AP Exam Identifications

Bear Market

A steady drop in the stock market over a period of time

Limited War

A war fought to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism

Presedential Succession Act of 1947

Law specifying the order of presidential succession following the Vice President

Indian Removal

(1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.

Jim Crow

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Pennsylvania

1681- William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. This colony allowed religious freedom.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

Lend Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Revenue Sharing

A law providing for the distribution of a fixed amount or share of federal tax revenues to the states for spending on almost any government purpose.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver)

Coureur de bois

French trapper living among Native Americans

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Hollywood Ten

Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood

Cease and desist orders

A demand of a person to stop committing an action that is in violation of a provision.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939

Moral Majority

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

William H. Seward

"Higher law" and natural rights, Opposed slavery expansion, Whig senator. "Irrepressible conflict" expansion of slavery between north and south

Russo-Japanese War

"The first great war of the 20th century," it grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

Roosevelt's Big Stick diplomacy

"speak softly", Roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy, attempted to build the reputation of the US as a world power, imperialists applauded his every move, critics disliked breaking from tradition of non-involvement

William H. Taft

"trustbuster" (busted twice as many as Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republican split)

Haymarket Square riot

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

John Calvin

(1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented.

John Winthrop

(1588-1649) Leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who led Puritan colonists to Massachusetts to establish an ideal Christian community; he later became the colony's first governor.

James Otis

(1725-1783) American lawyer from Massachusetts who sues the British government over writs of assistance. Claims that the writs violate the British Constitution/ Magna Carta, says that they're instruments of slavery and unconstitutional. Ignored, but significant because it's the first argument of constitutionality anywhere, ever.

Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). The first cultural movement to unite the Thirteen Colonies. Associated with the democratization of religion.

George Whitefield

(1739) Stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed faith in Christ Jesus. Taught that with sincere faith, ordinary people could understand scripture without ministers

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Battle of Quebec

(1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Quartering Act

(1765) Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists saw it as an encroachment on their rights.

Battle of Saratoga

(1777) Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Treaty of Greenville

(1795) an agreement between Native American confederation leaders and the U.S. government that gave the United States Indian lands in the Northwest Territory and guaranteed that U.S. citizens could safely travel through the region

John Brown

(1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. May or may not have been mentally unstable. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery, due to misunderstanding, in revenge he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed. Was executed, still debated over whether he is a saint or killer.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

John Calhoun

(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Seneca Falls

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Gadsden Purchase

(1853) U.S. purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico; set the current borders of the contiguous United States (the U.S. states, minus Hawaii, Alaska, and commonwealth of Puerto Rico)

Robert LaFollette

(1855-1925) Progressive American politician; he was active in local Wisconsin issues and challenged party bosses. As governor, he began the reform program called the Wisconsin Idea to make state government more professional.

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Frederick Jackson Turner

(1861 - 1932) He was an American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History, where he stated that the spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the countries westward expansion. According to Turner, the forging of the unique and rugged American identity occurred at the juncture between the civilization of settlement and the savagery of wilderness.

Henry Ford

(1863-1947) he was an American businessman, the founder of Ford Motor Company, the father of modern assembly lines, and an inventor credited with 161 patents

Andrew Johnson

(1865-1869) The 13th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1865 and the 14th Amendment is passed by Congress and added to the Constitution in 1868. House of Representatives impeaches the President in 1868 and the Senate acquits the president of the 11 articles of impeachment. In 1868 the President issued a unconditional pardon to those who participated in the southern rebellion. The 15th Amendment is passed in 1869.

Winston Churchhill

(1874-1965) Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II. His involvement in World War I was a prime lord of the British admiralty. He led an attack on the Turks which failed miserably at Constantinople with over 150,000 casualties.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

(1902-1939) Common Law Judge. "Clear and present danger" Majority opinion in 1919 case Schenck vs. US

Charles Lindbergh

(1902-1974) World War I hero pilot who later flew the first solo trans-Atlantic flight in his plane, the Spirit of St. Louis

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Treaty of Portsmouth

(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Schenck v. U.S.

(1919). Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute;a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

Five power treaty

(1922) treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

Herbert Hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933.

21st amendement

(1933) repealed 18th amendement , now control of manufacture and sale of liquor became a state responsiblity

Hundred days

(1933) the first hundred days of Franklin Roosevelt's term as president

Second New Deal

(1935) a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs

Loyalty Review Board

(1947) federal board set up by President Truman that checked up on government workers, and dismissed those found to be communist.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

(1953-1957) and (1957-1961), when elected President, he was the most popular American; "I like Ike!" button. Modern Republicanism---didn't undo the New Deal of the Democrats. Called "The Republican's Choice" . He was the commander of the allied forces in Europe, the army chief-of-staff after the war, and the director of NATO for two years. Dwight displayed "grandfatherly good will". The night before the 1952 presidential elections, he declared that he would personally go to Korea and end the war. This helped to win the majority in 41 of the lower 48 states. Eisenhower reigned over a period of unstable peace and prosperity. At the time of the integration of Central High he made the decision to send the 101st Airborne to Little Rock to protect the students

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

George H. W. Bush

(1989-1993) , President after Reagan, was in precidency when the Cold War ended and when Sadam Hussein invaded Kuwait, he also sent troops to Iran which started the Persian Gulf war.

9/11

(2001) Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on Sep. 11, 2001, in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed 4 commercial aircraft. Two planes hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, causing them to collapse. One plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D. C., and the fourth, overtaken by passengers, crashed into a field in rural Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the worst case of domestic terrorism in American history.

Khrushchev

(April 15, 1894 - September 11, 1971) led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.

Battle of Trenton

(December 1776) George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for his victory at Princeton a week later

Emergency Banking Relief Act

(FDR) 1933 , gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened., HUNDRED DAYS STARTS

IWW

(Industrial Workers of the World) A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.

I.M.F

(International Monetary Fund) Bank for foreign country. Power organization for foreign countries.

N.R.A

(National Recovery Administration) Created the minimum wage

Iran-Contra affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

WCTU

(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the US

Frances Perkins

(born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

Quasi-War

- Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.

Whiskey Rebellion

- farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem

Washington's Farewell address

-Washington retired from office after his 2nd term in 1797. His Farewell Address is actually a letter. In it he reacted sharply to Republicans, by warning against international entanglements (more specifically, denouncing against the Republicans that had been conspiring with the French to frustrate the Federalist diplomatic program.and against the dangers of permanent alliances with foreign nations. (Ex. The Jay Treaty)Warned against sectionalism (Ex: put down the Whiskey Rebellion). Temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. (Federalist and Republican parties) 1775-1825

Anne Hutchinson

..., She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

14th amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

Second Continental Congress

12 delegates meet in Philadelphia to express their growing dissatisfaction with King George and his lack of response to the Declaration of Rights

Gen. Zachary Taylor

12th President of the United States, sent by Polk; to stand and draft a decleration of war, and wait for a conflict to arise; Mexican patrol clashed with American soldiers and killed 11

Boston Associates

15 Boston families that dominated textile, railroad, insurance, and banking industries

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). It ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

Fundamental Orders

1639, First constitution in the New World

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

Navigation Acts

1650 laws that required among other things that all goods to and from the colonies be transported on British ships

Carolinas

1665 - Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt. Headrights and a representative government attracted colonists. South grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, North was composed mainly of farmers.

English Bill of Rights

1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament

Protestant Reformation

16th century series of religious actions which led to establishment of the Protestant churches. Led by Martin Luther

Anglican Church

16th century, became England's official church in which everyone had to support it or else they would be fined or inprisoned

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Currency Act

1764 Stopped colonial printing of paper money & forced colonists to pay in gold and silver

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Boston Massacre

1770, street clash between townspeople and Irish soldiers ordered to guard British custom houses.

California- Father Junipero Serra

1770s: established chain of Roman Catholic missions all over California (San diego to san francisco) -- developed to convert indians and develop self-sufficient land enterprise

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Intolerable Acts

1774; laws meant to punish Boston after the Tea Party; closed the harbor, created a police state, Quebec Act, and had to quarter troops in civilian homes

First Continental Congress

1774; response to Intolerable Acts; 55 men from 12 colonies meet on Philadelphia; called for complete halt in trade with Britain; important step towards independence.

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Quock Walker Case

1783 - Helped end slavery in Massachusetts

Pennsylvania militia routs congress

1783 - Unpaid Revolutionary War veterans staged a protest outside Congress' meeting hall, forcing Congress to move to Princeton, New Jersey.

Proposed Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

1785 - This treaty between the U.S. and Spain would have given the U.S. special privileges at Spanish ports in exchange for giving Spain exclusive rights to the Mississippi River. The U.S. needed access to the Mississippi more than they needed privileged trade with Spain, so this treaty was never signed.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

A nine-year conflict involving Soviet forces supporting the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan government against the Mujahideen resistance.

Philadelphia Convention

1787--12 colonies send delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation; Delegates soon agree the United States needs a new Constitution

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

French Revolution

1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.

Pinckney Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 Act that criminalized speech that was derisive to the government. Later ruled unconstitutional, Andrew Jackson issued blanket pardon in 1801

Election of Senators

17th Amendment

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Macon's Bill #2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

War of 1812

1812-1815, Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (Leopard on Chesapeake) (1812 - 1815), Embargo Act

Treaty of Ghent

1814-British tired of war. peace talks started in Ghent, Belgium. Christmas Eve 1814 two sides signed treaty ending war. It took a while to get to U.S. Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans

Rush-Bagot Treaty

1817; The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere

Dartmouth v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Erie Canal

1825, The Erie Canal was opened as a toll waterway connecting New York to the Great Lakes. The Canal was approved in 1817 with the support of New York Governor Dewitt Clinton. Along with Cumberland Road it helped connect the West and the North.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Maysville Road Veto

1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements.

Gag rule

1836-1844 Congress could not formally receive antnislavery petitions, but did not directly govern laws considered

Shakers

1840s; one of the first religious communal movements; kept men and women separate; failed due to lack of recruits

Prigg v. Pennsylvania

1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1852, harriet beecher stowe, antislavery book, widely read- hated by southerners - made northerners more skeptical of slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Sumner-Brooks affair

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Crittenden Compromise Proposal

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. Started the Hull House.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Wade Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Tammany Hall

A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism.

13th amendment

1865. Amendement abolishing and continually prohibiting slavery. With limited exception, such as those guilty of comitting a crime, it also prevents indentured servitude.

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Military Reconstruction Act

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions

Munn v. Illinois

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

American federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Oklahoma Land Rush

1889; former Indian lands;opened up for settlement, resulting in a race to lay claim for a homestead (Boomers and Sooners)

H. Rap Brown

A proponent of Black Power, he succeeded Stokely Carmichael as head of SNCC. He was indicted by inciting riot and for arson.

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Florence Kelley

1893 helped persuade Illinois to prohibit child labor and limit the number of hours women worked; helped found the National Child Labor Committee

Venezuelan boundary dispute

1895, Guiana and Venezula in conflict with each other (discovery of gold), Cleveland called for arbitration, The US determined to enforce the Monroe Doctrine by itself, without relying on the British (got most of the land) navy.

Spanish-American War

1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuaban's fight for independence - the start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Prohibition of Alcohol

18th Amendment

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

Anthracite coal strike

1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time)

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states

Pure food and drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Meat inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Adamson Act

1916 law that established 8 hour workday for railroad workers in order to avert a national strike

Warehouse Act

1916 legislation that authorized loans on the security of staple crops. (Staple crops are basic crops such as corn and wheat.)

Espionage Act

1917 This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Sedition Act

1918 made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Margaret Sanger

1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness.

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Kellog-Briand Treaty

1928 - Was intended to be a gesture of friendship between the U.S. and France, but was extended to include Germany, Japan, Italy, and several other nations. It was a treaty to outlaw war and was a good attempt since it involved all of the major world powers. However it contained no enforcement mechanism and had large loopholes, so it was not successful.

Social Security Act

1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Clark Memorandum

1931- state department issues a new policy repudiating the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America under the Roosevelt Corollary--> "Good Neighbor policy"

National Youth Administration

1935, provided education jobs counseling and recreation for young people. part time positions at schools for students allowed for aid in h.s. college and grad school. part time jobs for drop outs

Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

2nd AAA

1934. Because there were bad farmlands, they give the farmers a guaranteed price on certain crops + crop insurance (ex: if windstorm destroys crops, farmer can claim insurance)

Nye Committee

1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Revenue Act

1935 - Increased income taxes on higher incomes and also increased inheritance, large gft, and capital gains taxes."Wealth-tax act" "Soak-the-rich tax"

Buenos Aires Conference

1936 - The U.S. agreed to submit all disputes from the Americas to arbitration.

U.S. v. Butler

1936 as a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act were unconstitutional.

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Neville Chamberlain

1938; gullible British Prime Minister; declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland.

Great Migration 1630

70,000 refugees left england, john winthrop colony's first governor

Smith Act

1940 act which made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists

Committee to defend America by aiding the Allies

1940. advocated american military support for britain to keep the U.S. out of conflict in europe.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Rhode Island

A New England or Northern colony. It was the smallest of the original 13 colonies. Created by Roger Williams and believed in religious tolerance for all people.

Bretton Woods Conference

1944, The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

George W. Bush

1946 - 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Desegregation of armed forces

1948 In July, Truman issued an executive order establishing a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces "be put into effect as rapidly as possible." He also created a committee to ensure its implementation.

