he soon found that the same dose of cocaine failed to have the intensity of effect that it gave him when he first took it. Ralph increased the dosage, and soon the same problem caused him to increase his cocaine dose again. If he stopped taking the drug, he experienced horrible withdrawal symptoms. Ralph was addicted.Homeostatic regulation of receptor levels often forms the basis of addiction. In Ralph's case the increased release of dopamine caused a progressive

decrease in dopamine receptor numbers in dopaminergic postsynaptic membranes.

The ____________ extends laterally from the spinal cord and attaches to the dura mater, helping to limit lateral movement of the spinal cord.

denticulate ligament

The membrane potential becoming more positive in value is called __________ whereas, __________ refers to the membrane potential becoming more negative than the resting membrane potential.

depolarization; hyperpolarization

The spinal cord extends from the level of the __________ to the level of the __________.

foramen magnum; second lumbar vertebra

Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called __________.

ganglia

Structures called ___________ are involved in electrical synapses.

gap junctions

Neuron cell bodies are located in the __________ matter, and myelinated axons are located in the __________ matter.

gray; white

When a neuron releases a neuromodulator that _____ the release of neurotransmitters from another neuron, this is called presynaptic facilitation.

increases

Damage to the T11 and T12 spinal nerves could result in loss of movement in the __________ and __________ but would not affect the movement of the __________.

lower limbs; hips; upper limbs

Interneurons are not usually found in __________.

monosynaptic reflex arcs

Compounds classified as ______ alter synaptic transmission by changing neurotransmitter receptor numbers or affecting the breakdown and/or removal of neurotransmitter.

neuromodulators

Imagine a motor neuron with a resting potential of -80 mV and a threshold potential of -50mV. Two graded postsynaptic potentials arrive at the trigger zone at the same time. The first is an EPSP that, by itself, would flood the trigger zone with enough Na+ ions to change the membrane potential by +45 mV. The second is an IPSP that would, by itself, cause enough K+ ions to leave to change the membrane potential of the trigger zone by -10 mV. The simultaneous arrival of these two graded potentials can be predicted to

open voltage-gated Na+ channels and result in an action potential.

A ___________ neuronal circuit is associated with complex neuronal processes, such as solving mathematical equations.

parallel after-discharge

Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a __________.

plexus

Each half of the gray matter is organized into the ____________ horns.

posterior, anterior, lateral

The ventricles arise from __________ during embryonic development.

pouch cavities

The ____________ of a neuron release(s) neurotransmitters.

presynaptic terminals

Major branches of a spinal nerve are called __________.

rami

The neurons that conduct information towards the CNS are _________.

sensory neurons

The concentration of __________ ions is much greater outside the cell as compared to inside the cell, whereas the concentration of ____________ ions is much greater inside the cell as compared to outside the cell.

sodium; potassium

The __________ nervous system communicates with the skeletal muscles and the __________ nervous system communicates with the smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands.

somatic; autonomic

__________ summation occurs when multiple action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron cell body.

spatial

The central nervous system includes the __________.

spinal cord

Cerebrospinal fluid from the (Click to select) epidural space subarachnoid space choroid plexus passes through the (Click to select) cerebral aqueducts arachnoid granulations choroid plexuses , where it enters the venous circulation.

subarachnoid space;arachnoid granulations

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater lies the ____________, and between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater lies the ____________.

subdural space; subarachnoid space

When threshold is reached, depolarization of the same magnitude occurs for all action potentials. If threshold is not reached, an action potential does not begin at all. This describes

the all-or-none law.

There are __________ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave.

two

For each ATP molecule used, the sodium-potassium pump transports

two K+ into the cell and three Na+ out of the cell.

The three columns of the white matter are the ___________ columns.

ventral, dorsal, and lateral

Nervous tissue of the CNS that is composed primarily of myelinated axons is often referred to as ______ matter.

white