AP EXAM REVIEW

Economic example

"Explain two economic changes resulting from supranationalism in Europe."

Isoline

A map line that connects points of equal or very similar values.

Core-Periphery Model

A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.

Grain Agriculture

sowing seeds for harvest Wheat, corn, barley, rice, millet • Sell to cereal companies • International • Spring: Wheat Belt • D.M.S. - Dakotas, Montana, Saskatchewan • Winter Wheat Belt • K.C.O. - Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma

Environmental pull factors

stability, lack of disasters

Christianity

Israel • Jesus of Nazareth • New testament • Church 1. Catholicism 2. Orthodox - Russia, Eastern Europe 3. Protestant - US and Western Europe

Why corn?

It fattens animals the fastest and is subsidized by the government

economic pull factor example

Jobs, opportunities, higher salaries

1995 - Tim McVargh

Oklahoma City bombing

Colonization

One country taking over another area to be used for their benefit

animal feed

Rice, Maize, Wheat

Terrior

The contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

Hinduism

temples with elaborate carved exteriors, sacred sites like Ganges River allow for washing, cremation of dead Polytheistic • *Ganges River • *Caste system - based on occupation

material culture

the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people

periphery countries

the least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

Western culture

the modern culture of western Europe and North America

scale

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

Devolution

the transfer of power from the central government to lower levels of government, Occurs when states fragment into autonomous regions

Vernacular/Perceptual Ex

The idea of the south and what it represents

sustainable development

The idea that people living today should be able to meet their needs without prohibiting the ability of future generations to do the same.

Popular culture example

U.S. popular culture (Hollywood), Indian pop culture (Bollywood), South Korea (K-pop)

Examples of developed countries

United States, Western Europe, Australia, Russia

Enclave State

is any portion of a state that is entirely surrounded by the territory of a single other state

Economic Push Factors

lack of jobs and economic opportunity

ethnographic

observing social interactions in real social settings

Where are a majority of LDC's workers?

primary sector jobs

township and range system

property lines in grid pattern, one square mile sections that display uniformity

remmitance

sending money

How are farmers losing agriculture

urban sprawl

Law of the Sea

1. 12 nautical miles - Laws, territory 2. 12-24 nautical miles - Immigration, taxes, pollution (Coastguard range) 3. 200 nautical miles - EEZ, fishing rights • Economic Exclusion Zone: EEZ

Freedom of the Net

1. Banned tech - Phones, tablets, apps 2. Blocked content 3. Violating user rights - Women, LGBTQ

Reasons why Sub-Saharan Africa doesn't like GMO's

1. Dependence on the USA 2. Europe outlaws GMO's - #1 export 3. Health problems

MDC Agricultural Techniques

1. Mixed crop and livestock 2. Dairying 3. Grain 4. Ranching 5. Mediterranean 6. Commercial gardening and truck farming

The 5 pillars

1. Pray 5 times facing Mecca 2. Visit Mecca (called hajj) 3. Fast during Ramadan 4. Charity 5. Profession of faith

What makes a country a country?

1. Sovereignty - Independence from foreign and domestic affairs 2. Political territory with boundaries 3. Government 4. Permanent population 5. Recognized by other states

Syncretism Examples

1. Swahili = Bantu & Arabic 2. Ethiopian Christianity = Christianity & native beliefs 3. Neo-Confucianism = Confucianism & Buddhism/Daoism

First (Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution

10,000 BCE, First domestication of plants and animals, leads to settled society and job specialization, SW Asia (Fertile Cresent Mesopotamia)

Neolithic Era

10k years ago • End of ice age • Sedentary • Southwest Asia - Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia

Colonization/Atlantic Slave Trade

1600s-1850s; Forced migration; Africa to Carribean/U.S.

Second Agricultural Revolution:The Industrial Revolution

1700's- 1850's, England, new tools/ methods (plow seed drill) selective breeding, closure acts leads to increased yields and population growth, Steam Engine, modern urbanization

Industrial Revolution

1750 - Modern urbanization • London - first megacity (*Enclosure acts) • Machinery, large farms

Rural to Urban migration example

1790's: East Coast, Appalachian Mountains intervening obstacle that stops expansion 1800-1840: Canals 1850-1900: Gold Rush 1900-1950: Great Plains - Railroad, Agricultural improvement 1950-2010: Moving South - Better climate, job opportunities, AC[?]

Pattern:The great migration

1850s and on in waves; black Americans from South move northwards, typically to cities for work and to avoid Jim Crow laws

China and Taiwan

1949 - Communist Revolution • Chairman Mao Zedong - October 1

Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)

1950's-1970's, diffusion of hybridization, mechanization, irrigation practices around the world from US to India, China, and Mexico. Start of agribusiness. Increased yields, env/social, consequences. Not healthy, creation of miracle wheat seed, pesticides Fertilizer, Herbicides (Monsanto), heavy machinery, less are hungry

Present day advance:Genetic Modification

1990s-present, humans change DNA of crops to create GMO's to resist diseases and pests

Agribusiness in the USA

20% of USA is in Agribusiness - Cashiers, stockers, truck drivers, producers

Stage 3 health challenges

2nd world • Degenerative diseases • Cancer, cardiovascular diseases

Diversity in Nigeria

1) Religious, ethnic (tribal), language differences 2) Multiple legal systems, states want autonomy, terrorism and conflict 3) Islam in north (sharia law, Boko Haram), Christianity in South 4) Moved capital to Abuja, promotes nationalism

Basques and Catalans in Spain

1) Semiautonomous regions want more autonomy 2) Own language/history: Basque (Euskara), Catalonia (Catalan) 3) Catalonia economic hub (tech) 4) Protests/terrorist activity has occurred

Pastoral Nomadism

1) Subsistence, extensive 2) Dry climate (North Africa, Mid East, Central Asia) 3) People move with animals which provide food Dry, arid • Migrating animals - Selling animal products for food (sheep, goat, camels) • North Africa, Middle East, Bedouins • Pasture: Grass • Transhumance: Season migration (from mountains to lowlands) • Government want to develop the lands

shifting cultivation (slash and burn)

1) Subsistence, extensive 2) Tropical (low latitude) regions (South America, Southeast Asia) 3) Slash-and-burn: farmers clear/grow/move 4) Burning adds nutrients to poor soil 5) Sustainable when practiced on small scale

Balkanization of Yugoslavia

1) With fall of Soviet Union (1991), Yugoslavia balkanizes, eventually into 13 countries 2) Split is along ethnic lines 3) Ethnic cleansing occurred

Relative Distance

A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. Often relative distance describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic, connectivity between two places.

friction of distance

A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places.

Gender Equity

A measure of the opportunities given to woman compared to men within a given country.

Rostow's Stages of Development

A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries.

Purchasing Power Parity

A monetary measurement of development that takes into account what money buys in different countries.

Fuller Projection

A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of landmasses but completely rearranges direction such that the four cardinal directions--north, south, east, and west--no longer have any meaning.

thematic map

A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income level-within a specific area.

Cartogram

A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area.

ISIS - State Supporters

Afghanistan, Pakistan, Libya

Spatially variable costs

An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its total amount and in its relative share of total costs.

Spatially fixed costs

An input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located.

Spatial Perspective

An intellectual framework that looks at the particular locations of a specific phenomenon, how and why that phenomenon is where it is, and finally, how it is spatially related to phenomena in other places.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.Peacekeeping (Security Council: China, Russia, United Kingdom, France, USA)

George Perkins Marsh

An inventor, diplomat, politician, and scholar, his classic work, "Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action," provided the first description of the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions.