McCarran Internal Security Bill

1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

Beecher's Bibles

A New Haven abolitionist minister called Sharp's rifles a greater moral force than the Bible in keeping slavery out of Kansas. This helped increase the tension as Kansas became an armed camp.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Little Rock Crisis

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Geneva Summit

1958; Meeting of Britain, France, US, and the Soviet Union to help resolve their differences; Largely failed

Alliance for Progress

1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

University of Mississippi

1962, James Meredith applied and was rejected because he was black, sued and his case won in the Supreme Court but Governor Ross Barnett said he wouldn't be admitted anyway, led to a riot, Meredith finally was admitted and graduated from the college

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Miranda decision

1964 - Miranda held that a person arrested for a crime must be advised of his right to remain silent and to have an attorney before being questioned by the police. Escobedo held that an accused can reassert these rights at any time, even if he had previously agreed to talk to the police.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Watts Riots

1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.

Civil Rights act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Elementary and secondary Act

1965 - Provided federal funding for primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education.

Dept. of Housing and Urban Development

1965 created housing programs and deals with issues affecting cities,

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Czechoslovakia invaded

1968 - Liberalization of Czechoslovakia was crushed by the Soviet Union invasion.

Election of 1968

1968; McCarthy challenged LBJ, who was politically wounded by the Tet Offensive and the Vietnam War; LBJ stepped down from the running, and Kennedy and McCarthy were left on the Democratic ballot; but Americans turned to Republican Nixon to restore social harmony and end the war

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Paris Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War.

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Panama Canal Treaty

1978 - Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality.

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Olympic boycott

1980,The U.S. withdrew from the competition held in Moscow to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. About 64 other nations withdrew for this and other reasons.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

W.E.B. Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Neil Armstrong

1st man on the moon

Jamestown

1st permanent English settlement in North America

Bull Run

1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side

Charleston

1st settlement in South Carolina, originally Charles Town, with good harbor for English ships.

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Oregon Trail

2000 miles from Missouri to Oregon's Willamette Valley: began by Protestant missionaries

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Montesquieu

3 branches of government

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

Seattle General Strike

35,000 shipyard workers walked off the job demanding higher wages and shorter hours.In the end, the workers returned to work but without any gains.

African Americans in the War

370,000 African Americans drafted; they face rampant discrimination and prejudice in the army, where their units were completely segregated from white units. They weren't allowed to serve in the Marines Corps and the 10,000 in the navy were restricted to lower ranks.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Martin Van Buren

8th president of the United States

President Garfield

A "forgettable president" (R) who promised to end the spoils system. He was assassinated by Charles Guiteau for not getting a job in his administration and served the shortest term in US History. It is said he would have lived his injury if not for being probed with unsterile fingers and instruments.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Shay's Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

XYZ Affair

A 1797 French attempt to bribe the United States by demanding money before discussing French seizure of neutral American ships

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Molasses Act

A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Henry George

A California printer, journalist, and influential activist whose ideas about taxes and reform, expressed in Progress and Poverty (1879), were widely propagated.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Peter Stuyvesant

A Dutch General; He led a small military expedition in 1664. He was known as "Father Wooden Leg". Lost the New Netherlands to the English. He was governor of New Netherlands

Patroon System

A Dutch system where families that came to the new world got a peice of land if they brought over 50 people

Robert E. Lee

A General for the confederates, fought many battles. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (with Jackson), and Gettysburg.

Dred Scott decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons.

John Breckenridge

A Political leader who favored the extension of slavery. His opponents were Douglas and Bell. He polled fewer votes in slave states than the combined strength of his opponents. Showing that because of Uncle toms cabin American was mainly abolitionists.

Congregational Church

A Protestant denomination holding that each individual congregation should be self-governing

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

James G. Blaine

A U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

General Eisenhower

A US Army general who held the position of supreme Allied commander in Europe, among many others. He was best known for his work in planning Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Europe.

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

Pacifism

A belief that disputes should be settled by nonviolent means.

"Divorce Bill"

A bill passed by Van Buren in 1837, that divorced the government from banking altogether, and established an independent treasury, so the government could lock its money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Blacklisting

A blacklist is a list or register of people who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, or mobility

Silent Spring

A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

Presbyterian Church

A branch of Protestantism which was influenced greatly by Calvinism

Salutary Neglect

A british colonial policy during the 1700's

Clayton antitrust act

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Separatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

joint-stock Company

A company in which investors buy stock in the company in return for a share of its future profits

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

American Liberty League

A conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.

Thanksgiving

A day when the Pilgrims and Native Americans came together feasting for a week giving thanks.

Order in Council

A decision made by the Cabinet that has the force of law unless overturned by the House of Commons.

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Olive Branch Petition

A document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain

Declaration of the causes & Necessity of Taking up Arms

A document, by John Dickinson, sent to George III explaining why fighting had started in the American colonies. This stated that if the British started the fighting, then the colonists would defend their rights.

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Financial meltdown

A financial crisis is often associated with a panic or a run on the banks, in which investors sell off assets or withdraw money from savings accounts with the expectation that the value of those assets will drop if they remain at a financial institution.

Quakers

A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord

Limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Bruce Barton

A founder of the "new profession" of advertising, which used the persuasion ploy, seduction, and sexual suggestion. He was a prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. He published a best seller in 1925, The Man Nobody Knows, suggesting that Jesus Christ was the greatest ad man of all time. He even praised Christ's "executive ability." He encouraged any advertising man to read the parables of Jesus.

New Jersey Plan

A framework for the Constitution proposed by a group of small states; its key points were a one-house legislature with one vote for each state, the establishment of the acts of Congress as the "supreme law" of the land, and a supreme judiciary with limited power.

Australian Ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.

Teapot Dome scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Domestic Policy

A government's plan to deal with internal issues of the country

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Copperheads

A group of Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted immediate peace negotiations with the Confederacy. The most famous was Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham of Ohio who was briefly banished to Canada for his speeches against the war.

Essex Junto

A group of extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. and form a Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase

Tweed Ring

A group of people in New York City who worked with and for Burly "Boss" Tweed. He was a crooked politician and money maker. The ring supported all of his deeds. The New York Times finally found evidence to jail Tweed. Without Tweed the ring did not last. These people, the "Bosses" of the political machines, were very common in America for that time

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

War Hawks

A group of westerners and southerners led by John Calhoun and Henry Clay who pushed for war against Britain. These politicians objected to Britain's hostile policies against US ships, including impressment and the seizure of shipping goods, and advocated fighting instead of submitting to such treatment. They also hoped that through war, the US would win western, southwestern, and Canadian territories.

J.P. Morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.

Strict Construction

A judicial philosophy that looks to the "letter of the law" when interpreting the Constitution or a particular statute.

Jack Kerouac

A key author of the Beat movement whose best selling novel, On the Road helped define the movement with it's featured frenzied prose and plotless ramblings.

Teamsters

A labor union in the US and Canada that represents blue collar and professional workers in both the public and private sectors;1.4 million members;Truckers

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

National Origins Act of 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

American Anti-Imperialist League

A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists.

Cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Chancellorsville

A major battle in the American Civil War (1863), the Confederates under Robert E. Lee defeated the Union forces under Joseph Hooker. General Jackson was killed by friendly fire.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Richard Henry Lee

A member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Regulator Movement

A movement in North Carolina where dissenters, mostly Scots-Irish, believed that tax money was being dealt unfairly

Women's Rights

A movement that argued women should have the same rights as men

Age of Enlightenment

A movement that attempted to apply unaided human philosophy to all areas of man's life in order to establish a new social order.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Committees of Correspondence

A network of communicaiton set up in Massachusetts and Virginia to inform other colonies of ways that Britain threatened colonial rights

Dust Bowl

A nickname for the Great Plains regions hit by drought and dust storms in the early 1930s

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;

The great gatsby

A novel depicting the picturesque idea of the self made American man and enterpreneur who rose from obscurity. was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Robert Fulton

A painter/ engineer who got financial backing to build a powerful steam engine (Clermont). Skeptics called it ''Fulton's Folly''. But in 1807 the boat made the 150 mile run from New York City up the Hudson River to Albany in 32 hours. Within a few years Fulton changed all of America's navigable streams into two-way arteries and forever changed the way the West and the South could transport their goods.

State Income Tax

A payroll deduction collected by employers by law and sent to the state government to support state services.

Industrial Revolution

A period during the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power, making it more economical to manufacture goods in factories than at home.

Bull Market

A period of increased stock trading and rising stock prices

Americanism

A persistent word in our vocabulary that indicates Americans are bound by common values and hopes

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Antifederalists

A person who opposed the adoption of the United States Constitution.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

The Great Society

A plan which included: the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Medicare, Medicaid, the War on Poverty, and programs offering federal aid for education.

Newburgh Conspiracy

A plot hatched in 1783 by officers in the Continental Army to oust Congress in a coup and set up a military dictatorship.

New Federalism

A policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)

affirmative action

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme.

Foreign Policy

A policy that involves choice taking, like domestic policy, but additionally involves choices about relations with the rest of the world. The president is the chief initiator of foreign policy in the United States.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Hiram Johnson

A progressive reformer of the early 1900s. He was elected the republican govenor of California in 1910, and helped to put an end to trusts. He put an end to the power that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over politics.

Samuel Chase

A prominent political leader during the American Revolution, he was the only U.S. Supreme Court justice ever impeached. Despite his record of outstanding accomplishment on the Supreme Court, Congress voted to impeach him in 1804. His support of the Federalist-backed Alien and Sedition Acts and his overly zealous handling of treason and sedition trials involving Jeffersonians caused him to anger the president and his backers in Congress. While spared by only a narrow margin, he was acquitted, with the result that his trial discouraged future attempts to impeach justices for purely political reasons.

Sussex pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Union Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Omaha, and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Central Pacific Railroad

A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Roger Williams

A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the conrol of any civil or church authority, and was banished from the bay colony for his beliefs. He founded the settlement of Providence in 1636.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

Underground Railroad

A secret, shifting network which aided slaves escaping to the North and Canada, mainly after 1840.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

Jeremiad

A sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance

Black Power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet".

Sexual revolution

A social outlook that challenges traditional codes of behaviour related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The phenomenon took place throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the 1970s.

George Fitzhugh

A social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the Negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. He went as far as to say that black slaves were in a much better situation than poor, freed blacks

Social Darwinism

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background.

Culture War

A split in the United States reflecting differences in people's beliefs about private and public morality, and regarding what standards ought to govern individual behavior and social arrangements.

referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

San Jacinto

A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.

interstate highway system

A system of limited access roadways that connects all major cities in the US. The system was designed to give troops faster routes to get to destinations across the US in the event of an attack on the US. The system's main purpose now is travel by civilians.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power- legislative, judicial and executive branches

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

Classical Liberalism

A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.

Pet Banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

High federalists

A term used to describe Alexander Hamilton and some of his less-moderate supporters. They wanted the naval war with France to continue and also wanted to severly limit the rights of an opposition party.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Literacy Test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

domino theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Father of the Constitution

A title given to James Madison for his role in drafting the document that lays out the system of government in the United States

townhall meetings

A town meeting in which adult males met together and each man voted. It was a classroom for Democracy. New England Villiagers gathered regularly in their meeting houses to elect officials, appoint school masters, and discuss other matters.

Dien Bien Phu

A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley

Seminoles

A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war and were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s.

Jackson Pollock

A twentieth-century American painter, famous for creating abstract paintings by dripping or pouring paint on a canvas in complex swirls and spatters.

New Harmony

A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Yamasee

A war between Carolinians and the Yamasee Indians. It was the end of any challenges to white colonists from the coastal tribes.

Vietnamization

A war policy in Vietnam initiated by Nixon in June of 1969. This strategy called for dramatic reduction of U.S. troops followed by an increased injection of S. Vietnamese troops in their place. A considerable success, this plan allowed for a drop in troops to 24,000 by 1972. . This policy became the cornerstone of the so-called "Nixon Doctrine". As applied to Vietnam, it was labeled "Vietnamization".

New Mortality

A way of life that challenged the traditional way of seeing and thinking, this way of life glorified youth and personal freedom.

Bessemer process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Helen Hunt Jackson

A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Conservation

Ability to recognize that objects can e transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume

Immigration Act of 1921

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Temperance

Abstinence from alcohol

"talented tenth"

According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Act that prohibits discrimination against job applicants on the basis of national origin or citizenship; establishes penalties for hiring illegal aliens and requires employers to establish each employee's identity and eligibility to work.

Force Acts

Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Cabinet

Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Booker T Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Hamilton-Burr duel

After Burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York bc Hamilton make son negative comments. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed on July 11, 1804.

Buchanan and the secession crisis

After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states seceded. Buchanan, the lame duck president, decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of.

Brief recession

After WWI

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

The Gulf War

After the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq was left with a large debt and a powerful army. 1. Saddam Hussein accused Kuwait of stealing oil from Iraqi oil fields. 2. For these reasons, Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, A combined U.N. force led by the U.S. drove Iraq from Kuwait by March of 1991.

Cession of Western land claims

After the Revolutionary War, many states claimed all of the western land between their northernmost and southernmost borders, which meant that many strips of land were claimed by more than one state. The Continental Congress was trying to get the states to ratify the Articles of Confederation, but Maryland refused to ratify it until all the states gave their western land claims. Maryland held out, and the western land claims were abandoned.

Arab oil embargo

After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis

Annexation of Texas

After the battle at the Alamo, Texas gains its independence, only to be annexed by the US shortly after. Leading to a land grab for California

War industries board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

spiro T. Agnew

Agnew was Nixon's vice-president but ultimately resigned due to financial charges. He helped Nixon gain votes from his moderate, immigrant, and Democratic state background.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

A.A.A

Agricultural Adjustment Administration. , sought to raise crop prices by lowering production, didi help raise far prices

Election of 1928

Alfred E. Smith (D) vs. Herbert Hoover 2) Smith was a Catholic 3) Republicans took credit for prosperity of 1920s => Republican victory in all but the south

Bank Holiday

All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

16th amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Taft-Hartley Act 1947

Also called the Labor Management Relations Act. This act was Congress' response to the abuse of power. Outlawed closed shops; prohibited unions' unfair labor practices, and forced unions to bargain in good faith.

YMCA

Also known as "Young Men's Christian Association." The first one was opened in Boston MA, 1853. Goal of this organization was to put Christian principles into practice by promoting a healthy; mind, body, and spirit.

Lord Baltimore

Also known as George Calvert, this man received a portion of the Virginia colony from King Charles I. This man's charge was to create a colony that would serve as both a haven for Catholics and turn a profit for the Crown. Before he could set forth on his mission, he died, leaving the colony in the hands of his son, who then established the colony of Maryland.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Disestablishment

Also known as the separation of church and state, this notion denies a government the right to encourage, endorse, or support a particular religion.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

19th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

24th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Lodge reservations

Amendments to the proposed Treaty of Versailles, sponsored by Wilson's hated senatorial opponent, that attempted to guarantee America's sovereign rights in relation to the League of Nations

Nixon Pardon

Within his first month of Presidency, Gerald Ford gave full pardon to Nixon. Which aroused fierce criticism, and soon his approval ratings went from 71% to 50%.

A.I.M

American Indian Movement - Minneapolis, 1968 - Intent: Native American Pride and Self-Defense; Tribes from all over country come to this visit.

Sioux

American Indians that lived on the Great Plains region of the United States.

Elijah Lovejoy

American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views

George Mason

American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792)

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

John Deere

American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Catharine Beecher

American educator and the daughter of Lyman Beecher, she promoted education for women in such writings as An Essay on the Education of Female Teachers. She founded the first all-female academy.

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

James Fenimore Cooper

American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

T.S. Elliot

American poet in exile in London, wrote "The Waste Land", one of most influential poems of the century. he became the arbitrato of modernistic taste in Anglo-american literature

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Chesapeake

American ship that resisted impressment and was unduly attacked, it led to Jefferson passing the Embargo Act

Hessians

American slang for the German troops under British command

Susan B. Anothony

American social reformer, she was active in the temperance, abolitionist, and women's suffrage movements and was co-organizer and president of the National Woman Suffrage Association

Lucy Stone

American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association.

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Manifest Destiny

Americans believe it is their role to expand. Also the belief that America's new society is the best example for the world.

Consumerism

Americans could now spend what they had been told to save during the war (disposable income); increased purchasing of luxury items

Andy Warhol

An American commercial illustrator and artist famous for his Campbell's soup painting. He was the founder of the pop-art movement, which like all other art movements in history reflected something back on the present society.

Ulysses S. Grant

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Blanche K. Bruce

An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Collective Security

An Article 10 provision of the League charter, it stated that if one country was involved in a confrontation, other nations would support it. Collective security is agreements between countries for mutual defense and to discourage aggression.

Pope's Rebellion

An Indian uprising in 1680 where Pueblo rebels, in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together, destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers, in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Voyageurs

An adventurer who journeyed by canoe from Montréal to the interior to trade with Indians for furs.

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Grand Alliance

An alliance between the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians against the expansionist wars of Louis XIV.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Procedures for amendments

An amendment to the Constitution may be proposed if 2/3 of Congress or 2/3 of state legislatures vote for it. The amendment may then be added to the Constitution by a 3/4 vote of state legislatures or state conventions.

22nd amendment

An amendment to the Constitution stating that no president can be elected to said office more than twice, and no person who inherits the presidency due to death can be elected more than once. This amendment had little, if any, awareness published about it, as people had little concern for it and weren't very involved.

Nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

The liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

New England Emigrant aid Company

An anti-slavery organization that sent thousands of people to Kansas to forestall the South and make a profit. Southerners were angered based on the understanding of the Kansas-Nebraska Act that Kansas would be a slave state and Nebraska free, but virtually no slaves lived in either state.

Wendell Phillips

An associate of William Lloyd Garrison, this man founded the American Antislavery Society in 1833. "Abolition's golden trumpet"

unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Supply side economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

American System

An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

Two-Party System

An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections.

Federalist 10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.

Social justice

An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong.

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

"Cross of Gold" speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

MIdway

An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

Washington Disarmament Conference

An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Red Cross

An international organization that provides relief to people in times of war or natural disaster. Clara Barton founded the American Branch in 1881

United Nations

An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.

habeas corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

Whigs

Another name for revolutionary Patriots.

Black Codes

Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.

George Grenville

Appointed by King George III as the Prime Minister, he had the opinion that the colonists should obey the laws and pay a part of the cost of defending and administering the British empire; passed the Sugar and Stamp Acts. He marked the end of salutary neglect.

13th ammendment

Approved in January 1865. It banned slavery thoughout the nation

Fort Sumter

April 12, 1861. Virtual declaration of war by Lincoln. 1st shot of the civil war. Only casualty 1 confederate horse.

Appomattox Courthouse

April 1865., the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War

Knickerbocker Group

group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

Disputed territory

Area the United States and Mexico both claimed between the Rio Grande and Nueces River

Spheres of influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

George C. Marshall

Army general during World War II who orchestrated the Allied victories over Germany and Japan, and later Secretary of State who developed the Marshall Plan in 1947, a program of massive aid for the reconstruction of Europe.

Martin v. Hunter's Lessee

Article III of the constitution grants the U.S. Supreme Court jurisdiction and authority over state courts on matters involving federal law.

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed.

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Defeat of the ERA

As the argument over the ERA and abortion went on more women got jobs in the working industry. In the 1960s, 35% of women held jobs, but in 1988, 60% of women worked. Even though women had children, 51% of them were working from day to day.

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.

Roger B. Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws.

reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Saddam Hussein

As president of Iraq, Saddam maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Huey long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

August 1939, then Poland was invaded; so SU wouldn't oppose a German invasion like Britain & France

Henry Kissinger

Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America.

Election of 1852

BETWEEN: Franklin Pierce (Democrat) and Winfield Scott; RESULTS: WHIG party splits over nomination Fillmore v. Scott; Antislavery North vs. Southern Whigs that disliked Winfield Scott; Doomed Whig Party - Democratic party united under Pierce! Leads to formation of sectional parties instead of national parties. VICTOR: Franklin Pierce (Democrat)

18th amendment

Ban on sale, manufacture, and transport of alcoholic beverages. Repealed by 21st amendment

Election of 1964

Barry Goldwater (R) vs. LBJ (D) Signaled important political changes. Last time democrats could win by proposing New Deal-ish programs that increased government power

Assemblies

group of male citizens that voted on laws and elected officals, some voted on war, others served as courts, elected 10 tribunes

First American Revolution

Battle of Lexington and Concord

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members.

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

German undeclared Naval warfare

Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. naval forces were fighting in a major if undeclared naval war with Germany in the North Atlantic.

Loose Construction

Belief that the government can do anything that the Constitution does not prohibit

Hippies

Believed in anti-materalism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude toward sex and anti-conformity, (1960s) practiced free love and took drugs, flocked to San Francisco- low rent/interracial, they lived in communal "crash pads", smoked marijuana and took LSD, sexual revolution, new counter culture, Protestors who influenced US involvement in Vietnam

Peter Cartwright

Best known of the Methodist "circuit riders" (traveling frontier preachers). Sinewy servant of the Lord ranged for half-century from Tennessee to Illinois, calling upon sinners to repent.

King George III

British king during the Revolutionary era

Public education

Between 1830-1850, many northern states opened free public schools. Education allowed kids more chances. (Leaders; Horace Mann)

Beaver Trade

Big buisness for the French men in North America by trading fur.

Election of 1992

Bill Clinton won over George H.W. Bush because of the economy's problems and the solving of foreign policy problems, Bush's greatest strength

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Dawes Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes. 1887.

Wall Street Crash

Black Tuesday -- October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed, generally agreed as the start of the Great Depression and certainly one of the biggest causes of the whole calamity

Greensboro Sit-in

Black students politely order food from restaurant, not served, sat in place for days, gathering supporters. Successful. Started in the 1960's at a Woolworth's lunch counter.

Liberty Loans

Bonds sold by the Treasury Department largely through propaganda campaigns, used to raise two thirds of the cost of the war

Walden

Book written by Thoreau in which he wrote about his experiences while living alone on Walden Pond

Peninsula Campaign

Botched Union attempt to capture the capital Richmond by circumventing the Confederate army by sea, McClellan responsible for Union failure, also Seven Days Battle

Dispute over the Ohio Valley

Both France and the British felt they had to claim to this land.

Jack Dempsey

Boxing Hero of 1927

William Bradford

Bradford became governor of the Pilgrims after John Carver died. He took in account all of the troubles that the Pilgrims faced within the colony. Bradford was reelected just about every year until he passed away.

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.

External Taxation

Britain wanted a way to tax Americans without upsetting them. They started it from outside the country

Lord Cornwallis

British General who surrendered his troops at Yorktown.

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

Panama invasion

Bush ordered this to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega; the alleged purpose of htis was to stop Noriega from using his country as a droug pipeline to the US

Election of 2000

Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush.

Ballinger-Pinchot controversy

Cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources. Pinchot, head of the Forestry Department, accused Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior, of abandoning federal conservation policy. Taft sided with Ballinger and fired Pinchot.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Calhoun's wife slandered Peggy Eaton, causing a heated debate between Jackson and Calhoun

Council

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Bond Drives

Campaigns to get people to but government war bonds to finance the war, people traveled around America selling them and it was extremely successful in raising funds.

Election of 1848

Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president

Samuel de Champlain

Cartographer, explorer, governor of New France. The major role Champlain played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France."

Wabash Case

Case challenged legislation made the State of Illinois against railroads; the state was trying to appease the demands of farmers for lower railroad rate

1780's Depression

Caused by a post-war decrease in production and increase in unemployment, and also caused by tough interstate commerce rules which decreased trade.

Inflation during WWI

Caused by increased taxes and the government borrowing money directly from the citizens

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Tripolitan War

Conflict in 1801 when the pasha of Tripoli cut down the flagstaff of the American consulate, lasting four years, after which a treaty was reached for the sum of $60,000 to ransom captured Americans.

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Formosa

Chiang and the nationalists were forced to flee to Formosa, a large island off the southern coast of China, after the Communist victory in the civil war. Throughout the 1950's, the U.S. continued to recognize and support Chiang's government in Formosa as the legitimate government of China, and to ignore the existence of the Communist People's Republic on the mainland.

Black Hawk war

Chief Black Hawk of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox people murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi

Veto

Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature

Three C's

Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd. (p. 793)

Title VII

Civil Rights Act of 1964—forbids discrimination based on sex, race, color, national origin, or religion.

C.W.A

Civil Works Administration - Proposed by Hopkins. Put 4 million unemployed Americans to work on emergency projects, between Nov. 1933 and April 1934. It was basically pointless jobs...Didn't work very well...It gave people back their identity, which is pretty profound

Rio Grande

Claimed by United States as southern boundary of Texas.

Election of 1892

Cleveland v. Harrison, in which Cleveland won. The former was anti-protectionist tariffs, while the latter supported them. The people's party ran with Weaver, and showed their worth in this election. They did not win the presidency, but won several seats in both the house and the senate.

Cohens v. Virginia

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

New England

Colonial region including Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont. Was the hub of the British colonial market

Southern Colonies

Colonies whose economy was based upon the plantation system and slavery - MD, VA, NC, SC, GA

Connecticut Colony

Colony founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636; self-governing; origin of Fundamental Orders

El Alamein

Combined German and Italian forces were beaten near Alexandria, which lead to the Allied taking of Morocco and Algeria

Warren Commission

Commission made by LBJ after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assasination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren.

Viet Cong

Communist North Vietnamese guerrilla forces who attempted to gain influence in the South and earn the loyalty of more and more of the population, giving them territory and strengthening the North. They created a public political side to their group called the National Liberation Front, which was advocated and supported by the North Vietnamese and Ho Chi Minh.

Holding Companies

Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company. Can be used to establish a monopoly.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Environmental issues

Concern in America, since the late 19th century, regarding the misuse of natural resources and the pollution of air and water.

Disenfranchisement

Condition of being deprived of the right to vote

Land Grant Act

Congress established this act in 1862 and it established colleges of agriculture in every state profiting diary and other farmers by being able to apply the scientific principles of breeding, feeding, and general management.

Draft Riots

Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers

Fundamentalism

Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied

Dixiecrats

Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a canidate.

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Fall of Soviet Union

Costs protecting and maintaining its empire in eastern Europe were too high. Call for reforms from middle class became extremely influential

Rosenburgs

Couple executed for giving atomic information to the Russians; some argued that they didn't receive a fair trial b/c of the political sentiments of the time

Farm Board

Created in 1929 before the crash but supported and enacted to meet the economic crisis and help farmers. Authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insures the accounts of depositors of its member banks. It outlawed banks investing in the stock market.

John Cotton

Criticized the Church of England, fled to Massachusetts Bay Colony, defended government's duty to enforce religious rules

Impact of English Civil War

Cromwell had the throne which meant no king. Glorious Revolution followed after and William and Mary had to sign the Declaration of Rights.