Disadvantages of shifting cultivation

Animal habitats, greenhouse gases, too many people - Government wants to force to develop for: logging, ranching, plantations, industry, and sprawl

renewable resource

Any natural resource (as wood or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time

Stimulus diffusion example

Apple created iphone and features were adopted by other smartphones companies

Fast world

Areas of the world, usually the economic core, that experience greater levels of connection due to high-speed telecommunications and transportation technologies.

Offshore Financial Center

Areas that have been specially designed to promote business transactions, and thus have become centers for banking and finance.

U.S. immigration timeline: Post-1965

Asia and Latin America (China, Vietnam, Philippines, Mexico)

Colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

Advice

Avoid using the words always and never (instead, use often and seldom) ● Do not use stereotypes in your FRQ answers (ex: Africa is super poor. All Africans are poor and no one even goes to school). ● Answer the question in front of you, not what you want to answer. In other words, dissect the question carefully and make sure your answer is addressing exactly what the question asks for, including implied commands. This is so important! ● Questions aren't constructed to trick you. Assume that whatever is being asked follows what is typical. Only address exceptions if you KNOW FOR SURE it is an exception. The following adjectives are commonly used as descriptors for certain things that you must identify, explain, etc.

Creation of a global economy

Diffusion of capitalism as economic system, Multinational companies, new international division of labor, World Systems Theory, Examples: Nike, Wal-mart, Proctor and Gamble

Fragmented states

Discontinuous (Ex: USA, Russia, India, Japan, Philippines)

Barriers to diffusion

Distance Decay, Culture, environmental

Peters Projection

Distorts shape and direction • Alternate to Mercator to be more fair to size of Africa

Mercator map projection

Distorts size especially towards the poles • Keeps direction • Shapes slightly distorted

Example of environmental possibilism

Dubai makes a city out of desert

environmental example

Identify and explain one environmental consequence of green energy technology." "Identify and explain one environmental consequence of climate change on human settlement patterns."

What does agricultural density offer insights into?

If a country is a MDC or LDC

Intervening Opportunities

If one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, the supplier closer to the buyer will represent an intervening opportunity, thereby blocking the third from being able to share its supply of goods or services. Intervening opportunities are frequently used because transportation costs usually decrease with proximity.

Explain the degree to which

If you get this, they're looking for you to establish the level to which something is relevant, applicable, true... Your answer should be something like "This model holds true in these circumstances or places or scales (insert further explanation) but does not hold true in these (and here's why, and here's an example)."

Pull Factors

Immigration, voluntary migration, economic, social/cultural, demographic, political, environmental

Mechanization

In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.

Where do TNC's manufacture their products?

In poor countries

Outsourcing

Sending industrial processes out for external production. The term outsourcing increasingly applies not only to traditional industrial functions, but also to the contracting of service industry functions to companies to overseas locations, where operating costs remain relatively low.

Why are places unique

Sense of place, feeling 2. Toponym - name of place

Homogeneous culture centripetal forces

Shared language/religion/history (ex. English) ○ Restrictive immigration practices (ex. Japan, U.S.)

LDC agriculture

Shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism, intensive wet rice, plantation farming, intensive not wet rice

Circulation/Cyclic Movement

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis. This type of migration usually involves seasonally moving livestock to areas where food is more plentiful.Daily basis, seasonal • Migrate for money, political, environmental, and cultural reasons

Small scale map

Shows larger area • Not much detail • States, countries • Continents • World

large scale map

Shows small, more detailed area • Cities, towns, neighborhoods • More detail

Pattern:South + Southeast Asia → Middle East

Since 1950, migration for work in oil industry and hospitality industry

second most spoken language family

Sino-Tibetan • Mandarin

Western Sahara (Morocco)

Territorial dispute: Since 1975 these two countries have had a dispute over a territory in North Africa believed to have precious natural resources like phosphate mines, fishing reserves, possible oil resources.

cereal

any grain like barley, oats, or wheat that is grown for food

Export processing zone

areas where governments create favorable investment and trading conditions to attract export-oriented industries

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

average amount of money made each year by each person

Environmental Geography

The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa.

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Monsanto

The largest American agriculture company that researches agritechnology and sells genetically modified seeds and other agriculture products globally.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

breaking point

The outer edge of a city's sphere of influence, used in the law of retail gravitation to describe the area of a city's hinterlands that depend on that city for its retail supplies.

Natural Landscape

The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities.

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

What causes population growth?

births and immigration outnumber deaths and emigration

International Date Line

the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian

sequential occupancy

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Census

the official count of a population

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

tillage

the preparation of land for growing crops

industralization

the process of becoming mechanized or industrialized.

Hierarchical Diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

Gross Domestic Product

the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.

Colombian Exchange

the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa

Extensive farming

farming practices that involve putting relatively little energy into the land for the calories extracted

What did von Thunen's model assume?

flat terrain, no physical features, land value related to distance from market (inner > outer)

Linear Village

follows a stream or road

Why migrants travel to urban areas

for jobs, they might join family members in ethnic enclaves via chain migration

Involuntary Migration

forced migration

U.S. immigration timeline: 1820's-1860's

frontier expansion, from Northern and Western Europe (England, Germany, Ireland)

aggregate

gather; accumulate

Assimilation

The process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another more dominant group.

development

The process of a country improving the living conditions of its people to be healthier (life expectancy)

Acculturation

The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct culture features.

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time

urban sprawl

The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

Industrial Revelution

The rapid economic and social changes in manufacturing that resulted after the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry in England at the end of the 18th century.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

map scale

The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earth's surface.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Physical Geography

The realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and changes through time of natural phenomena of earth's surface.

Redistricting

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.Districts are redrawn ● Each district has same number of people

space-time compression

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

situation

The relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding area and the connections and interdependencies within that system; a place's spatial context.

Geographic scale

The scale at which a geographer analyzes a particular phenomenon, for example: global, national, census tract, neighborhood, etc. Generally, the finer the scale of analysis, the richer the level of detail in the findings.

Cartography

The science of making maps

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a additive process.

relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

Regional Geography

The study of geographic regions.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Gross National Product

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

spatial diffusion

The ways in which phenomena, such as technological innovations, cultural trends, or even outbreaks of disease, travel over space.

age dependency ratio

The working population must support the non-working population • The ages 0-14 and 65+ are considered non-working • (% 𝑝𝑜𝑝 0−14)+(% 𝑝𝑜𝑝 65+) (% 𝑝𝑜𝑝 15−64) ∗ 100

Dot maps

Thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents, or births.

Specialty Goods

goods that are not mass-produced but rather assembled individually or in small quantities

Neo-Malthusians

group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources

multistate nation

has one nation (group with shared culture/history) stretched across more than one state. o Examples: Koreans across North/South Korea, Hungarian people across Hungary and Romania

Popular culture: MDC's / Western Hemisphere

Vary in time • Specific • Expansion diffusion • Large, heterogeneous • Threatens environment • Uses up resources • Mass production of resources

Terrorism centrifugal forces

Violence to create fear ■ Ex. Al Qaeda fights Soviet Union, then U.S.

High seas zone

Water beyond the EEZ is open to all states. Greater than 200 nautical miles

e-commerce

Web-based economic activities

Regions with high density

Western Europe, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia. Subsaharan Africa rapidly increasing

cultural divergence

When a culture remains distinct although surrounded by a dominant culture (Ex: Amish

Environmental Issues related to agriculture

loss of biodiversity, monocropping, deforestation, desertification, soil degradation, erosion, depletion of water supplies, chemicals and fossil fuels

What does high dependency ratio mean?

many children (stage 2) or many aging adults (stage 4/5)

Irredentism

a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country

Non-renewable resources

a resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Autocracy

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

Supranationalism

a venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

Frontier

a zone where no state exercises complete political control, No state control - Antarctica: 1959 - no military, only scientific research

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Demographic pull factors

more space, more resources

Islam

mosque and open space central to city, mosques have domes and minarets, burial in cemetaries after ceremonial washing Meaning "submission" • Muslims = submits to Allah (God) • Qur'an or Koran • Literal word of God 1. Mecca - Ka'ba - rock 2. Medina - Islam - 622 AD 3. Jerusalem - dome of the rock • Sunni • 90% • Caliph (Leader) • Should be elected • Shi'ite • Caliph to be descendant of Ali • Iran

Corn Belt

most important mixed crop and livestock farming region in the U.S.; extending from Ohio to the Dakotas, with its center in Iowa; approximately half the crop land is planted in corn

Intraregional Migration

movement within a region

Enviormental Push Factors

natural disasters and droughts

Why is China's development unique?

newly industrialized country with the demographic profile of a developed country

Soveirgnty

absolute power within your territory

Location

absolute vs relative, distribution and density

Why do boundaries exist?

across geographic scales (local, regional, national) to help countries govern themselves.

USA has crappy healthcare system in MDC's

nsurance companies • Lower income households can't afford • Don't come to doctors • Number of doctors and hospital beds

Average number of years in school

number of years of school completed including college

How has China limited population growth and caused economic growth?

one child policy

white-collar worker

someone in a professional or clerical job who usually earns a salary

agricultural hearths

southwest asia- barley and wheat, lentil, olive east asia- rice (Yangtze River), millet (Yellow River) sub- saharan africa- sorghum, yams, corn latin america- beans and cotton peru-potato

Why migrants travel short distances

stop at intervening opportunities, think distance decay

What does a low dependency ratio mean?

support for children and families, education, likely needs to improve healthcare system

How cultural preferences affect food consumption

taboo restrictions

Examples of physical boundaries

the Rio Grande between the U.S. and Mexico/ the Himalayas between china and India/ Gobi between china and Mongolia, Deserts, mountains, bodies of water

Longitude

the angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at Greenwich, England, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial object, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.

Latitude

the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of a celestial object north or south of the celestial equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.

Transferbility

the cost of moving a good and the ability of the good to withstand that cost

Emigration

leaving a country

moderate growth

Extended triangle • Ex: Mexico, Brazil

Who are more likely to migrate?

Men are more likely to migrate for work than women

Who are most immigrant workers?

Men but women do house work

Types of boundaries

Physical, geometric, and cultural

food security

Physical, social, and economic access to safe and nutritious food

remote sensing

aircraft/satellite cameras collect images of earth's surface

Agricultural Types

intensive vs. extensive or subsistence vs. commercial

fate of cultural group

Language preservation + distribution

lingua franca

Language used in trade

Ex of cultural landscape

Language, religion, infrastructure

What is globalization doing to languages

Languages lost

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

romance

Latin based (* - Vulgar Latin - of the masses, informal) • France, Italy, Portuguese, Romania • Latin America: Spanish; Brazil - Treaty of Tordesillas (from Portugal)

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Improved communication and transportation infrastructure (planes, trains...radio, tv, internet)

Leads to space-time compression and decreases role of distance decay, Examples: Twitter, travel from New York to London

Themes of Geography

Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Region

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Long distances of migration tend to be international 2. Most relocate in short distances 3. Most internal migration tends to be young women 4. Most international migrants tend to be young men 5. Based on push/pull factors

Demographic Transition Diagram

Lord - Low growth 2. Help - High growth 3. Me - Moderate growth 4. Learn - Low growth 5. Now - Negative growth

Why do Farmers Face Sustainability Challenges?

Losing agriculture, desertification, improving productivity

Deindustrialization

Loss of industrial activity in a region.

developed country indicators

Low total fertility rate, high life expectancy, low infant morality rate, high gross national income per capita, high # of years in school, stage 4/5, low maternal morality rate

Where are most of the population?

Lower Developed Countries (LDC's)

Stage 4 health challenges

MDC's • Delayed degenerative diseases

Cultural Preferences

Male preference • China and India • Imbalance in sex ratio • 1 kid - 2 parents - 4 grandparents • 2015 - China introduces 2 child policy

Footloose Firms

Manufacturing activities in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the firm.

Who does external war effect?

Men

Who does internal war effect?

Men and women

Examples of Newly Industrialized Countries

Mexico, Brazil, India, South Africa

step migration

Migrants will move to urban areas in a series of moves: village → town → medium city → big city

Distribution of languages

Migratory 2. Isolated • Japan • Korea(n)

Primary Sector

Mining, Fishing, and Agriculture (3rd World if majority)

What agricultural technique is used currently?

Monocropping, increased pesticide fertilizer use, mechanization, etc.

Wine Consumption in the U.S.

Most: Nevada (Las Vegas) • Least: Utah (Mormons)

What economic sectors are seen in MDC's?

(Services) Tertiary Sectors

New Urbanism

A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.Walkable, bike paths, greenspaces, dog parks

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO. USSR and Eastern Europe • Preserve communism • Fell in 1991

food desert

An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain

LDC's consume

Cereal grains

Who owns plantations?

MDC owned

Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

cultural convergence

The more that cultures interact, the more they reflect each other (Ex: Taco, stimulus diffusion)

Quinary economic activities

The most advanced form of Quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research.

Backwash effect

The negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region.

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. (poverty)

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. Failed because USA did not join. After WWI

beasts of burden

animals used for farming labor; oxen, horses, cows, sometimes elephants

Boundary types

antecedent, subsequent(ethnographic), superimposed, relict

Sauer, Carl

defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation.

Relative Location (Situation)

description of a place's position in relation to other places

Fragmentation

divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity

Wilbur Zelinsky

geographer associated with migration transition--change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that produce the demographic transition. Stage 2--international. Stage 3&4--internalStage 1 - Seasonal, daily Stage 2 - $ international LDC's -> MDC's or internal [no idea what it is implying good luck] Stage 4,3 - International or intraregional

Local food movement

"Eat local" to reduce fossil fuels used to transport food (often higher price specialty crops -- herbs, free range chicken)

Examples of physical geography

(Water, resources, low-lying areas, midlatitude)

Agribusiness in multinational companies operating large scale farms

Perdue chicken, Monsanto seeds

Why growth rate decreases

1) Increased status for women in society (education and work) 2) Family planning and contraception (birth control, religious values) 3) Switch from agricultural to industrialized economy 4) Antinatalist government policies (One Child Policy)

Kashmir in India

1) Kashmir is Muslim majority northern state; India majority Hindu 2) Kashmir isolated by Himalayan mountains 3) Hindu nationalism and poverty in Kashmir

refrence maps

A map type that shows reference information for for a particular place, making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigation

Provincial Scale

A map with percentage of each state

Resolution

A map's smallest discernible unit.

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another. VA to NY

Idiographic

Pertaining to the unique facts or characteristics of a particular place

Gravity Model

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

Terrorism

Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population. Incite fear to ordinary people

What leads to expansion diffusion?