Webster's 7th of March speech

Daniel Webster, a Northerner and opposed to slavery, spoke before Congress on March 7, 1850. During this speech, he envisioned that the legacy of the fugitive slave laws would be to divide the nation over the issue of slavery.

Pocahantas

Daughter of Powhatan, who assisted colonial settlers at the Jamestown colony and later married settler John Rolfe.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Alexis de Toqueville

De Tocqueville came from France to America in 1831. He observed democracy in government and society. His book (written in two parts in 1835 and 1840) discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals.

Panay Incident

Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

Border south

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri

Middle Colonies

Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Truman fires MacArthur

Despite numerous military victories under MacArthur, Truman had no choice but to remove him from command after he provoked a brutal retaliation from Chinese occupants in Korea and began to publicly insult presidential policies.

Irreconcilables

During World War I, senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, led a group of people who were against the United States joining the League of Nations. Also known as "the Battalion of Death". They were extreme isolationists and were totally against the U.S. joining the League of Nations.

Insular Cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Black Muslims

Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

San Francisco School Board incident

Disagreement between America and Japan, when the people of San Francisco demanded Asian children attend a seperate school.

Okies

Displaced farm families from the Oklahoma dust bowl who migrated to California during the 1930s in search of jobs.

Charles River Bridge Case

Dispute over the toll bridge of Charles River and the free bridge of Warren. The court ruled in favor of Warren. Reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward; property rights can be overridden by public need

Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co.

Dispute over the toll bridge of Charles River and the free bridge of Warren. The court ruled in favor of Warren. Reversed Dartmouth College v. Woodward; property rights can be overridden by public need

Baptists

Dissenting religious group first founded in Rhode Island by Roger Williams

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

perfectionism

Due to the new liberal movements and religious fervor, many Americans believed that perfection was attainable. Therefore, a series of movements took place to perfect society, such as prison reform, temperance, etc.

Stagflation

During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.

Peter Minuit

Dutch colonist who bought Manhattan from the Native Americans for the equivalent of $24. His island later became known as New Amsterdam, and would later become New York when the British would control it.

Colonial Political Structure

Each of the colonies generally had a governor, some form of council, and an assembly. Local political institutions, such as town meetings or county courts, also developed in America.

Stono Rebellion 1739

Early slave revolt in South Carolina where 50+ slaves gathered arms to rise up against their masters and march to Spanish Florida. They were ultimately found and killed by the militia.

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

The Association

Effective organization created by the First Continental Congress to provide a total, unified boycott of all British goods

Dynamic conservatism

Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats.

Nixon vs. McGovern

Election of 1972

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

John A. Roebling

Engineer from Germany who designed the Brooklyn Bridge as the first suspension bridge to reach such a length in American history by being 1.5k ft off the ground; died shortly after construction began.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

James Oglethorpe

English leader who founded the colony of Georgia as a place where debtors from England could begin new lives

E.P.A

Environmental Protection Agency. Registers all types of disinfectants sold and used in the U.S.

E.R.A

Equal Rights Amendment.1972 Congress passed....goal was to prevent gender bias.needed ratification by 38 states to become part of the Constitution.but didn't make it. (only won 35 states-needed 38)

End to Korean War

Finally both sides signed an armastice holding 50 yrs, but no peace treaty was signed. Korea is again divided at 38th parallel. After Koreans rebuild economies, USA helps S. Korea, and USSR helps N. Korea

Adams-Onis Treaty.

Established Louisiana Purchase boundary between U.S. and Spain; U.S. acquires Florida for $5 mil.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Agricultural Marketing Act

Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.

First New Deal

Established to serve the "three Rs" Relief for the people out of work, Recovery for business and the economy as a whole, and Reform of American economic institutions

Neutrality Act of 1939

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

Quebec act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

House of Burgess 1619

FIRST FORM OF SELF REPRESENTATIVE SELF-GOVERNMENT. First many miniature parliaments. First elected legilative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia. Served as an early model of elected government in the New World.

Common characteristics of Southern Colonies

Family, peer influence, individual behavior, personality characteristics

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

F.D.I.C

Federal Depositor Insurance Corporations: (apart of the new deal) Makes sure that banks will grantee you that your money is safe.

F.E.R.A

Federal Emergency Relief Administration; Relief; federal government gave money to state and local governments and they distributed the money to relief shelters for the jobless

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Federal order that divided the Northwest Territory into smaller territories and created a plan for how the territories could become states.

French Relations with Native Americans

Fewer French colonists. built alliances with native tribes. resulted from a mutual greater fear of British expansion.

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Bill of Rights adopted

First 10 amendments, James Madison, 1791

Hiram R. Revels

First African American Senator, who finished the term of Jefferson Davis from 1870 to 1871.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

CORE

First civil rights organization to use non-violent tactics to promote racial equality and desegregation, Congress of Racial Equality

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Anti-Masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

National Road

First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.

St. Augustine, 1565

First permanent Spanish-European settlement (Florida) founded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés

KDKA

First radio station (Pittsburgh)

BUS

Fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production

Commodore Dewey

Followed Roosevelt's order to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines when war was declared; completely destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898; was immediately promoted to admiral, becoming the first her of the war; his victory shed light on the adjusted purpose of war with Spain from just freeing Cuba to stripping Spain of all of its colonies

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

China Visit

Following a series of secret negotiations with Chinese leaders, Nixon traveled to Beijing in February 1972 to meet with Mao Zedong. The visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to US recognition of the Communist govt in 1979.

Dollar diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Free soil party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Leland Stanford

Former California Governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad

Interstate Commerce Commision

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Carrie Nation

Founded WCTU to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with axes.

American Peace Society

Founded in 1828 by William Laddit. Formally condemned all wars, though it supported the U.S. government during the Civil War, WWI, and WWII. It was dissolved after the United Nations was formed in 1945.

American Antislavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Anti-Saloon league

Founded in 1895, the league spearheaded the prohibition movement during the Progressive Era.

Francis Willard

Founder of the WCTU, Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union., Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

Denmark Vesey Conspiracy

Free black carpenter who won the lottery and organized a plan to seize Charleston, SC and raise the flag of black liberty. At last moment, white officials thwarted the plan and 46 blacks including Vesey were executed.

Talleyrand

French Minister who asked for $250,000 just to meet him (XYZ affair)

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

Ft. Duquesne

French fort at the head of the Ohio River that Braddock tried to capture (he was killed in the retreat) and was finally blown up by the French in 1758, rebuilt by the British and renamed Ft. Pitt

Maximilian

French viceroy appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.

Moon Race

Frightened out of complacency by the Soviet launching of Sputnik, a satellite, Kennedy promised the American people to put a man on the moon before the end of the decade. Pouring vast amounts of money into the space program, Kennedy was determined not to allow Russia to win.

1890 census report

Frontier line could no longer be found

Socialists

Group that believed nation's resources and industries should be owned and operated by the government on behalf of the people

Fredericksburg

General Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan and he attacked Lee in 1862 here while suffering immense losses (more than 2 soldiers on Union side killed for every one Confederate)

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Invasion of Poland

Germany invaded, breaking their agreement, so Britain and France declared war, starting World War II

Iron Curtain speech

Given by the former Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, in Missouri, in which he talks about the dangers of communism engulfing Europe.

National Bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.

Deficit spending

Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Granger Laws

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Normalcy

Harding wanted a return to "normalcy" - the way life was before WW I.

Queen Liluokalani

Hawaiian Ruler, she called for new constitution to increase her power and restore political power to Hawaiians. 1893 she was overthrown by American businessmen

Webster-Hayne Debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

Richard Ely

He asserted that economic theory should reflect social conditions, and believed that the government should act to regulate the economy to prevent social injustice.

Governor George Wallace

He called for federal job training programs, stronger unemployment benefits, national health insurance, a higher minimum wage, and a further extension of union rights.

President Washington

He established many of the presidential traditions, including limiting a president's tenure to two terms. He was against political parties and strove for political balance in government by appointing political adversaries to government positions.

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Gilbert Stuart

He made George Washington look perfect and spectacular in his paintings. He idealized him. He was also an ex-patriot who spent his whole life in Europe.

Joseph Glidden

He marketed the first barbed wire, solving the problem of how to fence cattle in the vast open spaces of the Great Plains where lumber was scarce, thus changing the American West.

Albert Gallatin

He was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and Gallatin believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors.

Babe Ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

Alexander Graham Bell

He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

General MacArthur

He was one of the most-known American military leaders of WW2(He liberated the Phillipines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, also he drove back North Korean invaders during the Korean War)

A. Phillip Randolph

He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Alexander Stephens

He was the vice-president of the Confederacy until 1865 when it was defeated and destroyed by the Union. Like the other leaders of the Confederacy, he was under indictment for treason.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Creel Committee

Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Tories & Loyalists

Honored the king and lived in America

General Oliver O. Howard

Howard was a Civil War general who took part in the Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga campaigns. As commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau after the war, he was unable to prevent many abuses to freedmen, but managed to provided needed food and medical and employment aid to many people.

Election of 1916

Hughes, Wilson, issues: Wilson ran for reelection for the Democrats on the call that he had kept the United States out of the war. Charles Evans Hughes was the Republican candidate who attacked the inefficiency of the Democratic Party. Wilson won the election, so was able to continue his idealistic policies.

Hungarian Uprising

Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country

Theodore Weld

Husband of Angelina Grimke. They wrote "American Slavery As It Is," a firsthand account of life under slavery.

Whig Ideology

Idea that concentrated power leads to corruption and tyranny; emphasis on balanced government where legislatures check the power of the executive

Old immigration

Immigrants from Northwest Europe arriving in the EARLY 1800s

Slave Codes

In 1661 a set of "codes" was made. It denied slaves basic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.

Judiciary Act 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Emperor Napolean III

In 1852 Napolean declared the Second Empire

Little Big Horn

In 1876, Colonel George A. Custer and 260 of his men were killed by Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull at this battle in southern Montana. "Custer's Last Stand" became enshrined in American mythology as a symbol of the brutality of the Indian wars, although there is substantial evidence that Custer acted recklessly in attacking the large Indian encampment.

Wounded knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Dominican Republic

In 1905, the U.S. imposed financial restrictions upon this Caribbean nation. Part of making sure Latin America traded with the U.S. and not Europe.

triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire

In 1911 the tragic fire killed 146 people, mostly women because the owner kept the stairway doors locked to prevent theft, following stricter building acts and factory codes, and worker insurance

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Alger Hiss Case

In 1948 committee member Richard m Nixon led the chase after Alger hiss, a prominent ex-New Dealer and a distinguished member of the "eastern establishment." accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's, hiss demanded the right to defend himself. His dramatically met his chief accuser before the Un-American Activities Committee in august but was convicted of perjury.

AFL-CIO Merger

In 1955 at a New York City Convention, these two once-rival organizations decided to put aside their differences and unite. Had a total membership of over 15 million.

Montgomery Bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

AT&T

In 1982, as part of an antitrust settlement with the US Government, AT&T ("Ma Bell" as in Mother Bell) agreed to divest (to deprive, as of rights of property) itself of its wholly owned local exchange operating companies, into "seven" independent regional Bell operating companies known as "Baby Bells". Ex.:Bell Atlantic, Bell South, Southwestern Bell.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Purchase of Alaska

In December, 1866, the U.S. offered to take Alaska from Russia. Russia was eager to give it up, as the fur resources had been exhausted, and, expecting friction with Great Britain, they preferred to see defenseless Alaska in U.S. hands. Called "Seward's Folly" and "Seward's Icebox", the purchase was made in 1867 for $7,200,000 and gave the U.S. Alaska's resources of fish, timber, oil and gold.

Tuscaroras

Indians who fought North Carolina settlers- defeated- turned into slaves or escaped and joined the Iroquois Confederacy

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Hudson River School of Art

In about 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones.

mechanization

In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.

Lincoln's "house divided" speech

In his acceptance speech for his nomination to the Senate in June, 1858, Lincoln paraphrased from the Bible: "A house divided against itself cannot stand." He continued, "I do not believe this government can continue half slave and half free, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do believe it will cease to be divided."

Steinbeck

In one work by this author workers on a fruit plantation strike. In another work, this author writes about Jody Tiflin learning to train horses. This author of In Dubious Battle and The Red Pony also wrote about Kino and his son Coyotito. For ten points name this author of the Pearl who wrote about Tom Joad in Grapes of Wrath.

Court Packing Proposal

In the wake of Supreme Court decisions that declared key pieces of New Deal legislation unconstitutional, Roosevelt proposed increasing the number of justices. If a justice did not retire at age 70, the president could appoint an additional justice up to a maximum of 6.

Independent Treasury Plan

In the wake of the Specie Circular and the Panic of 1837, President Van Buren proposed, and Congress passed this act. The system that was created took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash and it was to be stored in government vaults until needed.

Nez Perce

Indian tribe led by Chief Joseph; ordered onto a reservation in Idaho in 1877, they fled instead; after giving up they were removed to a reservation in Oklahoma

Shawnee

Indian tribe that supported the British. The southerners realized that by supporting the french, they can have access to the Indian lands if the British/Shawnee lost the war. Leader of Shawnee was Tecumseh. Southerners who supported taking Indian lands called war hawks

Comstock Law

Introduced to congress by Anthony Comstock, the founder of the New York Society for the Supresssion of Vice. Was the most powerful spokesman for censorship. The law banned any mail that was designed to incite lust. Comstock was made a special agent to the postmaster general, and confiscated a large quantity of mail that was believed to violate this law.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989)

Native Americans: Iroquois Confederacy

Iroquois League, confederation of five Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five Iroquois nations, characterizing themselves as "the people of the longhouse," were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. After the Tuscarora joined in 1722, the confederacy became known to the English as the Six Nations and was recognized as such at Albany, New York (1722).