Development and Globalization

GPS (global positioning system)

Satellites determine location, use for navigation

Commercial Gardening

1) Aka market gardening/truck farming; intensive/commercial 2) Seasonal climate -- U.S. northeast and southeast, Western Europe 3) Fruits and vegetables grown then driven to sale 4) Has changed dramatically with transportation and refrigeration technology

livestock ranching

1) Commercial, extensive 2) Western U.S., pampas of Brazil and Argentina, Australia 3) Different than CAFOs, which are a form of commercial/intensive production in developed countries

Mediterranean agriculture

1) Commercial, intensive 2) Near coasts (hot, dry summers) -- California, Chile, Italy, Mid East 3) Olives, grapes, avocados

plantation agriculture

1) Commercial, intensive 2) Tropical regions 3) Cash crops -- coffee, chocolate, fruit 3) Legacy of colonialism

Cons of Green Revolution

1) Environment damaged by intensive land use (chemicals, fossil-fuel based equipment.) a) Runoff, CO2 emissions and climate change, erosion b) Private companies create expensive farming practices -- farmers go into debt

Flemish and Walloons in Belgium

1) Flemish/Dutch speaking north, French-speaking South 2) Linguistic, cultural, economic differences 3) Each region has own government institutions

Quebecois in Canada

1) French-speaking, Francophile 2) Large, populous province 3) Has voted to secede/gain autonomu 4) France and English are both national languages of Canada **Nunavut another semi-autonomous region in Canada with First Nations

Europe

750 million population • Urban - Industrial

LDCs in agriculture

80%+ of population working subsistence agriculture

Martin Luther

95 Thesis • Presbyterian • Lutheran • Methodist • Episcopal • Baptist

Green Revolution

950 - Miracle wheat seed • Fertilizer - Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium • Pesticides, Herbicides - Monsanto • Higher yield seeds - GMO

MDC'S in agriculture

<10% of population working in agriculture ○ Made possible by shift to agribusiness and large-scale, commercial, mechanized farms

Net National Product

A measure of all goods and services produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad, minus the loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Allocational Boundary Dispute

A boundary dispute that involves conflicting claims to the natural resources of a border region. Conflict over resources stretching under or over boundary (ex. Iran)

subsequent boundary

A boundary drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences

relic boundary

A boundary that no longer exists, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape

Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

Unitary Government

A centralized government in which all government powers belong to a single, central agency.Most power in central government • Good for nation-states • Ex: France, China, Rwanda, Japan

Language Branch

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family. Thousand of years

Transnational Corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

GIS

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

Anocracy

A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Assimilation example

A family from Somalia moves to Minneapolis. While the adults cling to Somali traditions, the children soon speak fluent English, fall in love with American sports, and buy the latest American pop songs on iTunes.

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

Conglomerate corporation

A firm that is comprised of many smaller firms that serve several different functions.

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. Beef and chicken • Grazing • USA - CH[?] - BRA[?]

Federal Government

A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments. Power is distributed • Good for multi-national states • Ex: Belgium, Switzerland, USA, United Kingdom, Spain • *Self-determination

Ecotourism

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.

Regions

A geographic area defined by one or more characteristics that set it apart from other areas

Fertile Crescent

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

Anti-natalist

A government policy concerned with limiting population growth.Strain on env resources.

World Cities

A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce(NYC, London, Tokyo)

law of retail gravitation

A law stating that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business since larger cities have a wider influence on the surrounding hinterlands.

Break-of-bulk point

A location where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers for delivery to local markets.

Azimuthal Projection

A map projection in which the plane is the most developable surface.

Small scale

A map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on Earth is quite small. Small-scale maps usually depict large areas.

Preference map

A map that displays individual preferences for certain places.

topographic map

A map that shows the surface features of an area.

Quantitative Revolution

A period in human geography associated with the widespread adoption of mathematical models and statistical techniques.

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster. Forced, not economic - Syria and Afghanistan

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

What is sampling?

A process of selecting subjects who are representative of the population being studied. This process may be random or non-random. In urban areas for the census

Manufactoring Region

A region in which manufacturing activities have clustered together.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. Ex:Regional variation - USA - North, South, Midland, West

large-scale

A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. Large-scale maps usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small-scale maps.

Clustered rural settlement

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

Dispersed rural settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. ONLY CBR, CDR, and NIR

Cosmogony

A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.Monotheism -vs- Polytheism

city-state

A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.

coordinate system

A standard grid, composed of lines of latitude and longitude, used to determine the absolute location of any object, place, or feature on Earth's surface.

Perforated State

A state whose territory completely surrounds that of another state.South Africa, Italy)

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality (Japan, Germany)

Elongated state

A state with a long, narrow shape.Ex: Chile, Italy)

Neoliberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

resource

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.

Earth System Science

A systematic approach to physical geography that looks at the interaction between Earth's physical systems and processes on a global scale.

Proportionals symbol map

A thematic map in which the size of a chosen symbol- such as a circle or a triangle- indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value of a given geographic region

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Mercator Projection

A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized.

Obstacles of popular culture

Access 1. TV 2. Internet - Google, Bing, AOL, Yahoo 3. Social Media - China: QZone or QQ - Worldwide: Facebook

How level of development affects food consumption

Access to food

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Examples of developing countries

Afghanistan,Belarus, Bangladesh, Belize, India, Honduras, Iran, Jamaica, Jordan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Argentina, Algeria, Kenya, Kazakhstan,Brazil, South Africa, Sudan, China, Tajikistan, Thailand, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cambodia, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Tonga, Ukraine, Vietnam, Ecuador, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Ethiopia, Fiji, Egypt, Pakistan, Georgia

examples of geometric boundaries

African nations, borders between US and Canada to the west of the Great Lakes, Latitude and Longitude - North America[?], Sub-Saharan Africa[?] • Ex: USA/Canada - 49˚, North Korea/South Korea - 38˚

Lingua Franca Examples

Air traffic controllers, migration, internet, Hollywood, Popular culture

Why there is labor shortage in 1st world countries

All jobs are going over seas to 3rd world countries

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

fair trade

Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.1. Farmers/factory workers, some own some of the business 2. Good/safe working conditions 3. Livable wages

Folk Culture Examples

Amish House Carriages, Quebec Cabins, Mound Houses, Hmong (China/Vietnam), Inuktitut (Nunuvut province in Canada)

Dairying

An agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter. Close to urban centers • Sell for cheese, butter, ice cream, yogurt • Labor intensive • New Zealand

Monocropping

An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety

Von Thunen Model

An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.

cultural landscape

An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.

Formal/Uniform Region

An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics

Functional/Nodal Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

Vernacular/Perceptual

An area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity.

centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

Parallel

An east-west line of latitude that runs parallel to the equator and that marks distance north or south of the equator.

Ethnologue

An encyclopedic reference work cataloging all of the world's 7,102 known living languages

Peters Projection

An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally.

cognitive map

An image of a portion of Earth's surface that an individual creates in his or her mind. Cognitive maps can include knowledge of actual locations and relationships among locations as well as personal perceptions and preferences of particular places.

cottage industry

An industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories.

Tertiary Sector

Banking, retail shops, restaurants (1st World)

Reapportionment

Based on census and pop., number of representatives each state gets is determined

Pop-Culture / Popular clothing

Based on occupations and wealth • Changes fast • Speed 1. New York (NY), Paris, Milan-Italy 2. Made in Asia 3. Brought in North America and Europe

paganism/animism

Belief all objects and animals have souls

Why growth rates and life expectancy increases?

Better food production and nutrition (advances in agriculture, urbanization and transportation infrastructure) 2) Advances in public sanitation (clean water, sewers, pandemics recede) 3) Improvements in healthcare (vaccines, antibiotics, surgery) 4) Pronatalist government policies ("Do It for Denmark," Singapore; tax breaks, paid maternity leave)

Rural-urban migration

Better jobs, goods, services, public transport than rural

Compare the theories of environmental determinism and possibilism.

Both are philosophies that focus on human-environmental interaction and aim to explain the degree to which humans are shaped by their environment. Whereas environmental determinism asserts that developmental and cultural differences are attributable to differences in physical landscape, possibilism..