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

12th Amendement

It separated the Presidential and Vice presidential elections. Members of the Electoral college cast one vote for the President, and one for the Vice President.

Department of Health, education and welfare

It was a cabinet-level department of the US government from 1953-1979. In 1979, a separate cabinet-level Department of Education was created from elements of this department.

Stokely Carmicheal

leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commitee, preached black power and wanted to destroy everything the western civilization has created

P.W.A

It was part of the New Deal agency that made contracts with private firms for construction of public work. It new rules favored employers with large number of high wages people. It was important because encourage economic growth.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Removal of Deposits

Jackson removed all of the federal money from Bank of the US - killed bank

Election of 1832

Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party.

Election of 1836

Jackson's selected appointment successor martin van buren from NY. Rigged the democratic convention. Van buren was supported by jacksonites but not enthusiastically. Whigs unable to nominate a single candidate, instead several "favorite sons", caused their loss Van Buren won by close popular vote, safe electoral majority.

Cabinet Crisis

Jackson's vice president, John C. Calhoun, supported his home state of SC during the Nullification Crisis and resigned from office in order to help SC. He spurned Jackson during his Jefferson Day toast in 1830 when he announced "the Union, next to our liberty, the most dear," to which Jackson replied, "our federal Union, it must be preserved."

Leisler's Rebellion

Jacob Leisler seized control of lower New York from 1689 to 1691. The uprising, which occurred in the midst of Britain's "Glorious Revolution," reflected colonial resentment against the policies of King James II. Royal authority was restored in 1691 by British troop

Emancipation Acts

passage of 13th amendment

Wilsons 14 Points

January 8,1918. Was a set of idealistic goals for peace. 1. no more secret treaties 2. freedom of the seas was to be maintained 3. a removal of economic barriers among nations4. reduction of arms 5, adjustment of cononial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers 6. "self determination" or independence for oppressed minority groups who would choose their govt 7. a legue of nations, an international organization that would keep the peace and sttle world disputes

Virginia Company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Japanese internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

Morgan Bond Transaction

John Pierpont Morgan took over the Susquehanna and Albany railroads. He won the confidence of European investors and used them for investment capital. He then took over steel companies and bought Carnegie's interests in steel. This was the largest personal financial transaction in U.S. history. Morgan combined the companies to form the U.S. Steel Company, the world's first billion dollar corporation. Eased the Panic of 1873.

Slidell's Mission to Mexico

John Slidell was dispatched my J.K. Polk to Mexico City in order to negotiate with Mexico the U.S. annexation of Texas in excahnge for the payoff of Mexican debts owed and $ 25 million for the territory but Mexicans decline causing war

Impeachment of Johnson

Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas

Yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.

New Frontier

Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Great Railroad Strike

July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.

Fall of France

June 1940 France and most of Europe was conquered by Germany. Left Britain alone against Hitler

D-Day

June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Kent State Incident

Kent State: May 4, 1970 - National Guardsmen opened fire on a group of students protesting the Vietnam War. Jackson State: Police opened fire in a dormitory.

Maine Law

Law, championed by Neal S. Dow, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of liquor; by 1857, a dozen states had similar laws in place, although many were soon repealed or declared unconstitutional.

Roosevelt's Osawatomie

Kansas speech,Teddy Roosevelt's speech given in Kansas on his Square Deal and "Big Stick" foreign policy. Roosevelt said, "speak softly and carry a big stick."

Restoration Colonies

King Charles' pay back to his supporters (restorers) with land in America. Include Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

Charles II

King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685)

Inchon

Korean port from which American forces launched a successful attack against the North Korean army during the Korean War

South's advantages in the war

Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Fall of Saigon

Late in April 1975, communist forces marched into Saigon, shortly after officials of the Thieu regime and the staff of the American embassy had fled the country in humiliating disarray. The forces quickly occupied the capital, renamed it Ho Chi Minh City and began he process of uniting Vietnam under Hanoi.

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Jerry Falwell

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Marcus Hanna

Leader of the Republican Party who fought to get William McKinley the Republican nomination for president.

Sam Houstan

Leader of the Texan Army and defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto

Elijah Muhammad

Leader of the nation of Islam from 1945 to his death in 1975. He helped many people and was a strong advocate of civil rights, but was involved in some shady activities and lost the favor of Malcolm X, who went on to form his own civil rights group.

Jimmy Hoffa

Leader of the teamster's union, he was anti-AFL/CIO. He threatened to defeat for reelection an Congressman who dared to vote for a tough labor law.

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Niagra Movement

Led by W.E.B. Du Bois, that focused on equal rights and education of African American youth. Rejecting the gradualist approach of Booker T. Washington, members kept alive a program of militant action and claimed for African Americans all the rights afforded to other Americans. It spawned later civil rights movements.

Landrum-Griffen Act of 1959

Legislation that outlined legal responsibilities of unions and forced unions to follow specific election procedures and ethical standards. Sometimes called the "Bill of Rights" for union members.

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Letter which urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. British officials ordered it retracted and threatened to do away with the Massachusetts legislative government and increase the number of troops in Boston

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

General George McClellan

Lincoln's first choice for commander of the Union forces/ he prepared the men well, but he would never attack

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Amerindians Culture in North America

Lived in hunter-gatherer societies all across America. Not widely accepted.

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Lester Frank Ward

Major philosopher of Reform Darwinism, who argued in his book Dynamic Sociology (1883) that people, unlike animals, had minds that could shape social evolution.

Polk's 4-Point Plan

Lower the tariff, restore the independent treasury (put U.S. money into non-government banks), clear up the Oregon border issue, get California.

Mechanical Reaper

Machine invented by Cyrus McCormick that could harvest wheat quickly

Election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

Fall of China

Mao Tse-Tung led the Communists in China. Because of the failure to form a coalition government between Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communists, civil war broke out in China after WWII. The Communists won in 1949, but the new government was not recognized by much of the world, including the U.S.

Austria Annexed

March 12, 1938 - After the Austrian leader resigned under growing Nazi pressure, German troops set up a government called the Ansehluss, which was a union of Germany and Austria.

Bonus Bill veto

March 1817-Madison vetoed John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill which would have used bonus money paid to the government by the Second National Bank to build roads and canals. Madison believed in strict interpretation, and using federal money for internal improvements is not a power granted to the government in the Constitution.

Bombing of Laos and Cambodia

March, 1969 - U.S. bombed North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia and Laos. Technically illegal because Cambodia and Laos were neutral, but done because North Vietnam was itself illegally moving its troops through those areas. Not learned of by the American public until July, 1973.

Election of 1900

Mckinley, Bryan, Roosevelt. Mainly favored McKinley's "Sound Money," but hated his imperialism. Many who favored Bryan's anti-imperialism feared his free silver. Prosperity and Protection. McKinley with 7,218,491 popular votes. 292 electoral votes.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Col. Oliver North

Member of the US National Security Council during the Iran-Contra Affair; key player in diverting money from the sale of weapons to the Nicarguan contras; never convicted of any wrong doing.

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Suez Canal Crisis

Military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel in 1956 after Egypt seized the Suez Canal from British administration.

Circuit Riders

Ministers who traveled from town to town preaching on different days in different communities

N.O.W

National Organization for Women which was founded in 1966, NOW wanted equal opportunity and filed against gender discrimination and mobilized public opinion against the sexism in America

Norths advantages in the war

More soldiers

Plantation slavery

More than 75% of all slaves lived on plantations. Slaves tried to establish nuclear families on plantations, but these families were easily split up. As a result of this, African Americans adapted themselves to their uncontrollable conditions.

Red scare

Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Causes of the depression

Much debt, stock prices spiralling up, over-production and under-consuming - the stock market crashed. Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S.

M.A.D

Mutually Assured Destruction - a policy created in the 1950's that held that if The Soviet Union attacked the United States with nuclear weapons, the United States would fire back all of its weapons and both nations would be destroyed.

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

Greenback

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

Protectorate

Nation whose independence is limited by the control of a more powerful country

Women's suffrage

National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment, women also began to replace men in industries during the war

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

N.I.R.A

National Industrial Recovery Act, Roosevelt, organized voluntary guidelines for industries to increase employment, maintain wages, reduce competition.

N.L.R.B

National Labor Relations Board; protected employees

Impact of European culture on North America

Native American tribes more mobile (introduction of horse) and able to defend themselves (introduction of guns)-- rise of encomienda, headright and asiento system of servitude and slavery. Introduction of diseases, foodstuffs and animals. New class of mestizos

Apache

Native American-Indian tribe; 1870's; group from Arizona and New Mexico led by Geronimo were difficult to control; chased into Mexico by Federal troops; they became successful farmers raising stock in Oklahoma

The Final Solution

Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European jews during World War II.

Oregon Treaty

Negotiation of the border between Oregon and Canada; Americans wanted it at 54º40' (slogan became "Fifty-four forty or fight!"); eventually was put at the 49th parallel

Collective bargaining

Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Tariff issue

New England wants a high protective tariff for their profit but the south want exports and hates the idea of it.

Trust Buster

Nickname for Teddy Roosevelt because of his actions against monopolies including the breaking up of Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.

Wobblies

Nickname for the International Workers of the World labor union, headed by Daniel Haywood

Sacco and Venzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Northern Democratic Party

Nominated Stephen Douglas as their candidate for the pres. election of 1860

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement. A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Harper's Ferry Raid

Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause.

Invasion of Afghanistan

October 2001, the United States began bombing Taliban centers in Afghanistan in response to the attack on September 11, 2001 of the World Trade Center in New York

Moscow Visit

On May 26, Nixon and Brezhnev signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), the most significant of the agreements reached during the summit. The treaty limited the United States and the USSR to 200 antiballistic missiles each, which were to be divided between two defensive systems.

Assassination of JFK

On November 22, 1963, Kennedy arrived in Dallas with his wife, Jacqueline. As the president and the First Lady rode through the streets in an open car, several shots rang out. Kennedy slumped against his wife. The car sped to a hospital, but the president was dead. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took the oath of office as president. Johnson appointed Earl Warren, chief justice of the United States, to head a commission to investigate the Kennedy shooting. After months of study, the Warren Commission issued its report. Oswald had acted on his own. Many people believed the assassination was a conspiracy, or secret plot.

Amnesty for Vietnam draft dodgers

On this day in 1977, President Jimmy Carter, in his first day in office, fulfilled a campaign promise by granting unconditional pardons to hundreds of thousands of men who had evaded the draft during the Vietnam War by fleeing the country or by failing to register.

National Parks

One form of reserve that is intended to protect natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational and recreational use

Sectional Differences

One of the things that came about as a result of differences over Westward expansion, land policy,the tariff issue, the National Bank , and slavery.

German invasion of Soviet Union

Operation Barbarossa; Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. Largest and deadliest warfront in history.

O.A.S

Organization of American States. Alliance of nations in Western Hemisphere.

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

Stephen Austin

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish

Stock watering

Originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerationg the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value

National Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

John Robinson

Pastor of Pilgrims, led the separatist Pilgrims

Lancaster Turnpike

PA to Lancaster, paid toll.return 15% annual dividends to its stockholders. brought rich trade to PA.

Civil Rights Act 1866

Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

Federal Highways Act

Passed by Wilson, it provided federal money to build roads. It helped to provide competition to the railroads' monopoly on public transportation.

17th amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Pediatrician and author of the Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946), which emphasized children's need for the love and care of full-time mothers

Daniel Ellsburg

Pentagon employee who leaked the Pentagon Papers

Aguinaldo

Philippine Insurrection,Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence.

Free Silver

Philosophy that the government should expand the money supply by purchasing and coining all the silver offered to it

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Election of 1972

Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon

Southern Class Structure

Planters/ yeoman farmers/ rural poor/ African Americans

New Nations

Poland, Findland, Lithuania, Latvia, Esotonia, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Austira, Hunagry, Turkey

Communist Satellites

Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, all of these were satellites, or nations under the control of a great power; in this situation, the Soviet Union.

Moral Diplomacy

Policy adopted by President Woodrow Wilson that rejected the approach of "dollar diplomacy". Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Laissez-faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Socialist Party

Political parties formed in the unity of an international organization with a set beliefs inspired by the writings of Karl Marx. They desired economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income. Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalize American industries

16:1

silver to gold ratio as advocated by Silverites

Edwin Stanton

Popular Secretary of War who is fired by Johnson and leads to Johnson's impeachment

2nd Bank of US

similar to the one before. difficult to tell what a banknote was, easily counterfeited

Plains Indians

Posed a serious threat to western settlers because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses.

The lost generation

Post war writers that left a sense of dislocation and alienation. They felt the real America had been lost or dostorted.

William McGuffey

Presbyterian minister who wrote a series of textbooks.

General Noriega

President Bush sent 20,000 soldiers into Panama to overthrow and arrest General Noriega on charges of drug trafficking.--flown by Miami to stand trial. Noriega convicted in April 1992-sentenced to 40 years in prison.

Monroe Doctorine

President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign nation to colonize would be considered an act of hostility. 1823.

Square Deal

President Theodore Roosevelt's plan for reform; all Americans are entitled to an equal opportinity to succeed

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Auburn system

Prison reform in 1790, based on concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform; actually led to many mental breakdowns; Auburn system, 1816, allowed congregation of prisoners during the day

Prison Reform

Prison reform in the U.S. began with the Pennsylvania system in 1790, based on the concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform. However, this led to many mental breakdowns. The Auburn system, adopted in 1816, allowed the congregation of prisoners during the day.

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Platforms

Products and services that allow for the development and integration of software products and other complementary goods. Windows, the iPhone, the Wii, and the standards that allow users to create Facebook apps are all platforms.

Anti-political machines

Progressive Movement

Progressive Agenda

Progressives fought for the three C's namely, Corruption, Consumerism, Conservation

Split in Republican Party

Progressives in the republican party were unimpressed with tafts achievements. Became so disenchanted with leadership that they accused him of betraying their cause & joining the conservative wing of the party.

Anti-trust

Prohibit monopolies & contracts, combinations & conspiracies that unreasonably restrain trade.

Federal Arts Project

Project designed to provide jobs for unemployed artists to design posters, offer art courses, and paint murals on public buildings. (way for struggling artists to have a job and for the community to benefit as well)

Navigation Laws

Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America

Russian Revolution

Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.

"spot resolutions"

Proposed by Abraham Lincoln in the spring of 1846. After news from president James K. Polk that 16 American service men had been killed or wounded on the Mexican border in American territory, Abraham Lincoln, then a congressman from Illinois, proposed these resolutions to find out exactly on what spot the American soldier's blood had been shed. In Polk's report to congress the President stated that the American soldiers fell on American soil, but they actually fell on disputed territory that Mexico had historical claims to. To find out were the soldiers fell was important because congress was near to declaring war on Mexico.

Separatists

Protestants who, during the 1600s wanted to leave the Anglican Church in order to found their own Churches

G.I. Bill

Provided for college or vocational training for returning WWII veterens as well as one year of unemployment compensation. Also provided for loans for returning veterens to buy homes and start businesses.

Covenant Theology

Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God's covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.Winthrop believed Puritans had a covenant with God to lead a new religious experiment in New World. "We shall build a city upon a hill."

Pequot War 1636

Puritans attack Pequots on Mystic River, Lead to creation of New England ConfederationWar between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians. The natives were almost wiped out in the conflict. The English wanted more land so they were killing off the natives.

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition.

"War to end all wars"

Quote associated with the war. People felt it would be so bad that it would prevent all future conflicts and solve problems

Treason trial

The Treason Trial was a trial in which 156 people, including Nelson Mandela, were arrested in a raid and accused of treason in South Africa in 1956. The main trial lasted until 1961, when all of the defendants were found not guilty.

INF Treaty

Reagan and Gorbachev signed this treaty, which provided for the dismantling of all intermediate range nuclear weapons in Russia and all of Europe

Election of 1984

Reagan ran for re- elction against demcrat Walter Mondale. Reagan won 59% of popular vote. Mondale chose Geraldine Ferraro as his vice pres, She was the first wonam canidate.

Post-reconstruction

Reconstruction Era of the United States, the period after the Civil War, 1863-77, especially regarding the defeated South

Arsenal of Democracy speech

Referred to America's Ability to supply its Euro allies with war supplies prior to the US entry into WWII. Make money for US out of war.

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Long drive

Refers to the overland transport of cattle by the cowboy over the three month period. Cattle were sold to settlers and Native Americans.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Soviet A-bomb

Refers to the testing of the first USSR atomic test bomb in August 1949, continuing the arms race between the Soviets and the US.

Clear Air Act

Regulates emissions from both mobile and stationary sources, as well as hazardous emissions; establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards to protect human health

Nonintercourse Act 1809

Replaced the Embargo Act. Lifted the stop of trade to foreign countries EXCEPT France and England. Led to the war of 1812.

U.S. declares war

The United States declared war on Germany on April 2, 1917, in response to the Zimmermann telegram.

Election 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.

Nixon vs. congress

Republican party operatives who had broken into the Democratic party facility at the Watergate Hotel convicted of burglary. Investigation of possible White House involvement disclosed existence of Nixon's tapes of meetings, but the President refused to turn over the tapes to Congress. Opposition to Nixon created unity in Congress that allowed passage of legislation Nixon had opposed.

Election of 1920

Republican, Warren G. Harding, with V.P. running mate Coolidge, beat Democrat, Governor James Cox, with V.P. running mate, FDR. The issues were WW I, the post-war economy and the League of Nations.

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

Northern Securities Co.

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Democratic Party Convention Riot

Riots that erupted at the convention in Washington D.C after the assassination of Martin Luther King J

Nueces River

River that Mexico claimed as the Texas-Mexico boundary, crossed by Taylor's troops in 1846

Election of 1980

Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.

Destroyer-Bases Deal

Roosevelt agreed to transfer 50 WWI-era naval destroyers to the British navy. In return, the U.S. would gain the right to build 8 naval bases in British territories in the Western Hemisphere.

R.E.A

Rural electrification act, Brought electricity to rural areas

Adkins v. Childrens Hospital

Said only men could have minimum wage, not women. UNCONSTITUTIONAL because of 19th Amendment-first case where the SC invalidated a law because it treated men/women differently.

Pago Pago

Samoa,1878 - The U.S. gained the strategic port Pago Pago in Samoa for use in refueling U.S. warships overseas. It was part of building an international military presence.

Burr Conspiracy

Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the secession of the Louisiana Territory from the United States; captured in 1807 and charged with treason, Burr was acquitted by the U.S. Supreme Court.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

Congretional Church

Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church.

Stephen Douglas

Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty

Nuremburg Trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

Series of wars between the English and Powhatan Indians, led to the marriage between Rolfe and Pocahontas; Indians failed to dislodge English; were barred from lands.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Lochner V. U.S.

Setback in 1905, invalidated a law in New York establishing a 10 hour day for bakers. 1917 court upheld a ten hour law for factory workers.

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Africans arrive in 1619

Shortage of labor in Southern colonies demanded imported slave labor and slavery system began to replace the headright system for cultivation of cash crops-- Middle Passage

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

San Juan Hill

Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches

Indian Slave Trade

Slave trade led by South Carolinians in which Indian captives were traded to other Indian tribes as sacrifices. The trade itself war marred by captives of many different tribes all residing in Charlestown

Poll taxes

Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964.

Protestant Work Ethic

Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Lower South

States of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina

Schechter v. U.S.

Sometimes called "the sick chicken case." Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character.

seceding states

South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina because Abraham Lincoln got elected and was planning to outlaw slavery.

S.E.A.T.O

Southeast Treaty Organization: Includes USA, UK, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand

Jefferson Day toast

States' rights advocates, inc. Calhoun, planned to call Jackson out by giving a series of toasts regarding states' right and nullifications; Jackson found out and foiled their plans by proposing the first toast ("Union must be preserved")

Uncle Joe Cannon

Speaker of the House, he could make or break legislation form 1903 to 1910. He represented the Old Guard, which controlled Congress, and his arbitrary tactics led to the adoption of resolutions in 1910 limiting the power of the Speaker.

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

KKK

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

Right to work laws

State legislation designed to outlaw the union shop, passed by 21 states acting under Section 14B of the federal Taft-Hartley Act.

tariff of 1833

Stated that import taxes would gradually decrease by about 10% over a period of eight years until they matched the levels of the Tariff of 1816. Although the state and federal governments were able to strike a compromise, Jackson's near invasion of S. Carolina illustrated the federal government's stance on the power of a state to annul federal laws.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

SALT I Agreement

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks by Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow in May, 1972. Limited Anti-Ballistic Missiles to two major departments and 200 missiles.

"Star Wars"

Strategic Defense Initiative pursued by Reagan in the 1980s; involved satellite defense against missiles

Cambridge Platform

Stressed morality over church dogma in the Congregational Church founded by the Pilgrims

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

Lockner v. New York

Supreme court ruling that overturned a progressive law mandating a ten-hour work day

National Nominating Conventions

System where delegates from the states gathered to decide on the party's presidential nominee. Political power would come from the people rather then from elite political institutions.

Income Tax

Tax paid to the state, federal, and local governments based on income earned over the past year.

T.V.A

Tennessee Valley Authority; Built dams to use for hydroelectric power

"the burned-over district"

Term applied to the region of western New York along the Erie Canal, and refers to the religious fervor of its inhabitants. In the 1800's, farmers there were susceptible to revivalist and tent rallies by the pentecostals (religious groups).

Praying Towns

Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized

Peaceful Coexistence

Term used by Khrushchev in 1963 to describe a situation in which the United States and Soviet Union would continue to compete economically and politically without launching a thermonuclear war.

Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

Terrorists are held here

Recognition of Texas

Texas was recognized by the US as "The Lone Star Republic" in 1837. Texas officially petitioned for annexation in 1837 but not initially admitted as a state because it would have heightened the slavery issue

Old Lights, New Lights

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church.

Massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States, Britain, Australia and Poland officially began on March 20, 2003. U.S. President George W. Bush stated that the objective of the invasion was "to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people". In preparation, 100,000 U.S. troops were assembled in Kuwait by February 18. The United States supplied the majority of the invading forces. Supporters of the invasion included a coalition force of more than 40 countries, and Kurds in northern Iraq. The invasion of Iraq encountered immense popular opposition. Between January 3 and April 12, 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war. The 2003 invasion began the Iraq War.

Island Hopping

The American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

Preamble "We the People"

The Articles of Confederation established a loose confederation of states

Bank recharter bill

The Bank of the United States was chartered by Congress in 1791; it held government funds and was also commercial. It wasn't rechartered in 1811, but a second bank was established in 1816 (1/5 government owned). Jackson opposed it, saying it drove other banks out of business and favored the rich, but Clay favored it. Nicholas Biddle became the bank's president. He made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be rechartered.

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

John Spargo

The Bitter Cry of the Children,Journalist and novelist, he wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A muckraker novel.

Federalists Papers

The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Signifiicance: The Federalist papers were written by renowned Federalists such as Hamilton, Madison and John Jay.

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

Franco-American Alliance

The French and Americans signed a commercial treaty and a formal treaty of alliance in 1778. They agreed to aid each other, and the French guaranteed the sovereignty and independence of the United States.

Wampanoags

The Indian Tribe that first encountered the Pilgram colonists in New England

Panama Revolution

The Isthmus of Panama had been part of Columbia. U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build the Panama Canal. Columbia refused, so U.S. encouraged Panama to revolt. Example of Big Stick diplomacy.

Conservative Political agenda

The New Right and Conservatism

1919 strikes

The Seattle General Strike was a general work stoppage by over 65,000 workers in Seattle Washington. They were fighting for higher wages. Even though the strike was non-violent and didnt last long, people thought it they were radicals, and it was the first real panic of the Red Scare

Bull Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

Social impact of the war

The Revolutionary War saw the emergence of the first anti-slavery groups, many of the northern states abolished slavery after the war. Women gained a small status increase

New Mexico

The Spanish hoped to find gold and silver in New Mexico. The Spanish claimed an area which was already occupied by the Apache, Pueblo, and Navajo.

Election of 1948

The U.S. presidential election of 1948 is considered by most historians as the greatest election upset in American history. Virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that incumbent President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas Dewey. Truman won, overcoming a three-way split in his own party. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive win for the Democratic Party in a presidential election. Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party, a status they would retain until the 1980's.

Fidel Castro's revolution

The U.S. stopped supporting Batista, which weakened him so he could not win.

Zenger Case

The Zenger Case was a trial against the author of an article in a New York newspaper that criticized a corrupt British governor. Zenger was charged with sedition and libel, but he was acquitted. The event was a contribution to the adaptation of the policy of freedom of the press.

Self-Determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

Streetcar Suburbs

The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary. People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar. Led to growth of suburbs.

Millenialism

The belief that Jesus is coming soon. And will reign for 1000 years. This dramatically changed society/culture. It surfaced during revivals.

Berlin Blockade

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.

Versailles Treaty

The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Virginia Charter

The document that governed the settlement of Virginia. It gave people settling there the same rights as Englishmen.

Election of 1828

The election of 1824 convinced Van Buren of the need for a renewed two-party competition. In the election of 1828, a new party formed & gradually became known as the Democratic Party which made Jackson president & Calhoun VP. Opponents called themselves the National Republicans.

Explosion of Maine

The event that gave the US a reason to begin fighting the Spanish American War.

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Montevideo Conference

The first of several Pan-America conferences held during the period between World War I and World War II concerning mutual defense and corporate between the countries of Latin America. The U.S. renounced the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries.

New State Constitutions

The first set of constitutions drafted by the individual states placed most of the government's power in the legislature, and almost none in the executive in order to promote democracy and avoid tyranny. However, without the strong leadership of the executive, the state legislatures argued among themselves and couldn't get anything done. After the Constitution was written, the states abandoned these old constitutions and wrote new ones that better balanced the power between the legislative and the executive.

American temperance union

The founding of this organization in 1826 by evangelical Protestants signaled the start of a national crusade against drunkenness. Using a variety of techniques, the union set out to persuade people not to drink intoxicating beverages and was successful in sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol. It was an example of the spirit of reform that was so prevalent in the early 1800s.

"Big Three"

The group of Allied leaders from the United States, United Kingdom, and Russia (FDR, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin)

U-2 incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

Wilmot Proviso

The intent of the proviso, submitted by Democratic Congressman David Wilmot, was to prevent the introduction of slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. The proviso did not pass

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

The last two strategically important islands held by the Japanese in the War in the Pacific. The Japanese lost more than 130,000 men defending the islands they considered as the gateway to their homeland, and the Americans lost more than 19,000 soldiers.

Deregulation

The lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer.