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Subdialect

Broken down version of dialects, usually very close to each other but may differ in pronunciation of local words.

Judaism

Calendar year 5779 (now 5780 since 2020) • Abraham - father of Judaism, monotheism and Hebrew nation • Torah (5 books of old testament) • Cannan (Israel) • Enslaved in Egypt in 400 years - slavery • Led out by Moses • Law code - 10 commandments • Diaspora - Scattering of Jews • Rosh Shoshana - Day of atonement

Why is western culture resisted?

Can cause local resistance

What does physiological density determine?

Can you feed the population?

Policies encouraging migration

Canada, northern Europe, Singapore offer easy visa processes and job opportunities

1993 - Al Qaeda

Car bombed World Trade Center

Secondary Sector

Car factory, brewery, flour mill (Second World)

Social issues centrifugal forces

Differences in religion, language, history ○ Irredentism -- movement to unite a people with shared history, culture ■ Ex. Russia claims Georgia

National scale

Different countries

Negative impacts of a unitary government

Centralization of power can lead to a disconnect with local areas minority groups regional political parties or disparate regions marginalization of local cultures through standardization at a country level central government may not effectively provide services on a sub national scale decisions and policies of the central government could be dominated by interests of the politically or culturally dominant group central government bogged down by competing local problems or slow response to local issues (e.g. natural disasters, infrastructure, public services)

Why are jobs going to 3rd world countries?

Cheap labor costs, don't need breaks, don't need safe work spaces

Most populated countries

China and India

Example of increase in scale (via expansion diffusion)

Christianity and universalizing religions, social media (Facebook, Twitter), COVID pandemic

How the physical environment affects food consumption

Climate, soil

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage up to 200 nautical miles.

Contigous Zone

Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles, where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration, and sanitation.

Multiculturalism

Coexistence of cultures in one society; syncretism is when cultures blend to create a new feature (eg. Rastafarianism in Jamaica)

US immigration

Colonial: English, African - 1619 2. Mass-European: (Irish, Germans - early 19th century) (Italians, Greeks, Slavs, Jews - late 19th century) 3. Latin America and Asian - 20th century

Slow growth

Column shaped • Neither increasing nor decreasing

Syncretism religion

Combination of beliefs (Ex: Chinese philosophies, Taoism, Confucius, Buddhism

Agribuisness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

mixed crop and livestock farming

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans. West of Application Mountains • Corn Belt • Ohio -> Dakotas • Iowa

Prorupted State

Compact but has no protruding extortion

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Nomothetic

Concepts or rules that can be applied universally.

Pro-natalist

Concerned with promoting population growth. Give Incentives

Definitional boundary dispute

Conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract. Parties disagree about how to interpret documents/maps (ex. Southern Chile/Argentina)

Operational Boundary Dispute

Conflict over the way a boundary should operate or function, such as the conflict over allowing migration across the border. How a boundary functions (often for trade/immigration) (ex. Refugees from Syria to Eur.)

Pattern:Middle East → Europe

Conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria send migrants through Turkey to Europe.

Fair Trade

Consumers push for agreement between producers and retailers (more sustainable, higher wages)

What are the problems of the census

Difficult to count (Homeless and Immigrants)

Quantitative data

Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association.

Stage 4

Declining CBR • Declining CDR • Low NIR

Stage 3

Declining CBR • Declining CDR • More fem[inisim?] • Moderate NIR

Stage 5

Declining CBR • Steady CDR • Negative NIR

newly industrialized countries indications

Decreasing total fertility rate, increasing life expectancy, decreasing infant morality rate, increasing gross national income per capita, increasing # of years in school, stage 3, decreasing morality rate

Boundary Dispute Type

Definitional boundary dispute, Operational boundary dispute, Allocational boundary dispute

Explain why deforestation has been increasing in tropical regions.

Deforestation is occurring in tropical regions because commercial farmers in the region need more land as consumer demand increases and there is widespread use of unsustainable farming practices such as slash-and-burn agriculture. (then back up claim with evidence and reasoning

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

agriculture

Deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of crops and domestication animals for sustenance and economic gain

National Government

Democracy, anocracy, autocracy

Aspects of distribution

Density, concentration, and patterns

Political example

Describe how political reforms have promoted democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa since the 1960s.

Spatial

Describing the relationship or geographic features within a space or between multiple locations. How does the distribution or pattern of a feature change across this region or between place A and place B? Often relates to Unit 1. Useful words: distance/direction, clustering, dispersal, elevation, shape, pattern, node, agglomerated, zones, adjacent

government subsidies

Developed countries govm'ts pay farmers to keep food costs low

What leads to expansion diffusion (Pop Culture)

Development and Globalization

Intensive not wet rice

East Asia, South Asia, Bangladesh

Purposes of agriculture

Eat -> (Changed to) -> Sell food for profit

Quaternary economic activities

Economic activities concerned with research, information gathering, and administration.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.1798 - United Kingdom • Industrial revolution • Saw the UK go from stage 1 to stage 2

How is popular culture spread?

Electronic media

push factors

Emigration, Involuntary Migration, Economic, Social/Cultural, demographic, political, environmental

UN spoken languages

English 3. French 4. Spanish 5. Russian 6. Arabic 7. Mandarin

Germanic

English, German, French • Angles + Saxon • 1066 French Normal invasion of present-day Great Britain • 1362 Statute of Pleading - Rejecting French language from Great Britain

Ethnic enclaves

Ethnic Enclaves helped transplant their culture into new environment and facilitated the development of migrant support network.

Multi-nation

Ethnicity have self determination • Spain - Basque • Israel - Palestine • Belgium

Formal/Uniform Region Ex

Everyone in Virginia has the same governor.

Stage 5 health challenges

Evolving of infectious diseases • HIV, SARS, Ebola • Resistance to antibodies

cultural globalization

Ex: Western • TV, movies, music, fashion, fast food

Environmental Issues related to agriculture:Depletion of water supplies

Excessive irrigation leads increases salt in soil (salinization), reduces amount of groundwater available (drought in CA)

Social example

Explain one social consequence of suburbanization

demographics example

Explain the demographic changes that developing countries have been experiencing in recent decades."

Spatial example

Explain the spatial arrangement of dairy farms in the northeastern United States." "Compare the spatial distribution of Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts in New Jersey

Maquiladora

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

specialty farming

Farming that grows crops to provide small upscale niche markets with fresh produce Dependent on climate fruits, vegetables, nuts • Labor - intensive, by hand (Florida, California) • Migrants

sense of place

Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place.

Population growth is determined by

Fertility - Total Fertility Rate (TFR) • Mortality • Migration (Immigration policy)

Environmental Issues related to agriculture:Chemicals and fossil fuels

Fertilizer washes off and contaminates local water sources; fossil fuels release CO2 and lead to climate change

Sacred Spaces in Houses

Fiji - Eastern Wall • Java - Perpendicular beds

Spanish Colonialism in Latin America

First era of globalization; "Age of Discovery" ● Columbian exchange exchanges crops, goods, germs ○ Population of L.A. declines significantly ● Expansion diffusion of Christianity and Spanish ● New ships and navigation technology ● Encomienda system and eventually slavery benefits colonizers ● Changing toponyms to reflect Spanish connection

Organic food

Food grown without synthetic fertilizer or pesticide is better for people and environment

Plantations

For commercial agriculture • Cash crops: Coffee, oranges, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, rubber, chocolate, drugs • Extensive farming: Lots of land • Latin America [Ships ->] USA and Canada • Sub-Saharan Africa [Ships ->] Europe

Sustenance Farming

For own consumption • LDC • 42% of farmers • Small farms • Hand tools and animal machinery

EU

Free trade • Open border • Same Money • Brexit - United Kingdom - Political rules • Parliament: Brussels, Balgium

Jean Brunhes

French geographer, claimed housing is the essential fact of Human Geography

Folk Clothing

Generally a response to distinctive agricultural practices and climate conditions

Cultural Ecology

Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

Indo-European language family

Germanic Branch • Romance Branch • Indo-Iranian Branch (Most Spoken • Balto-Slavic Branch • Albanian • Armenian • Greek • Celtic

Pros of Green Revolution

Global food production increased dramatically, higher yields a) New, hybrid seeds, pesticides/fertilizers, mechanization b) Reduced hunger, lower death rates, growing population 2) Economic profit for research and companies 3) Cheaper food prices

Derment Whittsley

Global map of agriculture • Global map of climate regions • What kind of agriculture is best for each climate?