MOWM

The march on washington movement was from 1033 to 1947. Organized by A. Phillip Randolph and Bayard Rustin. Was formed as a tool to organize a mass march on washington to pressure government into desegregating the armed forces and providing fair working opportunities, but the march did not lead to an actual march as Randolph's request were met before one could be organized.

Mission System

The mission system was a chain of missions estalbished by Franciscan monks in the Spanish Southwest and California that forced Indians to convert to Catholicism and work as agricultural laborers.

Article X of Versailles Treaty

The most controversial of the League of Nations covenants, Article 10 said that all nations must protect the territorial and political integrity of other League members. The article meant that if one nation was engaged in war, all others must become involved. This article was a large part of why the US rejected the League.

Mountain Whites

The most pro-Union of the white southerners were

Haitian slave revolt

The most successful of the many African slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere and established Haiti as a free, black republic, the first of its kind.

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Continental Army

The official army of the colonies, created by second continental congress and led by George Washington

President Gerald Ford

The only Unelected VP and President (1974-77); chosen as VP after Spiro Agnew resigned; chosen because he wasn't very intelligent and easy to manipulate; pardoned Nixon for all crimes committed while President--creates American disillusionment with politics and political leaders; "I'm a ford not a Lincoln."

Escobedo decision

The police's denial of a suspect's right to counsel and their failure to inform him of his right to remain silent were unconstitutional. Any statements made by a defendant who was not informed of his rights is inadmissible in court.

Impressments

The practice of forcing people into service. British ships would stop American vessels and impress American sailors. This led to Americans becoming extremely angry and eager for war with Britain.

Penn. System

The prison system developed during the nineteenth century that stressed total isolation and and individual penitence as a means of reform.

Southern defense of slavery

The pro slavery whites launched a massive defense of slavery, including claims that slavery was supported by the authority of the Bible and the wisdom of Aristotle, that it was good for the Africans, taking them from the barbarism of the jungle and introducing them to Christian civilization. One often used argument was that the relationship between masters and slave resembled that of a family.

Suburbia

The residential districts or suburbs outside the boundaries of a city or town. Dramatically increased in size after WW2.

The "New South"

The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

Second Party System

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon.

British relations with Native Americans

They absolutely despised each other and were often at warfare over competing land claims and colonial encroachment on Native lands; English saw natives as enemies and vice versa as they were often rounded up, killed or relocated -- started with Jamestown and raids on Algonquian people

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Air traffic controllers strike

These people illegally go on strike, and President Reagan fires them all, quickly training replacements after they refuse his order to return to work

Laird Rams

These were two iron-clad ships being constructed in Great Britain for the Confederacy. These ships contained iron rams, large-caliber guns, and were very dangerous to the Union blockade. After the war, the British government bough the two ships to ease tensions between the U.S. and England.

Taft-Roosevelt Split

They split over idealogy. Roosevelt believed in breaking up "bad" trusts while allowing "good" trusts to continue. Taft opposed all trusts. Roosevelt wanted more involvement in foreign affairs, and Taft was an isolationist. Roosevelt ran against Taft in 1912.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Hepburn Act

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

Selective Service

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

F.H.A

This administration insured mortgages of lower-income Americans. It also supplied money for federal housing projects.

Camp David Peace Accords

This agreement was signed in March, 1979. Egypt agreed to recognize Israel's right to exist in return for land lost during past wars. Anwar Sadat, leader of the Egyptians at the time, was assassinated for "betrayal" by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad on October 6th, 1981. This was the first peace agreement between Israel and an Arab nation. Some of West Bank was annexed by Israel, this is due to the fact that Israel wants a buffer zone. Other Arab nations are still hostile and will act violently towards existing peaceful nations

Galveston Texas

This city adopted the "commission system" of municipal government in 1901 when local government collapsed in the wake of a hurricane and tidal wave. This system placed authority in a board composed of elected administrative heads of city departments such as the commissioner of sanitation or the commissioner of police.

3/5's Compromise

This compromise said that slaves count both as 3/5 of a person when counting population for representatives and for taxation. This was based on saying that a slave worked only 3/5 as well as a free worker.

Election of 1840

This election was characterized by the mudslinging or the attack or insult on each others reputation. William Henry Harrison wins election.

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

Annapolis Conference

This meeting was called by Alexander Hamilton and others to talk about the lowering of taxes and tariffs to increase trade between the states.

President Pierce

This president supported the proslavery government in Kansas.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Honest graft

This term, created by George Washington Plunkitt, referred to the police corruption that took place in the Tammany Hall political machine. The practices included paying bribes to make an individual a police officer, to get him a promotion, or to get him to the position of a sergeant as well as using privileged information for personal gain

The Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

"On Civil Disobedience"

This was a text written by Henry David Thoreau in 1849. It pushes people to not let the government overrule them, and that they have the power to not be taken control of. Part of Thoreau's reasoning for writing this was out of his disgust for slavery. He refused to pay taxes to the government because he knew they would be used to pay for the war with Mexico.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Article 231

This was the "war-guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles that placed total responsibility for World War I on Germany.

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

Important Thinkers

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Dorthea Dix

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.

Repeal

To cancel an act or law

Nixon's resignation

Two major reasons for his resignation: 1. Becomes more and more evident that Nixon will be removed from office through impeachment, 2. His release of incriminating tapes and transcripts; Nixon resigns August 8, 1974; blames Congress for lack of support and confesses to nothing; is given a pardon via President Ford; "I am not a crook."

Sit down strikes

Type of strike in which striking workers refuse to leave the factories so that owners cannot replace them

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

steel strikes

US Steel Corporations recognized CIO unions, but smaller companies resisted. On memorial day, a demonstration by union picketers at Republic Steel in Chicago ended in deaths, as police fired. Despite this, smaller steel companies finally agreed to deal with CIO

Hinton Helper

a Southern critic of slavery during the 1850s who wrote a book entitled The Impending Crisis of The South The book put forth the notion that slavery hurt the economic prospects of non-slaveholders, and was an impediment to the growth of the entire region of the South.

Nullification Crisis of 1832

Under Jackson. Caused by the Tariff of 1828 (taxing rate was 48%). South Carolina is not going to pay that tax. Jackson supported states rights but sends troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff of 1828. Nullified the Force act - congress allows Jackson to send troops to South Carolina.

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Coal strikes

United Mine Workers of America struck and government claimed the no strike pledge was still in effec

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Louis Sullivan

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

Rachel Carson

United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Elias Howe

United States inventor who built early sewing machines and won suits for patent infringement against other manufacturers (including Isaac M. Singer) (1819-1867)

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Gov. DeWitt Clinton

United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828)

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Tenements

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

Spanish Relations with Native Americans

Used natives for slave labor, but were sucessful with their missionaries; converted some to Christianity

Versailles Conference

Versailles Treaty,The Palace of Versailles was the site of the signing of the peace treaty that ended WW I on June 28, 1919. Victorious Allies imposed punitive reparations on Germany.

McNary-Haugan Bill

Vetoed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1927 and 1928, the bill to aid farmers would have artificially raised agricultural prices by selling surpluses overseas for low prices and selling the reduced supply in the United States for higher prices. -

13 original colonies

Virginia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, N. Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Carolina, Pennsylvania, Georgia

Middle South

Virginia, North Carolina, Tennesee, Arkansas

Grandfather clauses

Voters whose grandfather had been eligible to vote prior to January 1, 1867 were not required to take the literacy test.

Leaves of Grass

Walt Whitman's originally shocking poetic masterpiece that embraced sexual liberation and celebrated America as a great democratic experiment

Southern democratic Party

Wanted to spread slavery to the territories and to remain legal in the south

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Washington's declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

"No taxiation without representation"

What the boycott of taxed tea was called by colonists.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

When Germans announced resumption of unrestricted submarine, US broke off diplomatic ties, and later declared war on Germany

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Venezuela Crisis

When Venezuela and British Guiana had a dispute, the U.S wanted it to be solved. Scared that Great Britain would try to take Venezuela, the U.S interest, the U.S on July 25, 1895 made a note to London saying that either they back off or face the consequences of war. The British then backed off, scared of having a war.

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

When: January 16, 1786 Where: Virginia Significance: Written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia General Assembly. It was a principle of the separation of church and state, and an example of the first amendment, freedom of religion.

Slave culture

While on plantations laves created their own culture such as the language pidgin, religion, and the importance of family. This showed that no matter what blacks would not lose their faith.

Blue Eagle

Widely displayed symbol of the National Recovery Admin. (NRA), which attempted to reorganize and reform U.S. industry

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

N.A.S.A

a U.S. organization responsible for developing missiles and conducting space exploration.

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

Colossus of the North

a nickname for the United States. It was made by Latin American countries because the United States were the biggest and most powerful country in the Americas.

Invasion of Mexico

Wilson dispatched expedition led by General John. J Pershing into Mexico, with mission to capture Villa and bring him to US to stand trial. Villa hard to find, Pershing expands army. Carranza orders Pershing to stop advancce, and after clash at Carrizal and negotiations, wilson finally orders troops to retreat, recognizes Carranza's power.

"Make the world safe for democracy"

Wilson's rationale for entering war; contradicted previous "peace without victory" motto

Impounding

Withholding by a president of funds that have been appropriated by Congress. Used in place of a line-item veto.

W.P.A

Works Projects Administration- created many public works projects, very large budget, did art projects (not just infrastructure)

"Know Nothings"

a party that opposed immigration in the 1840s, fearing that immigrants would take their jobs and country

Gold Rush

a period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Lincoln's Inaugural Speech

Written in a spirit of reconciliation toward the rebellious states, Lincoln's inaugural address touched on several topics: first, his pledge to "hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government"—including Fort Sumter, which was still in Federal hands; second, his argument that the Union was indissolvable, and thus that secession was impossible; and third, a promise that while he would never be the first to attack, any use of arms against the United States would be regarded as rebellion, and met with force. The inauguration took place on the eve of the American Civil War, which began soon after with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter.

David Reisman

Wrote "The Lonely Crowd"; postulates the existence of the "inner-directed" and "other-directed" personalities.

Micheal Harrington

Wrote "the other america", influential on shedding light on contemporary poverty, most americans didnt think of poverty as being permanent at the time.

Edward Bellamy

Wrote Looking Backward; said that captialism supported the few and exploited the many. character wakes up in 2000 after napping; says socialism will be on top in the end

Theodore Dreisler

Wrote The Financier and The Titan: attacking economic hardships faced by the poor. Muckraker

Harlem Renaissance

a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Lowell Girls

Young, single women from New England farms that had experience for the textile industry and were cheaper to hire than males. Lived in company-owned boardinghouses where older women acted as chaperones.

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Alfred Thayer Mahan

a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

Magna Carta

a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

Crazy horse

a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)`

Counterculture

a culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture

C.I.O

a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955

Deportation of Mexicans

a forced migration that took place between 1929 and 1939, when as many as one million people of Mexican descent were forced or pressured to leave the US. (The term "Repatriation," though commonly used, is inaccurate, since approximately 60% of those driven out were U.S. citizens.

National American Woman Suffrage Assosiation

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Powhatans

a group of Indians that helped the Jamestown settlers until the settlers demanded food from them

Great Lakes

a group of five freshwater lakes of the central North America between the United States and Canada; the lakes are Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie and Superior

Gideon v. Wainwright

a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

U.S. steel corporation

a new company that was headed by J.P. Morgan and included Andrew Carnegie's steel company; first billion-dollar company and was the largest enterprise in the world

Revivalism

a new era of religious leaders who preached and wrote books denoucing the evils of popular entertainment and alcohol

Monica Lewinsky scandal

a political sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky; eventually led to the impeachment of President Clinton in 1998 by the U.S. House of Representatives

Single Party Rule

a political system in which a single political party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run for election

Rags to Riches

a popular belief of the last half of the 19th century derived from the stories of Horatio Alger, who stressed the theme that the poor can become rich and successful in America by working hard; the "American Dream."

Iroquois Confederacy

a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida

Head Start

a preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services

City manager system

a professional city manager is hired to run each department of the city and report directly to the city council

Panic of 1907

a serious recession, proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts.

S.D.S

a student organization that organized a march on Washington D.C.; Students for a Democratic Society

Camp Meetings

a tool of the Second Great Awakening where people would gather to hear hellfire speeches

Judiciary Act of 1937

act that FDR tried to pass to get control of the Supreme Court

Partitioning of Korea and Germany

after Japan was defeated, the United Nations divided Korea along the 38th parallel into United States and Soviet Union controlled zones

Grant's Virginia Campaign

after Vicksburg when Grant was promoted, moving from Western to Eastern. It is a series of battles/shift in union tactics because of Grant where it turns battle of east to union army putting constant pressure on confederate army. Union army took HUGE casualities. SHIFT in tactics

Arabic pledge

after the passenger ship, the Arabic, was torpedoed the Germans promised to give passengers at least a 30 minute warning before sinking non-military ships

Treaty Of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Algonquins

allies of the French in North America

General incorporation laws

allows corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature. It also refers to a law enabling a certain type of corporation, such as a railroad, to exercise eminent domain and other special rights without a charter from the legislature.

Constitutional Union Party

also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; 1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

George F. Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Cornelius Venderbilt

an American entrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family.

Salmon P. Chase

an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as Chief Justice of the United States.