Communication Technology centrifugal forces

Globalization spreads new ideas (democratization) ■ China, Iran, "Arab Spring" ○ Lets subnational groups coordinate ■ Catalonian independence, Hong Kong

Universalizing Religion

Globalized, seeks new converts ● Spreads via expansion diffusion ○ Conquest, trade, colonization, mass media ● Christianity, Buddhism, Islam Widely distributed • Convert • Missionaries • Calendars and holidays are based on man • *Christianity, *Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, Baha'i

What does the census determine?

Goods and services and political boundaries

pasture

Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.

orthodox

Greek and Russian • Constantinople • Greek • No celibacy

language family

Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin, before writing

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

W.D. Pattison

He claimed that geography drew from four distinct traditions: the earth-science tradition, the culture-environment tradition, the locational tradition, and the area-analysis tradition.

new language

Hebrew • Eliezer Ben-Yenda - Made modern Hebrew dictionary • Died 1922 • Country of Palestine

Stage 2

High NIR • High CBR • Declining CDR • LDC's (3rd world)

Indications of Developing countries

Higher Total Fertility Rate, Lower life expectancy, higher infant morality, low gross national income per capita, low # of years in school, in stage 2, high maternal morality rate

Indo-Iranian

Hindi-India • Persian/Farsi (Pakistan) • Kurdish

Contagious Diffusion Ex

Hip Hop music going viral all over through the world through social media.

Hierarchical Diffusion Ex

Hip Hop only spreading to urban areas at first

quinary economic activity

House Hold Services (for profit)

anthropocentric

Human-centered, in sustainable development, anthropocentric refers to ideas that focus solely on the needs of people without considering the creatures with whom we share the planet or the ecosystems upon which we depend.

How people found food in the past

Hunting and gathering • Followed food around • Could not establish a settlement

80% ethnically homogeneous states

Iceland, Japan, China

subnationalism

Identification with small ethnic and regional groups within a nation.

Where are TNC factories usually located?

In rich countries

Features of Globalization

Increase in scale (via expansion diffusion), Creation of global economy, Increased cultural homogeneity (uniform culture) and diffusion of popular culture, Improved communication and transportation infrastructure (planes, trains...radio, tv, internet)

Women changing social status with development

Increases education, and employment opportunities for women

Buddhism

India • Sidhartha Gautma/Buddha - Dali Llama: Prince Asoka • Spreads to China -> Korea -> Japan • 8 Fold Path Enlightenment Pagoda - 8 floors - lived by Dali Llama • Mahanya - Teaching/monks • Theravada - Southeast Asia isolated • Sikhism - Punjab - Golden temple • Baha'i - Iran

South Asia

India*, Pakistan, Bangladesh • 25% [Of the world's population?] • Rural - Agriculture

Thematic Layers

Individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one another in a Geographical Information System to understand and analyze a spatial relationship.

Most spoken language family

Indo-European

Southeast Asia

Indonesia, Java (Philippines) • 600 million population • Rural - Agriculture

How can a country be moved to the secondary sector?

Industrialization and National Increase Rate

Bulk-gaining industry

Industry that makes something that gain volume or weight during production

Quaternary Sector of the Economy

Information, research, management (military, scientist, gov)

Political Push Factors

Instability, Civil War, Tyrannical Leaders, Political Persecution, Violation of Human Rights

boudaries

Invisible line marking territory

Folk Taboos

Islam, Hindus, Jews - No pork • Hindus no beef • Jews - Bottom dwellers[?] - Kosher: Approved by Rabbi

East Asia

Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea • 25% [Of the world's population?] • Rural - Agriculture

Judaism

Jerusalem - Western Wall • Torah • Rabbi • Yam Kippur - Day of Atonement • Raosh Hashana - Rosh Hashana

rapid growth

LDC - Less developed country • Triangle shaped base • Wide base • Ex: Laos, Angola

Physical geography centrifugal forces

Mountains, islands, distance lead to isolation ■ Ex: Himalayan mountains and Kashmir

What does industrialization do?

Moves workers to secondary sector (manufacturing in factories)

core

National or global regions where economic power, in terms of wealth, innovation, and advanced technology, is concentrated.

Endangered languages

Native speakers don't teach their children their language, thus causing it to di 1. Australia - White Australia 2. New Zealand - Maori 3. North America - Myammia (Miami) - Revived by Darryl Baldwin - 2 native speakers

Blue Revolution

New techniques of fish farming that may contribute as much to human nutrition as miracle cereal grains but also may create social and environmental problems.

3rd most spoken language family

Niger-Congo • Sub-Saharan Africa • Swahili

multinational corporations in Southeast Asia

Nike is a multnational company with headquarters in U.S. but most factories in China/Southeast Asia ● Moved factories there because of cheap labor costs ● Easy to transport goods, communicate between places ● Cool sneakers, sports become global trend ● Internet, social media spreads fashion ● Like colonialism, exploitive relationship

Regional Scale

No bots, no fishing • Knocked out oil platforms in the Gulf • People can't/won't come visit

What countries are in stage one

No countries are in stage one

Stage 1 health challenges

No country • Most of human history • Infections and parasite diseases ("Natural check") • No antibiotics • No germtheory • "Bubonic Plague"

Indo-Europeans

Nomadic Warrior Tribe • Looking for territory for animals 2. Sedentary Farmer Thesis - Agriculture

4th most spoken language family

North Africa and Middle East • Arabic and Hebrew

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries. Balance of power • USA to prevent communism • Humanitarian efforts • Fights pirates

Maternal Mortality Rate

Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

Census

Occurs every 10 years • The counting population determines where are goods/services needed • Sets political boundaries • Doesn't include: • Illegal immigrants • Homeless

Location Charts

On a map, a chart or graph that gives specific statistical information about a particular political unit or jurisdiction.

What does imbalance of sex ratio do?

Opens up sex trafficking and prostitution

supranational organization

Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives. To address global challenges, states will join together

Folk/indigenous

Origin - Rural, isolated, anonymous • Relocation diffusion • Distribution: Vary in place • Based on environment - small, homogenous • Creates an unformal cultural landscape - "Self-built environment"

foreign investment

Overseas business investments made by private companies.

Enclosure Acts

Parliament, controlled by landowners, passed these to encourage improved methods of cultivation and stock-raising to increase productivity(Agricultural Revolution). `The old village system was an obstacle to these so in the 18th century the squirearchy was able to ensure that more of the common land would come under private ownership - by the already landed wealthy. Enclosure reached its height in the Napoleonic wars. Led to the increased productivity of land and labor but also released labor for other wage earning pursuits(became available as factory workers).

Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution)

People discovered how to farm • Food sources became more reliable • Store food • Domestication of animals for: • Fertilizer • Beast of Burden • Started in Mesopotamia

Pattern:Refugees

People forced to move across national borders; Rohingya from Myanmar, ethnic conflict in Sudan/Darfur and Rwanda

Pattern:Displaced Persons

People forced to move within a country; Native Americans; ethnic conflict in Africa

Pattern example

People prefer to live on coast lines

Why do people eat different foods?

Physical Environment, Level of development, cultural preferences

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.Drawing of boundaries to create a political advantage ● Often in a strange shape ● Ex. Louisiana district 6

Robinson Projection

Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.

MDC's consume..

Protein/Meat

Compare

Provide a description or explanation of similarities and/or differences. Notice that you have to describe or explain the differences and/or similarities.

How can governments respond to devolutionary pressures?

Provide autonomy to regional/local governments ● Promote multiculturalism ● Promote nationalism (or xenophobia) ● Promote development, improve social conditions ● Force -- military and police used to stop protests/elections

Describe

Provide the relevant characteristics of a specified topic.

grain

Seed of a cereal grass

Aquaculture

Raising and harvesting fish; increased global availability of protein, the "Blue Revolution"

What helped China's development?

Rapid industrialization and liberalized economy since 1980s, One Child Policy is antinatalist policy (started 1979, ended 2015)

National scale

Refugees • Construction crews came in from everywhere for work • Rebuilding • Money from insurance companies and government • Higher gas prices

Uneven development centrifugal forces

Region wants money spent certain way ■ Ex. Catalonia wealthiest part of Spain

Economic Backwaters

Regions that fail to gain from national economic development.

Social

Relating to human society or its organization. How is this trend/event/change affecting the ways in which people interact and relate to one another? Often relates to Culture unit.

Political

Relating to the government, public affairs, or electoral system of a territory (state, province, city, municipality, etc.) How is this trend/event/change affecting the ways in which civic affairs are being carried out within or between sovereign territories?

Demographic

Relating to the structure of human populations. How is this trend/event/change reflected in population increase, decrease, movement, etc.? Often relates to our Population & Migration units: CBR, CDR, TFR, Pyramids.

Global scale

Relies more heavily on OPEC for oil

examples of cultural boundaries

Religion - Ireland: Catholic , Northern Ireland and UK: Protestant • Ethnic - India/Pakistan , Balkan State , Cyprus • Language

Shintoism

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

Reasons why supranational organizations exist:

Rise of multinational companies (limits state sovereignty, requires cooperation across countries) ● Create economies of scale (cheaper to produce larger quantity of goods, specialize manufacturing) ● Eliminate tariffs ● Address global issues like climate change or poverty (U.N. Sustainable Development Goals)

Ptomely

Roman geographer-astronomer and author of Guide to Geography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude.

Catholic

Rome • Latin • Celibacy • Pope • Jesus is God

Folk Culture

Rural and isolated location ● Homogenous and indigenous ● Speak indigenous/ethnic language ● Emphasis on community ● Clustered family settlements ● Well-defined gender roles ● Spreads only though relocation diffusion ● Local materials (stone, grass) ● Locally produced food ● Local/regional scale

Balto-Slavic

Russian - Cyrillic • Poland, Czech Republic, Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia

shifting cultivation

Slash-n-Burn • Tropical - Amazon Rainforest, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia 1. Cut down trees 2. Burn the cleared field 3. Farm for 3-5 years 4. Move to different forest, leave previous land for 6-20 years • Good for less population and a lot of land

Compact States

Small nation-state (Distribution from the center is equal)

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

blue-collar worker

Someone who performs manual labor, often in a manufacturing job, and who earns an hourly wage.

Extended Globalization examples

Spanish Colonialism in Latin America and Multinational Corporations in Southeast Asia

Acculturation example

Speaking Spanish at home but English at school.

Branch of commercial gardening and fruit farming:

Specialty Farming

Case Study: Nigeria

Stage 2 of DTM/rapidly growing population, LE and development increasing, not enough workers to support children although many jobs are becoming available

Case Study: Japan

Stage 5 of DTM/declining and aging population, worried about having enough workers and caring for elderly, imports nurses/caregivers

Positive impacts of a federal government

Standardization of laws and their implementation across the country patriotism or pride in one's country is bolstered due to uniformity efficiencies are achieved through less duplication or faster countrywide implementation of laws or governmental services across multiple scales fewer government or taxation agencies or fewer scale of government or taxation the potential for corruption of local government reduced creation of a national identity that reduces the potential for revolutionary processes

multinational state

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.Canada (English-speaking, French-speaking, Inuit in Nunavut), Belgium (Flemish and Walloons)

Ethno-linguistic division centrifugal forces

Subnationalism -- primary allegiance to traditional group/ethnicity ○ Different language/religion used ■ Ex. Basques and Catalans in Spain

What countries are pro-natalist?

Sweden, France, Iran, Russia

Fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.

centrifugal

Tears people apart

What did Thomas Malthus never foresee?

Technology, birth control, empowerment of women, the refrigerator

North Korea and South Korea

Territorial dispute Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) - 38th Parallel

uneven development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

enviornmental

That which describes the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition (or vice versa). How is this trend/event/change affecting nature? How is nature affecting this trend/event/change? Often relates to issues of sustainability (SDGs) or landscape modification

Economic

That which pertains to financial (monetary) value. Resource allocation and jobs are often the focus. How is this trend/event/change affecting the ways in which financial value is produced, earned, shared, or exchanged? Often relates to Trade, Industry, or Development Units.

site

The absolute location of a place, described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characteristics.

Complementarity

The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions.

Geoid

The actual shape of Earth, which is rough and oblate, or slightly squashed. Earth's diameter is longer around the equator than along the north-south meridians.

Topological Space

The amount of connectivity between places.

Functional/Nodal Region Ex

The area of a newspaper less important the news the farther you go.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Enviornmental Determinism

The belief that physical environment determines potential for societal development.

non-material culture

The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.

relic boundary example

The boundary between East and West Germany (states that are now combined)

superimposed boundary example

The boundary between Mali and Mauritania (very common throughout Africa and Southwest Asia)

Subsequent boundary example

The boundary between Northern Ireland (part of the United Kingdom) and the Republic of Ireland

antecedent boundary example

The boundary between the United States and Canada along the 49 th parallel

Syncretism

The combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature.

Connectivity

The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places

"Describe the changing demographic structure of Japan since 1990

The demographic structure of Japan has changed as the birth rate has decreased and life expectancy has increased since 1990. This has resulted in a more topheavy pop pyramid with many elderly people and relatively few children. As a result, working age...

Slow World

The developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunications and transportation technology.

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Deglomeration

The dispersal of an industry that formerly existed in an established agglomeration.

absolute distance

The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.

absolute location

The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. New World: Potatoes, maize (corn), squash, turkeys, pumpkins Old world: Horses, cattle, disease, wheat, barley

Density

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

pattern

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.

Time-space convergence

The idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction among those places

Industralized Countries

Those countries including Britain, France, the United States, Russia, Germany, and Japan, that were all at the forefront of industrial production and innovation through the middle of the 20 th century. While industry is currently shifting to other countries to take advantage of cheaper labor and more relaxed environment standards, these countries still account for a large portion of the world's total industrial output.