Commerce Compromise

an agreement during the Constitutional Convention protecting slave holders; denied Congress the power to tax the export of goods from any State, and, for 20 years, the power to act on the slave trade

Non-importation

an agreement that pledged not to import or use goods imported from great britain

Unconditional Surrender

an announcement by FDR with Churchill's endorsement that the war would end only with this. The conquered governments would be no longer, no compromise could be reached. Later people believe that this stiffened enemy resistance

Sudetenland

an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

S.E.C

an independent federal agency that oversees the exchange of securities to protect investors

Cuban Missile Crisis

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

Bacons Rebellion

an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley.

14th amenment

granted citizenship to any one born or naturalized in united states and declared no state could deprive any person of life, liberity, or property with out due process of law and said not state could deprive any person from protection or of the law

Josiah Strong

author of Our Country, on Anglo-Saxon superiority; a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

Lincoln Stephens

author of The Shame of the Cities, exposed political corruption

Civil Rights act of 1957 & 1960

banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Rock n' Roll

became a popular music genre in the fifties with the introduction of Elvis Presley

Operation Torch

begun Nov 1942, American forces landed in Morocco and Algeria, and pressing eastward trapped the German and Italian armies being driven westward by the British, forcing German and Italian troops to surrender, despite Hitler's orders to fight to the death.

Millerites

believed that christ would return on October 22, 1842 also known as Adventists

Charles Willson Peale

best know for his portraits of George Washington, also ran a museum, stuffed birds, and practiced dentistry in addition to his art.

King Phillips War, 1675

between English and Pequot tribe led by King Phillip, many Puritan towns and settlers were destroyed, slowed the western march

deregulation of airline industry

brought lower fares for millions of passengers. But by freeing banks from congressional control, he advertently encouraged bad investments, outright fraud, and a round of disastrous bank failures.

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Impact of the depression

caused millions of workers to lose their jobs. Unemployment 3% in 1929 to 25% by 1933.

Impact of the Enlightenment

changed ideas about society, challenged divine right, set in motion american and french revolution

Conservative safeguard

check the excesses of the "mob"

Mormons

church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah

C.C.C

civilization conservation corp- built parks and planted trees

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

militant tactics

confer visibility on a movement while moderate tactic are invited to participate in public deliberations. spokesmen (mil) vs leader (mod) the ability to articulate one's position is what differentiate them

R.F.C

congress gave it $2 billion to lend, could give to banks, railroads, and businesses. But banks reluctant to give away the money.

Vertical integraion

controlling production, marketing to control single industry

King Cotton

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

End of slave Trade 1808

could no longer legally import slaves into the US

Trickle down

decreased income taxes for the wealthy would promote business and therefore the whole economy

Death of Harrison

died of pneumonia less than a month after taking office, "His Accidency" John Tyler succeeded to the presidency, proved to be not much of a Whig, vetoed Whigs' national bank bills, favored southern and expansionist Democrats during balance of term, Jacksonian era was in its last stage

Exposition and Protest

document secretly written by Vice President John Calhoun in support of nullification; calling on compact theory, he argued the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that South Carolina could lawfully refuse to collect it.

Wage and Price Controls

government-imposed controls on the maximum prices that may be charged for specific goods and services, plus controls on permissible wage increases

Shermans march to the sea

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

Recession of 1937-38

economy slipped as unemployment rose to 12.5%

French and British Colonization

english want to explore ohio river valley area, however france regard this area as their own. war breaks out, native americans take french side.

Roe v. Wade

established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut

Victorian Values

family sphere and outside life, self-denying moral code, bring mortality to undeveloped worlds, women were feeble and needed men's protection, sexual restraints, selfless mother, church and god, intolerance for crime, restrain from vices (gambling, drinking...things that are morally unacceptable)

Humanitarian Diplomacy

fought for human rights in Africa, Panama Canal returned to Panama, relations with China resolved.

New Haven

founded in Connecticut by Puritans who contrived to set up an even closer church government alliance than in Massachusetts

New Democratic party coalition

founded in Ottawa in 1961 at a convention uniting the CCF and several labour unions

Maryland 1634

founded when King Charles I gave the Calvert family land on the northern end of the Chesapeak

1866 Election

gave Republicans 2/3 majority in Congress and could override presidential veto

Mad Anthony Wayne

general who in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, defeated the Indians in Ohio

Farmers Alliances

groups of farmers of those in sympathy with farming issues, whosent lectures from town to town to educate people about agriculural and rural issues,

Pasha of Tripoli

he declared war on the US because he was not satisfied by the protection money(bribes) sent by Jefferson

President Madison

he presented a plan to congress to try to stabilize the economy and make the nation self-sufficient, later known as the American System

Alice Paul

head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

CIA in Iran

helped overthrow govt that tried to nationalize holdings of foreign oil companies. gave west good oil prices and bought us arms

H.U.A.C

house un American Affairs Committee. Went after Hollywood 10 who wouldn't testify against suppostring ommunists. Also attacked Alger Hiss. High ranking gov. official of giving docs to USSR and charged for perjury. investigative committee for communist activities especially w/ actors

H-Bomb

hydrogen bomb invented in 1950's, MORE powerful than atomic bomb, example of Cold War arms race

Gabriel Prosser

in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Central Powers

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

Treatment of the Insane

insane people were treated terribly; old concepts concluded that they had unclean spirits; the 1800s idea was that they chose to be the way they are, and should be treated like beasts; many were jailed with sane people

Gibbons v. Ogden

interstate commerce, In this Marshall Court case, the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated a state monopoly and reaffirmed Congress' power to oversee commerce between states. Of all the cases that have interpreted the scope of congressional power under the commerce clause, none has been more important than this "steamboat case." The case established a basic precedent because it paved the way for later federal regulation of transportation, communication, buying and selling, and manufacturing. Today, little economic activity remains outside the regulatory power of Congress.

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Republican Motherhood

it elevated women as keepers of the national conscience because they were entrusted with the moral education of the young

Georgia 1733

james Oglethorpe founds a colony for debtors and other poor settlers

President Grover Cleveland

justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that the strikers were engaging in violent acts on railroad property .

Horace Mann

late 1830s, MA, United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

General John Pershing

led the American Expeditionary Force; urged that the AEF operate as an independent fighting force, under American command; was made General of the Armies of the United States, which is the highest rank given to an officer

Terence Powderly

led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8hr work day and to end child labor

John L. Lewis

long-time labor leader who organized and led the first important unskilled workers labor union, called in to represent union during sit-down strike

Townshend Acts

passed by Parliament in 1767, placed taxes on imported materials such as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Led to outrage and tons of people boycotted British goods.

Consumer protection

measures to shield buyers of goods and services from unsafe products and unfair or illegal sales practices

Nashville convention

meeting of representatives of nine southern states in the summer of 1850 to monitor the negotiations over the Compromise of 1850; it called for extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean and a stronger Fugitive Slave Law. The convention accepted the Compromise but laid the groundwork for a southern confederacy in 1860-1861.

Open door note

message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Mosquito Fleet

name for the navy of jefferson's presidency. Trying to avoid a overly-strong army, he had the navy dwindled down to a few tiny boats.

Lincolns 2nd inaugural speech

near end of war. he believes northerners are going to want to make the south pay, and punish them. He says they need to treat the south fairly

New Democracy

new fashion of governement; common white man's government - all white men could vote; belief in power to the people

Dey of Algiers

north african leader who took advantage of the weakness of the articles of confederation to attack american shipping

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

Federal Trade Comission

one of the accomplishments of Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom, it represented a noble effort to oversee the practices of large corporations

1876 election

one of the most disputed and controversial presidential elections in American history. Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes uncounted. These twenty electoral votes were in dispute in three states: Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina; each party reported its candidate had won the state, while in Oregon one elector was declared illegal (as an "elected or appointed official") and replaced. The twenty disputed electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory.

Office of Econ. Opportunity

organization to facilitate edu, employment, housing, and healthcare under LBJ

trade associations

organizations representing the interests of firms and professionals in the same general field

Direct election of Senators

part of the 17th amendment which states that each state should have 2 senators in the House of Senate and they can be changed or re-elected every 6 years. The house of Senate is divided up in a way so that 1/3 of the house is up for re-election every 2 years. At first, it was the state legislature who elected the senators, but after reform, it changed to the people electing the senators for their state.

Child Labor Act

placed a 10% tax on profits of child emplying companies, it was struck down by the supreme court (Bailey v. Drexel Furniture, 1922 court's opinion that this was an inappropriate use of congress' power to tax)

Albany Plan

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Religious Right

political action for religion justified by decreased presence of religion in society; Pat Robertson's Christian Coalition to expand national influence

Grover Cleaveland

president stepped in and sent troops to gaurd mail, trains, opposed tariff, only president to win to non consecutive terms

Rice and Indigo

primary crops of South Carolina colony

Raid on Lawrence

pro - slave supporters raided and attacked the city of Lawrence, the headquarters of abolitionists.

Dept. of Defense

protects all the citizens of the US from foreign invaders and also from terrorists. They maintain the heads of each branch (Army, Navy, Airforce, Marines, and in times of war, Coast Guard)

Influence of Sea Power on History

published in 1890, written by Alfred Thayer Mahan, of the U.S. naval college

Transportation Revolution

rapid growth in the speed and convenience of transportation; in the United States this began in the early 1800s, improvements in: roads-enabled settlers and merchants to reach the west, boats-steamboat made commercial agriculture feasible in the West, canals (eerie canal)-connected large cities to each other and made it easier to trade, railroads-connected burgeoning cities to rivers and canals

Hearst & Pulitzer

rival newspapers who become involved in demanding the US intervene in Cuba; both exaggerating stories to increase circulation

Control of Corporations

roosevelts square deal

William H Seward

senator of NY; antislavery and argued that God's moral law was higher than the constitution

President Monroe

served from 1817 to 1825. fifth president. established the Missouri Compromise and Monroe Doctrine. bought Florida from Spain

Impact of Native Americans on European Culture

settlers learned of crops and farming, how to hunt wild game and the ways of the land... different tribes reacted differently toward the newcomers and settlers were not always successful making friends

Samoan Crisis

small war which almost abrupted between the American and German navies over the faraway Smoan Islands in the South Pacific in 1889

North and South Carolina differences

split because some settlers wanted political power and tried to take it away from Caolina's leaders

Eisenhower's Farewell speech

spoke of the military-industrial complex, which tied military activity to industrial production tightly; feared that it would become a problem for a democracy because it was too close to becoming dictatorial

Malcom X

spread ideas of black nationalism. disagreed w/ both the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement. minister of the nation of isam. rejected his original name because it was his family's slave name

Freeport Doctorine

statement made by Stephen Douglas duing the Lincon-Douglas debates that pointed out how people could use popular sovereignty to determine if their state or territory should permit slavery

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Walker's Tariff

tariff act passed by polk to lower the tariff

Affluent Society

term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs

Oregon Territory

territory of Oregon, Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada; land claimed by both U.S. and Britain and held jointly under the Convention of 1818

Glasnost & Perestroika

the 2 policies pushed by Gorbachev. 1). meaning openness- aimed to gradually end secretive Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberty. 2). meaning restructuring- intended to revive Soviet economy by adopting many free-market practices, ie profit motives and end to subsidized prices.

Boston Police Strikes

the Police Force in Boston, MA went on a strike, and in fear of communism, President Coolidge (then governor at the time) fired them and called in the militia to be the police force

Mining

the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth

Flexible Response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

Growth of cities

the growth of commerce encouraged people to move to cities and towns because there were a lot of job offers

Pan Americanism

the idea that the United States and Latin America should work together to support peace and increase trade

Second Front

the invasion of western Europe by the U.S ,British, and French in 1944. This invasion was to take presure off the Russians and divide the Germans. It was established by the D-Day Invasion.

Non-Separatists

the name for Puritans who wished to reform the established church from within

Enola Gay

the name of the American B-29 bomber, piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, Jr., that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.

efficiancy

the percentage of input work converted to output work

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

President Buchanan

the president that stated that no state had the right to secede from the Union. But, the federal government had no authority to stop a state if they did secede.

Warren Court

time when Earl Warren led the Supreme Court and controversial decisions were made expanding civil rights

Jay Treaty of 1794

treaty negotiated by namesake with England; stated that English must leave forts, must compensate American ship owners, open up Asian trade, and Americans must honor pre-Revolution debts

Berlin Wall Falls

under Gorbachev; opened the entire order with the West; Hundreds of thousands of Germans swarmed across the border; marked the end of USSR domination

Coxey's Army

unemployed workers marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief

End of the Caucus system

until 1820 when Monroe ran unopposed, canidates were nominated by caucuses of the two parties in Congress. In the Eclection of 1824 this method was overthrown. Republicans nominated William H. Crawford and the other three canidates (J.Q. Adams, Clay, and Jackson) were nominated from state legislatures and won endorsements from meetings throughout the country

Growing Middle Class

upper middle class: industrialists, leaders in gov't, lawyers and doctors, comfortable income, nice homes, many material good

Nat Turner Revolt

uprising of slaves un Southampton County, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 led by Nat Turner which resulted in the death of 55 white people.

Lure of Industrial Jobs

urban attractions

Peace Corps

volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Paddies

wet land on which rice is grown

Lincolns ten percent plan

when 10% of the states population swore an oath of loyalty to the U.S. the state could form a new government, declare end of slavery and send representatives to Congress

Political Reforms

when someone or a group of people tries to change political policies in order to make them better.

Cult of domesticity re-emerges

women believed to belong in the the home, scientific evidence; widespread in magazines, TV, &c.

Coolies

workers from China on US railroads and gold rush

Wage slaves

working people whose hours were long, wages low, and meals skimpy. treated as expendable