Semiperiphery

Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia. Semiperipheral countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor.

ethnic religion

Tied to specific place, does not seek new converts ● Spreads only via relocation diffusion ● Hinduism, Judaism, Shinto ○ Indian emigrants to North America, Jewish diaspora Born into it • Calendars and holidays are on lunar cycle • Holy places are natural/environment objects (Rivers, rocks, mountains) • *Judaism, Hinduism, Shintoism, Animism (aka Paganism) • Animism/Paganism - Inanimate objects are souls • Worships ancestors

commercial farming

To sell, commercial • MDC • 3% of farmers (2% in USA) • Large farms • Combines, GMOs, pesticides

Demographic Push Factors

Too many people could limit access to opportunities (jobs, housing, primogeniture)

Shrinking Growth

Top wider than base • Population aging • People having less kids • Ex: Italy, Latvia, Japan

US folk housing

Top: New England Middle: Middle Atlantic Bottom: Lower Chesapeake and Tidewater

Brick-and-Mortar Business

Traditional businesses with actual stores in which trade or retail occurs, it does not exist solely on the internet.

Economic Globalization

Transnational corporations - aka TNC's • HQ's in rich countries but makes stuff in poorer countries

economic centripetal forces

Transportation infrastructure (roads, trains) ■ Trade, communication, wealth, eliminate social barriers

Increased cultural homogeneity (uniform culture) and diffusion of popular culture

Trends: jeans, hip-hop music, NBA basketball, K-Pop, movies, Includes diffusion of political movements: democratization and devolution, Arab Spring, Catalonian independence, Hong Kong protests

Political units through time

Tribes, City State, Kingdom, empire, State/country, Colonies, Nation-state

Commercial Gardening and truck farming

Truck Farming: to barter • Southeast USA Lettuce, tomato, cucumber, asparagus, strawberries

policies discouraging immigration

U.S., Europe may place political (citizenship) or physical barriers in place to prevent migration

Stage 2 health challenges

UK/Great Britain - 1750 industrial revolution - urbanization • Receding pandemic • Cholera • LDC's - don't have access to clean water

Anti-natalist states

USA, China, India

Political Centripetal Forces

Unifying institutions (ex. schools) ○ Nationalism -- pride for one's country ○ Fair legal and judicial system ○ Customs and rituals (ex. Pledge of Allegiance)

Local power

Unitary and Federal

Territorial sea zone

Up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty; commercial vessels may pass, but non-commercial vessels may be challenged

popular culture

Urban and connected (transportation/communication infrastructure) ● Heterogenous, diverse, multiethnic population ● Global language → English, Arabic, Mandarin ● Emphasis on individualism and choice ● Weakly defined gender roles ● Involves social and mass media ● Building materials from factories (steel, glass) ● Features businesses/multinational companies ● Imported foods ● National and global scales

Sustainability

Use of earth's resources for future use

Agricultural Techniques

Use of machines • Pesticides and fertilizers • Chemical/biological/genetic engineering

Visualization

Use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps, some of which are three dimensional or interactive.

Metes and Bounds Survey

When natural features are used to set the boundaries of an amount of land

counter migration

When people migrate, space opens for people to move back to the initial country (Ex. ppl from U.S. to Mexico)

Hearth

Where a phenomenon originates

What does physical Geography influence?

Where people live

Local scale

Whole cities and towns flooded • Loss of • Life • Property • Infrastructure (roads, sewers, plumbing, power)

Migration Age (Youth)

Young people without families are more likely to migrate, they might send remittances home

Boko Haram

a Nigerian militant Islamist group that seeks the imposition of Shariah law throughout all 36 states of Nigeria

antecedent boundary

a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated

superimposed boundary

a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern, A boundary drawn by outside powers

World Systems Theory

a categorization of core-semi periphery - periphery states ALSO that the core exploits the periphery economically through cheap labor and resources, similar in that respect to neocolonialism

Least Cost Theory

a concept developed by Alfred Weber to describe the optimal location of a manufacturing establishment in relation to the costs of transport and labor, and the relative advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration

Culture

a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs -- includes the imprint/interaction with env (the cultural landscape)

Meridian

a line of longitude

intensive wet rice

a lot of manual labor • Grow grain in nursery and transfer to a flooded field (called paddy) • A lot of precipitation and warm winters • Southeast Asia, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia

map projection

a mathematical formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map

Human Development Index

a measure of living conditions using factors such as life expectancy, education, and income

Voluntary Migration

a movement made by choice (pulled)

winter wheat belt

large-scale grain production area that extends through Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma

Christianity

churches with steeple/cross or architecture adapts to local culture, bury dead in cemeteries Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther

Why does the type of agriculture vary from place to place?

climate (temperature and rainfall), and level of development

What did Von Thünen's model fail to understand?

consider transportation tech. (trucks, trains), refrigeration, globalization (core-periphery)

Multiethnic

containing many ethnic groups

Types of gerrymandering

cracking (dispersing like voters), packing (clustering like voters into district), stacking (minority voters vs. big majority)

Qualitive data

data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or thr kmterpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives

Revival of minority languages

despite globalization and dominance of English, Welsh/Gaelic/etc. Survive and folk culture is preserved

What has happened to agriculture over time and why?

development (new technology, more infrastructure) agriculture has generally become more intensive and more commercial.

What can centrifugal forces lead to?

devolutionary pressures, which might lead to conflict, fragmentation, and balkanization

Why is the Green revolution not successful in Africa

diversity of climate and soil, harsh environmental conditions, lack of transportation infrastructure, dependence on USA, Europe has outlawed GMO's, possible health problems

longlot survey system

divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. Divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

Ancillary Activities

economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries such as shipping and food service

Agnostic

higher power but no particular religion is correct

Service-based economies

highly developed economies that focus on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunications

spring wheat belt

important grain-producing region in North America; extends through the Dakotas, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan in Canada

Development did what for women?

increases education and employment opportunities for women

U.S. immigration timeline: 1860's- 1920

industrialization, Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Hungary, Russia)

core countries

industrialized former colonial states that dominate the world economic system

Bulk-reducing industry

industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs

stateless nation

is a nation (group with shared culture/history) without state of their own (though are likely politically organized) o Examples: Kurds, Palestinians, Catalans, Basques

Exclave State

is a portion of a state geographically separated from the main part by surrounding territory. EX: Hawaii and Alaska

Why are women often excluded from benefits of agricultural change?

lack of social status, access to education/technology, access to capital

English as a lingua franca

language used for trade (w/ Mandarin, Swahili); colonization/business/internet/research/U.S. pop culture

U.S. immigration timeline:1820-1960

pauses, Western Europe

What is done about a high dependency ratio?

pensions, social security, govm't programs to support aging populace

Ecumene

permanently inhabited areas of the earth's surface

spacial distribution

physical location of geographic phenomena across space

semi-periphery

places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery

Political Pull Factor

political freedom, stable government, asylum

Level of economic activity

primary, secondary, teritiary

Regionalization

process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country; certain economic activities may dominate in particular regions.

Social/Cultural pull factors

religious, ethnic, family-based freedom

Social/cultural push factors

religious/ethnic persecution

Fred Kniffen

researcher who studied diffusion of homes in North America

Language groups

set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics

miracle wheat seed

shorter and stiffer than traditional breeds of wheat; less sensitive to variation in day length, responded better to fertilizers, and matured faster

least developed countries

those countries including countries in Africa, except for South Africa, and parts of South America and Asia, that usually have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes, and generally low standards of living

Immigration

travelling to a new country

3 pillar matrix

try to make all happy society, env, economy

What does a high dependency ratio mean for the economy?

vulnerable economy -- might not be enough people to work or people are stuck caring for dependents

Human Geography

where and why human activities are located where they are

Indo-European

world's largest language family (exp. diffusion from hearth in Turkey). Includes Germanic branch (English) + Romance

Literacy language

writing

Definition of a nation

● Shares a common cultural heritage ● Shared beliefs and values ● Want autonomy and self-determination